Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

ARMA. ARMA. 135
possessed of political rights, consisting of the older by the shield and thorax, their bodies had a
inhabitants of the land, together with, in most much slighter covering, sometimes consisting of
instances, a body of serfs attached to the domains
of the nobles. These last are described under
various names, as Ev7rarp~1ai in Attica, or rauo'poL
as in Syracuse and several of the Doric states.
From the superior efficiency of the cavalry in early
times, we also find the nobles as a class bearing
the name'Ir7rd'rTa,'IThrErs, or'Ir'rogo'raL (as in
Chalcis, Herod. v. 77), since, generally speaking,
they alone had wealth sufficient to enable them to
equip themselves for that kind of service; and in
most states the first great advance of the commonalty in power arose from their gaining greater
efficiency as heavy-armed foot soldiers; that force,
when properly organised and armed, being found
more than a match for cavalry. (See especially
Arist. Pol. iv. 3, 10; K. F. Hermann, Griech.
Staatsalterth. c. iii. ~~ 55-59; Wachsmuth, Hel- 1 0 1
len. Alterthuensk. vol. i. c. 3. ~~ 30, 31; Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, vol. i. c. 10. p. 394, &c.)
Compare the articles EUPATRIDAE, GEOMORI,
PATRICIL [C. P. M.]
ARMA, ARMATUtRA (67rXa, Horn.'reOa,
TevXEa), arms, armour. Homer describes in various
passages the entire suit of armour of some of his
greatest warriors, viz. of Achilles, Patroclus, Agamlemnon, Menelaus and Paris (lI. iii. 328-339,
iv. 132-138, xi. 15-45, xvi. 130-142, xix. 364
-391); and we observe that it consisted of the
same portions which were used by the Greek soldiers
ever after. Moreover, the order of putting them on
is always the same. The heavy-armed warrior,
having already a tunic around his body, and pre- skins, and sometimes of leather or cloth; and inparing for combat, puts on,-first, his greaves (tKme- stead of the sword and lance, they commonly fought
yules, ocreae); secondly, his cuirass (rcdpar, lorica), with darts, stones, bows and arrows, or slings.
to which belonged the,zUTrpn underneath, and the Besides the heavy and light-armed soldiers, the
zone ((i6yvz, Cwourp, einglzumz) above; thirdly, his 67r2o?'ar, and 4lXoi[, who in general bore towards
sword (5ilpos, erisis, gladius) hung on the left side of one another the intimate relation now explained,
his body by means of a belt which passed over the another description of men, the 7rEreTaorai, also
right shoulder; fourthly, the large round shield formed a part of the G-Ieek army, though we do
(aodKos, oaris, clipus, scutun), supported in the not hear of them in early times. Instead of the
same manner; fifthly, his helmnet (IOpus, cvEis7, cas- large round shield, they carried a smaller one called
sis, galea); sixthly and- lastly, he took his spear the 7reiX-ra, and in other respects their armour was
(EyXos, adpu, hzasta), or, in many cmes,. two spears much lighter than that of the hoplites. The weapon
(aoipe aroe). The form and use of these portions on which they principally depended was the spear.
are described in separate articles under their Latin The Roman soldiers had different kinds of arms
names. The annexed woodcut exhibits them all in and armour; but an account of the arms of the
the form of a Greek warrior attired for battle, as different kinds of troops cannot be separated from a
shown in Hope's Costume of the Ancients (i. 70). description of the troops of a Roman army, and the
Those who were defended in the manner which reader is therefore referred to ExERC1TUS. We
has now been represented, are called by Homer need only give here the figure of a Roman soldier
aoyrrOT-ral, from their great shield (doaris); also taken from the arch of Septimnus Severus at Rome.
a.?yXseaxos, because they fought hand to hand On comparing it with that of the Greek hoplite in
with their adversaries; but much more commonly the other cut, we perceive that the several parts of
7rpeouaXor because they occupied the front of the the armour correspond, excepting only that the
army: and it is to be observed that these terms, Roman soldier wears a dagger (jdiXatpa. pcgio)
especially the last, were honourable titles1 the ex- on his right side instead of a sword on his left, and
pense of a complete suit of annour (aarvo7rAla7, instead of grea ves upon his legs, hasfenmoralia and
Herod. i. 60) being of itself sufficient to prove the caligae. All the essential parts of the Roman
wealth and rank of the wearer, while his place on heavy armour (lokic, ensis, clipeus, galea, ha/sta)
the field was no less indicative of strength and are mentioned together in an epigram of Martial
bravery. (ix. 57); and all except the spear in a well known
In later times, the heavy-armed soldiers were passage (Eph. vi. 14-17) of St. Paul, whose enucalled rAlrETat, because the term 7arAa more espe- meration exactly coincides with the figures' on the
cially denotedthe defensive armour, the shield and arch of Severus, and who makes mention not only
thorax. By wearing these they were distinguished of greaves, but of shoes or sandals for the feet.
from the light-armed, whom Herodotus (ix. 62, The soft or flexible parts of the heavy armour
63), for the reason just mentioned, calls moarI.oL, were made of cloth or leather. The metal princiand who are also denominated /tkxot, and -yvucsoL, pally used in their formation was that compound of
ytvV/rai, or'yuvilTEs. Instead of being defended copper and tin which we call bronze, or more
K 4