Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

120 ARCHITECTURA. ARCHITECTURA.
governors of the provinces, but were elected by the as the science of construction, it must have been
people themselves. (Dig. 50. tit. 9. s. 1.) The employed, even earlier, for other purposes, such as
office appears to have been more lucrative than that the erection of fortifications, palaces, treasuries, and
of archiatri sancti palatii, though less honourable. other works of utility. Accordingly, it is the
In later times, we find in Cassiodorus (see Meibom. general opinion of antiquaries, that the very earliest
Comment. in Cass. Formul. A1rchiatr. Helmst. 1668) edifices, of which we have any remains, are the sothe title "comes archiatrorum," " countofthe arch- called Cyclopean works, in which w/e see huge
iatri," together with an account of his duties, by unsquared blocks of stone built together in the best
which it appears that he was the arbiter and judge way that their shapes would allow; although it
of all disputes and difficulties, and ranked among can be proved, in some instances, that the rudeness
the officers of the empire as a vicarius or dux. of this sort of work is no slfficient proof of its very
(See Le Clerc, and Sprengel, Hist. de la Mid. early date, for that it was adopted, not from want
Further information on the subject may be found of skill, but on account of the object of the work,
in several works referred to in the Oxford edition and the nature of the materials employed. (Bunof Theophilus De Cocp. Hutm. Fabr. p. 275; and bury, On Cyclopean Remains in Central Italy, in the
in Goldhorn, De Ai'chiatris Rosmanis et eorunz Ori- Classical Museum, vol. ii.) [MuRUs.] The account
gine usque ad finem imperii Ronzaei Occidentalis, of the early palaces cannot well be separated from
Lips. 1841.) [W. A. G.] that of domestic architecture in general, and is
ARCHIMI'MUS. [MIsusvs ] therefore given under Dous; that of erections inARCHITECTU'RA (&px'lcKTovca, &pXLTeK- tended, or supposed to be intended, for treasuries,
rorIIlc), in its widest sense, signifies all that we will be found under THESAURUS.
understand by arc7itecture, and by civil and mili- In addition to these, however, there are other
tarey ezngineering: in its more restricted meaning, it purposes, for which architecture, still using the
is the science of building according to the laws of term in its lower sense, would be required in a
proportion and the principles of beauty. In the very early stage of political society; such as the
former sense, it has its foundation in necessity: in general arrangement of cities, the provision of
the latter, upon art taking occasion from necessity. a place for the transaction of public business,
The hut of a savage is not, properly speaking, a with the necessary edifices appertaining to it
work of architecture; neither, on the other hand, [AGORA, FORUMn], and the whole class of works
is a building in which different and incongruous which we embrace under the head of civil enstyles are exhibited side by side. An architectural gineering, such as those for drainage [CLOACA,
construction, in the artistic sense, must possess not EMISSARIUS], for communication [VIA, PONS],
ionly uttility, but beauty, and also unity: it must be and for the supply of water [AQUAEDUCTUS]. The
suggestive of some idea, and referable to some nature of these several works among the Greeks
nmodel. and Romans, and the periods of their development,
The architecture of every people is not only a are described under the several articles. Almost
most'interesting branch of its antiquities, but also equally necessary are places devoted to public exa most important feature in its history; as it forms ercise, health, and amusement, GYMNASIUM, STAone of the most durable and most intelligible evi- DIUM, HIIPrODROMUS, Circus, BALNEUM, THEAdences'of advancement in civilization. If the TRUtM, AMPHITHEATRUM. Lastly, the skill of
Greek and Roman literature and history had been the architect has been from the earliest times emat blank, what ideas of their knowledge, and power, ployed to preserve the memory of departed men
and social condition would their monuments have and past events; and hence we have the various
still suggested to us! What a store of suclh ideas works of monumental and triumphal architecture,
is even now being developed from the monuments which are described under the heads FUNus,
of Asia, Egypt, and America! ARCIs, COLUMNA.
The object of the present article is to give a very The materials employed by the architect were
compendious account of the history and principles marble or stone wood, and various kinds of earth,
of the art, as practised by the Greeks and Romans. possessing the property of being plastic while moist
The details of the subject will be, for the most and hardening in drying, with cement and metal
part, referred to their separate and' proper heads. clamps for fastenings: the various metals were also
The lives of the architects will be found in the extensively used in the way of ornament. The deDictionary of Greek. and Roman MythIology and tails of this branch of the subject are given in the
Biography. descriptions of the several kinds of building.
It is well observed by Stieglitz that architecture The principles of architectural science are utility,
has its origin in nature and religion. The neces- propo'tion, and the imitation of nature. The first
sity for a habitation, and the attempt to adorn those requisite is that every detail of a building should
habitations which were intended for the gods, are be subordinate to its general purpose. Next, the
the two causes from which the art derives its ex- form of the whole and of its parts must be derived
istence. In early times we have no reason to sup- from simple geometrical figures; namely, thestraight
pose that much attention was paid to domestic line, the plane surface, and regular or symmetrical
architecture, but we have imuch evidence to the rectilinear figures, as the equilateral or isosceles
contrary. The resources of the art were lavished triangle, the square or rectangle, and the regular
upon the temples of the gods; and hence the polygons; symmetrical curves, as the circle and
greater part of the history of Grecian architecture ellipse; and the solids arising out of these various
is inseparably connected with that of the temple,. figures, such as the cube, the pyramid, the cylinder,
and has its proper place under TEm.PIUsM, and the the cone, the hemisphere, &e. Lastly, the ornausabordinate headings, such as COLnUMNA, under ments, by which these forms are relieved and
which heads also the different orders are described. beautified, must all be founded either on geoBut, though the first rise of architecture, as a metrical forms or on the imitation of nature.
fine art, is connected with the temple, yet, viewed To this outline of the purposes and principles of