Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

114 AQUAEDUCTUS. AQUAEDUCTUS.
Aqu7a Claudia, though of such different heights at the aqucduct, and from which it was conducted
D)me, have their sources at the same elevation. through pipes of fixed dimensions, into three smaller
At convenient points on the course of the aque- reservoirs, which were, however, so arranged, that
duct, and especially near the middle and end, the middle one was only supplied from the over*there was generally a reservoir (piscina, piscina flow of the other two. Of these three reservoirs,
limosa) in which the water might deposit any the two outer supplied respectively the public baths
sediment that it contained. The construction of and the private houses, and the middle one the
these reservoirs will be understood from the follow- public ponds and fountains (lacus et salientes):
ing woodcut, which represents a restored section of so that, in case of a deficient supply for useful
one which still exists. purposes, none would be wasted on the fountains
the arrangement also enabled a proper account to
be kept of the quantity supplied for private use,
for the protection of the revenue derived from this
source. (Vitruv. viii. 7. s. 6. ~~ 1, 2.)
The minor castella, which received the water
from this chief head, were distributed over the
5iaX019 ~ flcity, in such a manner that the Aqua Appia supplied seven regiones by means of twenty castella;
k _. the Anio Vetus, ten regiones through thirty-five
castella; the Marcia, ten regiones through fifty-one
-..... castella; the Tepula, four regiones through fourteen
castella; the Julia, seven regiones through sevenI —:L. piJ —, teen castella; the Virgo, three regiones through
eighteen castella; the Claudia and the Anio Vetus,
The water flowed from the aqueduct a into the ninety-two castetla. (Frontin. 79-86.) For an
first upper chambers thence down and uLp again account of the parts of the city supplied by the
through the openings b, c, e, into the second upper different aqueducts, see Becker, ilazdb. d. Ibmn.
chamber, out of which it passed into the continua- Alterth. vol. i. pp; 707, 708.
tion of the aqueduct f, having deposited its sedi- The subjoined plan and elevation represent a
ment in the two lower chambers, which could be ruin still remaining at Rome, commonly called the
cleaned out by the door d. The piscina was not " Trophies of Marius," which is generally conalways vaulted: Hirt, from whose work the above sidered to have been the castellum of an aqueduct.
cut is taken, gives also an engraving of an open g.
piscina. These reservoirs were not always used:
for example, the Aqua Virgo and the Alsietina i _._.__.i I.
were without them. They were especially neces- 4 _
sary when the water was conveyed through pipes.
They were also used as reservoirs for the supply
of the neighbouring country, chiefly for the purposes of irrigation.
The details, which we have now been noticing,
are minutely described by Frontinus, and by HiG
Vitruvius* (viii. c. 7. s. 6), and briefly by Pliny s aI_
(H. N. xxxi. 6. s. 31). -X
(3.) Tlhe Termination of the _Aquedcct, and the
Arrangements for the Distribution of its Water.
- The water thus conducted to the city was re- -: g
ceived,' when it reached the walls, in a vast reservoir called castellun, which formed the dead of
water and also served the purpose of a seeter.
The more ancient name in use, when the aqueducts were first constructed, was dividicuzlumz.
(Fest. s. v.) From this principal castelletu the
water flowed into other castella, whence it was It is now much dilapidated, but was tolerably
distributed for public and private use. The term entire about the middle of the 16th century, as
castellum is sometimes also applied to the inter- may be seen by the drawing published by Gamucci
mediate reservoirs already mentioned. (Anticlhiti- di Romsa, iii. p. 100), from which this
The chief castettuso was, externally, a highly restoration is made. The trophies, then remaindecorated building; for example, that of Hadrian, ing in their places, from which the monument
at Athens, was adorned with Ionic pillars, and derives its modern appellation, are now placed on
that at Evora, in Portugal, had the form of a cir- the Capitol. The ground plan is given from an
cular temple. Internally, there was generally one excavation made some years since by the students
vast chamber, with a vaulted roof supported by of the French Academy; it explains part of the
massive pillars, into which the water flowed from internal construction, and shows the arrangement
adopted for disposing of the superfluous water of
* The particular attention which Vitruvius an aqeduct. The general stream of water isfirst
pays to the conveyance of water through.is first
pays to the conveyance of water through pipes, divided by the round projecting buttress into two
warrants the supposition that in his time, when courses, which subdivide themselves into five minor
some of the most important of the aqueducts were streams, and finally fall into a reservoir.
not 7yet erected, that method was very largely The castella were divided into two classes, the
employed. - publica and privata.