Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

AQUAEDUCTUS. AQUAEDUCTUS. Ill
7. The Aqua Alsietina (sometimes called also reckoned with the nine, because its waters were
Aqua Augusta), on the other side of the Tiber, no longer brought all the way to Rome:
was constructed by Augustus from the Laczs 10. This was the Aqua Crabra, which had its
Alsietinus (Lago di Martignano), which lay 6500 source near that of the Julia, and which was oripassus to the right of the fourteenth milestone on the ginally carried right through the Circus Maximus
Via Claudia, to the part of the Regio Transtiberina but the water was so bad, that Agrippa would inot
below the Janiculus. Its length was 22,172 bring it into the Julia, but abandoned it to the
passus, of which only 358 were on arches; and people of the Tusculan land; hence it was called
its water was so bad that it could only have been Aqua Damcnata. At a later period, part of its
intended for the supply of Augustus's Naumnachlia, water was brought into theAqua Julia. (Frontin. 9.)
and for watering gardens. Its reservoir was 1800 Considerable traces of it remain.
feet long by 1200 wide. (Frontin. 11.) There are still four aqueducts of later con8, 9. The two most magnificent aqueducts were struction to be added to the list.
the Aqua Claudia and the Anio Noaus (or Aqua 11. The Aqua Trcjana was brought by Trajan
Aniena Nova), both commenced by Caligula in from the Lacus Salbati7us (now Bracciano), to
A. D. 36, and finished by Claudius in A. D. 50. supply the Janiculus and the Regio Transtiberina.
The water oftheAquaClaudia was derived from two Its construction is recorded on coins of gold, silver,
copious and excellent springs, called Caerulus and and bronze, of the years 111 and 112 A. D.Cuertius, near the thirty-eighth milestone on the V~ia (Eckhel, Doctr. Numz. Vet. vi. pp. 425, 428).
Sul5lacenlsis, and it was afterwards increased by a Trajan also restored and improved the other aquethird spring, Albudinus. Its water was reckoned ducts, especially the Ansio Novus. (Frontin. 92, 93.)
the best after the Mclarcia. Its length was 46,406 12. The Aqua Alexandrina was constructed by
palssus (nearly 46i miles), of which 9567 were on Alexander Severns; its source was in the lands of
arches. Of a still greater length was the Anaio Tusculum, about fourteen miles friom Rome, beNovus, which began at the forty-second milestone, tween Gabii and the Lake Regillus. Its small
on the Via Sublacensis, and received in addition, at height shows that it was intended for the baths of
the thirty-eighth milestone, opposite the sources of Severus, which were in one of the valleys of Rome.
the A qua Claudia, a stream called the Rivus Hier- (Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 25; Fabretti, Diss. i. ~ 23.)
culaneus. It was the longest and the highest of 13. The Aqua Septirsiana, built by Septimins
all the aqueducts, its length being nearly 59 miles Severus, was, perhaps, only a branch of the Aqtua
(58,700 passus), and some of its arches 109 Julia, formed by the emperor to bring water to his
feet high. In the neighbourhood of the city these baths. (Fabretti, Diss. iii. ~ 285.)
two aqueducts were united, forming two channels 14. The Aqua Algentia had its source at M.
on the same arches, the Claudia below and the Algidus by the Via Tusculana, 9000 passus from
Anio Novus above. An interesting monument Rome, according to Fabretti; but more probably
connected with these aqueducts, is the gate now 15,000.. Its builder is unlknown.
called Porta Jliaggiore, which was originally a These seem to have been the fourteen aqueducts,
magnificent double arch, by means of which the which were still preserved in use at Rome in the
aqueduct was carried over the Via Lubicana and time of Procopius (Gotlh. i. 19); but there is a
the Via Pruaenestina. The Porta Labicana was doubt respecting some of the last five. Thus the
blocked up by Honorius; but the arch has been Epilogus to the Notitia mentions the Ciziunia, the
lately cleared of his barbarous constructions. Over Severiana, and the Antonia, and makes the whole
the double arch are three inscriptions, which re- number nineteen; while Aurelius Victor enucord the names of Claudius as the builder, and of merates twenty. The account of Procopius seems
Vespasian and Titus as the restorers of the aque- the most exact, and the excess in the other stateduct. (See the woodcut below.) By the side ments may be explained from the enumeration of
of this arch the aqueduct passes along the wall of the small accessory branches of the chief aqueducts:
Aurelian for some distance, and then it is con- for the Aqua Jovia of Bunsen there is no sufficient
tinued upon the Anrcus Neroniani or Caelimontczi, authority. (Becker, Hancldb. d. brlm. Alterth. vol. i.
which were added by Nero to the original struc- p. 707.)
ture, and which terminated at the temple of Great pains were taken by successive emperors
Claudius, which was also built by Nero, on the to preserve and repair the aqueducts. From the
Caelius, where the water was probably conveyed Gothic wars downwards, they have for the most
to a castellum already built for the Aqua Julia, part shared the fate of the other great Romal
and for a branch of the AAqua Marcia, which had works of architecture; their situation and purpose
been at some previous time continued to the rendering them peculiarly exposed to injury in
Caelius: the monument called the Arch of Dola- war; but still their remains form the most striking
bella is probably a remnant of this common castel- features of the Campagna, over which their lines
lue. (Becker, Handb. d. Rims. Alterth. vol. i. of ruined arches, clothed with ivy and the wild
pp. 499 —502.) fig-tree, radiate in various directions. Three of
These nine aqueducts were all that existed in them still serve for their ancient use; and these
the time of Frontinus, who thus speaks of them three alone, according to Tournon, supply the
collectively, in terms which can hardly be thought modern city with a quantity of water much greater
exaggerated: -- Tot aquaeru? tasm nsuzltis neces- than that which is furnished to Paris by the Canal
sarits inolibus pyramnidas aidelicet otiosas comzpares, de l'Ourcq, for a population six times as large.
aut inertia sed f/ztma celebrata opera Graecorum." They are: -(1.) The Acqua Vergine, the ancient
It has been calculated that these nine aqueducts Aqua Virgo, which was restored by Pope Pius IV.
furnished Rome with a supply of Wvater equal to and further embellished by Benedict XIV. and
that carried down by a river thirty feet broad by Clement XIII. The chief portion of its waters
six deep, flowing at the rate of thirty inches a gush out through the beautiful Fontana di Trevi,
second. There was also another aqueduct, not but it also supplies twelve other public fountains,