Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

XENIAS GRAPHE. XESTES. 1223
be dangerous for an enemy to know. The intention register, and expunge the names of those who had
of Lycurgus, more probably, was to preserve the been improperly admitted. From their decision
national character of his countrymen, and prevent there was an appeal to a court of justice, upon
their being corrupted by foreign manners and vices which the question to be tried was much the same
(as Xenophon says), 0TrwT Ip Faltovpyias oL iroeXai as in the ypaq4E (Seras, and the appellant, if he
WMrb oV', (,E'VoV EL7r'7r(XvTrao. (De Rep. Laced. xiv. obtained a verdict, was restored to the register;
4; compare Pint. Lycur.g. 27.) With the same but if judgment was given against him, was sold
view the Spartans were themselves forbidden to for a slave. [DEMus.] (Harpocr. s. v. AtaIl.(tpLs:
go abroad without leave of the magistrate. Both Schbmann, de CJomit. p. 381.) For an example of
these rules, as well as the feelings of the people this see the speech of Demosthenes against Euon the subject, were much relaxed in later times bulides. [C. R. K.]
when foreign rule and supremacy became the ob- XENI (QeVoL), mercenaries. [MERCENARI. ]
Sect of Spartan amb_.on. Even at an earlier XENUS, XENIA- (E',os, evyLa). [hIosPIperiod we find that the Spartans knew how to ob- TIVUM.]
serve the laws of hospitality upon fit and proper XESTES (tnerhs), a Greekmeasure of capacity,
occasions, such as public festivals, the reception both fluid and solid, which contained 12 cyathi or
of aml)assadors, &c. (Xenoph. l1lenm. i. 2. ~ 61.) 2 cotylae, and was equal to 1-6th of the Xoxs,
They worshipped a Zeus (s'vros and'AMavca (esla. 1-48th of the Roman amphora queadrantl, and
(Pausan. iii. 1. ~ 11].) The connection, called 1-72nd of the Attic amphora metrletes; or, viewing
by the Greeks 7rpo5eeL'a, was cultivated at Sparta it as a dry measure, it was half the c7Loenixa and
both by the state and by individuals; of which 1-96th of the sedimznus. It contained very nearly
their connection with the Peisistratidae is an ex- a pint English.
ample; and also that of a Spartan family with It is thought desirable to add here a few words
the family of Alcibiades. (Thucyd. v. 43, vi. 89, to the remarks made under MENSURA, PONDERA,
viii. 6; Herod. v. 91; compare vi. 57.) [HI-losP - and Q[TADRANTAL, respecting the connection beI'usr.] A. Many illustrious men are reported to tween the Greek and Roman measures of weight
have resided at Sparta with honour, as Terpander, and capacity, according to the views of Btickh.
Theognis, and others. (Schbmann, Ant. ju'. Pub. At this point the Roman and Attic systems of
Gr. p. 142.) Xenophon was highly esteemed by measures coincide; for, though the co'EOws may
the nation, and made Spartan Wrp4devOS. (See perhaps have varied in different states of Greece,
further on the subject of the (eMrXaarfa, Thucyd. i. there is no doubt that the Attic ~(e'wr-s was iden144. with Goeller's notes; Aristoph. Aves, 1013; tical, both in name and in value, with the Roman
Harpocr. s. v. Kal ydp'rb,nvoa,.) [C. R. K.] sextarius: in fact the word (Ea-rT/s seems to be
XEI'NIAS GRAPHE ((Efvas yp9paq). This only an Hellenic form of sextarius. Also the Attic
vwas a prosecution at Athens for unlawfully usurping Xo6s was equal to the Roman congisns, for the
the rights of citizenship. As no man could be an Ica'ETs was the sixth of the former, and the sexAthenian citizen, except by birth or creation tarins the sixth of the latter. Further, the Attic
(-yvet or,rorte(oe), if one, having neither of those metretes or amsph/ora contained 12 Xoes, and the Rotitles, assumed to act as a citizen, either by taking man amlphora contained 8 conryii; giving for the
part in the popular assembly, or by serving any ratio of the former to the latter 3: 2 or 1: 1.
cffice, judicial or magisterial, or by attending cer- Again, the Attic medimnus was the double of the
til festivals, or doing any other act which none Roman amphora, and was to the metretes in the
but a citizen was privileged to do, he was liable to ratio of 4: 3: and the Roman modies was the
a? Epaq7 (EYeas, which any citizen might institute sixth of the Attic medismus, and the third of the
against him. (Demosth. c. Tinsoel/. 1204.) Or Romanl sa1pho0ra. Hence the two systems are
he might be proceeded against by eoa'yytyeMa. connected by the numbers 2 and 3 and their
(Schmsann, de Consit. p. 187.) If condemned, multiples.
his property and person were forfeited to the state, How and when did this relation arise? It canand lie was forthwith to be sold for a slave. (De- not be accidental, nor can we suppose that the
mosth. Epist. i. 1481.) The judgment however Greek system was modelled upon the Roman,
w.as arrested, if he brought a 8ict7 eV;roIlapTrvpsov since the former existed long before the Roman
against the witnesses who had procured his convic- conquest of Greece. We must therefore suppose
tion, and convicted them of giving false testimony. that the Roman system was in some way adapted
During such proceeding he was kept in safe custody to the Greek. It is a remarkable circumstance
to abid the event. [MARTYRIA.] When a person that the uncial system of division, which charactertried on this charge was acquitted by means of ised the Roman weights and measures [As; UN,fraudulent collusion with the prosecutor or wit- cIA], is not found in the genuine Roman measures
nesses, or by any species of bribery, he was liable of capacity (for the use of the cyat/ths as: the sncias
to be indicted afresh by a ypae)i; moposeYLas, the of the sextaeius appears to have originated with
proceedings in which, and the penalty, were the the Greek physicians in later times): and this is
same as in the ypadb7i (sofas. The jurisdiction in the more remarkable, as it is adopted in the Greek
these matters belonged, in the time of Demosthenes, system; the Greek asmph7ora being divided into 12
to the Thesmothetae, but anciently, at least in the Xo6s, and the Roman into 8 congii, instead of 12.
time of Lysias, to the Nautodicae. (Harpocr. s. v. In the Roman foot again, besides the uncial divi.
APepoeEita, Ilapar'Ta'Sse, Navrobscal; Hesych. and sion, we have the division into 4 palnmi and 16
Suidas, s. v.,eofas firar, NaverolKrat; Pollux, viii. digiti, which seems clearly to have been borrowed
40. 126; Meier, Alt. Proc. pp. 83, 347, 761.) from the Greek division into 4 7rahaeri'al and 16
In order to prevent fraudulent enrolment in the odc1rvxo'o. It seems therefore highly probable that
register of the 3iot,s, or 7,LtapXK&cv YpaEftreaTEcoV, the Greek system of measures had a considerable
-which was important evidence of citizenship, the influence on that of the Romans.
otSratL themselves were at liberty to revise their To find the origin of this connection, we must
44