Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

108 AQUAEDUCTUS. AQUAEDUCTUS.
to civil offices and burdens. This subject is fully ornamental superstructure; and were dedicated to
treated by Hollweg, Handbuch des Civilprozesses, some god or hero. Pausanias (x. 4. ~ 1) considers
p. 350. [G. L.] no place to deserve the name of city, which has
APPLICATIO'NIS JUS. [Exs.LIUTM.] not such a fountain. We are indebted to the
APROSTAISIOU GRAPHE' (&irpov'raoLou same author and other Greek writers for accounts
~ypaopi), an action falling under the jurisdiction of of some of the most celebrated fountains; such as
the polemarch, which was brought against those that of Theagenes, at Megara (Paus. i. 40. ~ 1);
imetoeki, or resident aliens, who had neglected to those of Peirene and Lerna at Corinth, where
provide themselves with a patron (7rpoo'rdT7s). there were many other fountains, as well as a
This action is stated to have been also brought Roman aqueduct erected by Hadrian (ii. 3. ~~ 2,
against those metoeki, who exercised the rights of 3, 5; 4. ~ 5); that in the grove of Aesculapius at
full citizens, or did not pay the sETotuIoy, a tax Epidaurus (ii. 17. ~ 5); and several others (iv. 31,
of twelve drachmae exacted from resident aliens; 32, 34, vii. 5, 21, viii. 13), of which we need
but Meier has remarked that this action was only only mention the Enneakrounos at Athens, which
applicable in such cases, provided that the metoeki was constructed by Peisistratus and his sons, and
had no patron. (Harpocrat.; Zonar.; Suid. and of which Thucydides records the interesting f:act,
the other grammarians; Meier, Att. Process, marking the transition from the natural springs to
p. 315, &c.) the artificial fountain, and showing the importance
APSIS or ABSIS (a&ds), in its literal meaning attached even to the former, that "it was called
from dir-rw, is a fastening of any kind; for example, CallirhoP formerly, when the springs were visible
the meshes of a net. (Hom. II. v. 487.) It was ap- (pavepixv Crv -sr-yczv oboevv, Thuc. ii. 15; Paus. i.
plied specially to the joining together the extremities 14. ~ 1): to this enumeration might be added the
of a piece of wood, so as to give it the shape of a springs of salt-water in certain temples; as in
bow; and hence it came to signify anything of those of Erechtheus at Athens, and of Poseidon
that shape, such as a bow, an arch, or a wheel. Hippius at Mantineia. (Paus. i. 26. ~ 5, viii. 10.
(Hes. Op. 424; Herod. iv. 72.) A potter's wheel ~ 4.)
is described, in the Anthology, as KKeicAos h&7jos. In these cases we have no reason to suppose that
The next transition of meaning is to anything there was any thing more than a fountain over or
vaulted (for example, 4i /7rovpavc'a &ils, the vault close to the springs, forming a head for the water
of deaven, PIat. Plhaelr. p. 247, b.); and in this derived, either immediately, or by very short
sense it was adopted in architecture, first, for any channels, from them. But we are not without
building or portion of a building of a circular formn, examples of constructions more nearly approaching
or vaulted (Plin. Epist. ii. 17. ~ 18), and more the Roman aqueducts in kind, though not in
especially for the circular and vaulted end of a degree. That the Greeks, at a very early period,
Basilica. (Paul. Nol. VEp. 12; Augustin, El). 203; had some powers of hydraulic engineering is shown
Isid. Orig. xv. 8.) For other applications of it, all by the draiange tunnels of the lake Copais, and
with the general meaning of a vault or curve, see the similar works of Phaeax at Agrigentum
Forcellini. rP. O.] [EMISSARmuM]; and we have an instance of a
AQUAEDUCTUS (68paywyeya), literally, a channel for water being carried through a mounwater-conduit, would, of course, properly describe tain, to supply the city of Samos. The height of
any channel for the passage of water; but the the mountain was 150 orguiae (900 Greek feet)
word is used especially for the magnificent struc- the length of the tilnnel wvas seven stadia (7-8ths
tures by means of which Rome and other cities of a Roman mile, or about 1420 yards); its section
of the Roman empire were supplied with water, was a square of eight Greek feet. The actual
and which may be described in general terms as a channel for the water was cut below this, and was,
channel, constructed as nearly as possible with a if the text is right, thirty Greek feet deep, and
regular declivity from the source whence the three wide; the water passed through pipes (i8d
water was derived to the place where it was de- owvXwmvv) fiom a copious spring, and was thus
livered, carried through hills by means of tunnels, brought to the city. (Herod. iii. 60.) Miiller
and over valleys upon a substruction of solid conjectures that the work was one of those executed
masonry or arches. by Polycrates (Arcliiol. d. Kunst, ~ 81).
The aqueduct is mentioned by Strabo as among The chief regulations among the Greeks respectthe structures which were neglected by the Greeks, ing fountains and springs, whether in town or
and first brought into use by the Romans (v. country, were the following: —Water might be
p. 235). It will presently be seen that this state- fetched from the public fountains or wells to a
ment requires some slight modification; but, if distance of four stadia; beyond this, persons must
understood of the grand structures we have referred dig their own wells; but if any one dug to a
to, it is true enough that the Greeks (before the depth of ten orguiae (or, according to Plato, y.eXpm
Roman conquest) had none such, and for the'r7s IcepayiU3os ys) without finding water, he was
obvious reason, that they had no need of them. permitted to take from his neighbour's well a
There is no occasion to discuss the possibility or pitcher of six clotes twice a day (Plut. Sol. 23;
impossibility of constructing aqueducts without Plat. Leq. viii. p. 844, a, b).
arches, which is the reason alleged by some The Romans were in a very different position,
writers for their not being used by the Greeks; with respect to the supply of water, from most of
there is reason enough in the physical geography the Greek cities. They, at first, had recourse to
of the country. Springs (icrpatYr, tpovvoi) were the Tiber, and to wells sunk in the city; but
sufficiently abunndant to supply the great cities the water obtained from those sources was very
with water; and great attention was paid to the unwholesome, and must soon have proved insufpreservation and adornment of them; they were ficient, from the growth of the population, to say
converted into public fountains by the formation of nothing of the supplies afterwards required for the
a head for their waters, and the erection of an nauzcachiae and public baths. It was this neces