Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

1214 UJNGUENTA. UN1VERSITAS.'
hour. [As, sub fin.] Respecting the euscia as a (Athen. xii. p. 642.) But as regards the women,
coin see As, p. 141, a. it appears that their retired mode of living, and
(Bi6ckh, Metroloq. IUtersuc7. pp. 155,160, 165, their sitting mostly in their own apartments, de293; VWurmn, de Pond, &c. pp. 8, 9, 63, 67, 118, prived them of a great part of their natural fresh-'
138.) [P. S.] ness and beauty, for which, of course, they were
UNCIA'RIUM FENUS. [FENus, p. 527,b.] anxious to make up by artificial means. (Xenoph.
UNCTO'RES. [BALNEAE, p. 190, b.] Oecon. 10. ~ 10; Stobaeus, iii. p. 87, ed. Gaisford;
UNCTUA'RIUM. [BALNEAE, p. 190, b.] compare Becker, Charicles, ii. p. 232.) This mode
UNGUENTA, ointments, oils, or salves. The of embellishing themselves was probably applied
application of Unguenta in connection with bath- only on certain occasions, such as when they went
ing and the athletic contests of the ancients is out, or wished to appear more charming. (Lysias,
stated under BALNEAE, ATHLETAE, &c.. But de caed. Ersatostl. p. 15; Aristoph. Lysistr. 149,
although their original object was simply to pre- Eccles. 878, Plht. 1064; Plut. Alcib. 39.) The
serve the health and elasticity of the human frame, colours used for this purpose were white (sjiLu0rov
they were in later times used as articles of luxury. (cerusa) and red (fEyXovea or tyXouova, 7raOtipas,
They were then not only employed to impart to ~uKdcicetov, or ePgos, Xenoph. Oecon. 10. ~ 2;
the body or hair a particular colour, but also to Aristoph. Lysistr. 48, Eccles. 929; Alexis, ap.
give to them the most beautiful fragrance possible; Athen. xiii. p. 568, compare 557; Etymol. Mag.
they were, moreover, not merely applied after a s. v.'E4iLjuucLwOOaL)). The eyebrows were firebath, but at any time, to render one's appearance or quently painted black (s/&Aav, io'oXAos, or erfiTys0,
presence more pleasant than usual. In short they Alexis, ap. At/en. xiii. p. 568; Pollux, v. 101).
were used then as oils and pomatums are at present. The manner in which this operation of painting
The numerous kinds of oils, soaps, pomatums, was performed, is still seen in some ancient works
and other perfumes with which the ancients were of art representing ladies in the act of painting
acquainted, are quite astonishing. AVeknowseveral themselves. Sometimes they are seen painting
kinds of soap which they used, though, as it ap- themselves with a brush and sometimes with their
pears, muore for the purpose of painting the hair fingers. (Biittiger, Sabina, ii. tab. ix. and i. tab. vi.)
than for cleaning it. (Plin. 1I. N. xviii. 12, 51; The Romans, towards the end of the republic
Mart. viii. 23. 20, xiv. 26, 27.) For the samoe and under the empire, were no less fond of painting
purpose they also used certain herbs. (Ovid.A.4. themselves than the Greeks. (Horat. ]ZEpof. xii.
Amat. iii. 163, Aslor. i. 14.) 10; Ovid. Ar. Am1. iii. 199; Plin. HI. N. xxviii. 8.)
Among the various and costly oils which were The red colour was at Rome, as in many parts of
partly used for the skin and partly for the hair, the Greece, prepared from a kind of moss which the
following may be mentioned as examples: mende- Romals called fucus (the rocella of Linnaeus), and
sium, megalesium, metopium, amaracinum, Cypri- from which afterwards all kinds of paint were
num, susinum, nardinum, spicatum, iasminum, called f6cus. Another general term for paint is
rosaceum, and crocus-oil, which was considered the creta. For embellishing and cleaning the comlmost costly. (Becker, Gallus, ii. p. 27.) In ad- plexion the Greeks as well as the Romlans used a
dition to these oils the ancients also used various substance called oesipum (see the comment. on
kinds of powder as perfumes, which by a general Suidas, s. v. Otaoram), which was prepared of the
name are called Diapassmata. To what extent wool taken from those parts of the body of a sheep
the luxury of using fragrant oils and the like was in which it perspired most. Another remedy often
carried on, may be inferred from Seneca (Epist. 86), applied for similar purposes consisted of powdered
who says that people anointed themselves twice or excrementa of the Egyptian crocodiles. (Horat.
even three times a day, in order that the delicious and Plin. 1. c.)
fragrance might never diminish. At Rome, how- Respecting the subjects here mentioned and
ever, these luxuries did not become very general everything connected with the toilet of the antill towards the end of the republic (Geil. vii. 12), cients, see B1ittiger, Sbicna oder Morgenscene~ iml
while the Greeks appear to have been familiar with Putzzimnszer einer reiclen, Ritesrin. Leipz. 1806.
them from early times. The wealthy Greeks and 2 vols. [L. S.]
Romans carried their ointments and perfumes with UNGUENTA'RII. [UNTGUEN:TA.]
them, especially when they bathed, in small boxes UNIVE'RSITAS. The philosophical division
of costly materials and beautiful workmanship, of things (Res) in the widest sense of the term, is
which were called larthecia. (Bittiger, Sabina, i. into things Corporeal (Res Corporales), objects of
p. 52.) The traffic whichi was carried on in these sense, and things Incorporeal (Res Incorporales),
ointments and perfuanes in several towns of Greece objects of intellect only (Cic. Top..); and this
and southern Italy was very considerable. The division was applied by the Roman Jurists to things
persons engaged in manufacturing them were called as the objects of Rights. When a man said of a
by the Ronmans Ungzsentarii (Cic. de Of: i. 12; thing "n meum est," it might be either a Corporeal
HIorat. Sat. ii. 3. 228), or as they frequently were thing, as a piece of land or an animal; or it might
women, Ungusentariae (Plin. H. N. viii. 5), and lbe an IncorpoIeal thing, as a Jus utendi fruendi.
the art of manufacturing them Usnguezlaria. In Obligationes were also classed anmong Incorporeal
the wealthy alsd effeminate city of Capua there things. But this is not a division of things, in the
was one great street called the Seplasia, which limited sense, for things in that sense are always
consisted entirely of shops in which ointments and corporeal; it is a division of things in the wider
perfumes were sold. sense.
A few words are necessary on the custom of the In a thinlg corporeal we may consider that there
ancients in painting their faces. In Greece this are parts, in reference to which the whole is a Unipractice appears to have been very common among versitas or a unit. If then the division intojparts
the ladies, though men also had sometimes re- is msade withl reference to thle subjection of a part
cfurse to it~, as for example, Demetrius Phalereus. to a persolls awill, the part is vie-ved. l ai s whole,: