Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

1180 TYMPANUM. TYMPANUM.
the particular facts of a case which must lhave been ea rotunditas, aversis planities, ob id tympania
known to Atticus. (See Casaubon's note on Cic. vocantur." (H. N. ix. 54.) Both forms are repread Att. i. 5.) sented in the cuts below. That upon the left is
Tihe auctoritas of a Tutor was not required in from a painting found at Pompeii (liaus. Borboz.
the case of any Obligatio by which the woman's tom. vii. tav. 37), that on the right from a fictile
condition was improved; but it was necessary in vase (Millin, Peinteres de Vases lAntiques, pl. 56),
cases where the woman became bound. (Gaius, i. and here the convexity on the under side is dis192, iii. 108; Ulp. Frag. tit. 11. s. 27; Cic. pro tinctly seen. Tyrmpana were covered with tha
Caecin. 25.) If the woman wished to promise a
Dos, the auctoritas of a Tutor was necessary.
(Cic. pro Flacc. 35.) By the Lex Julia, if a
woman was in the legitima tutela of a pupillus,
she might apply to the Praetor Urbanus for a "' _
Tutor who should give the necessary auctoritas in
the case of a Dos constituenda. (Gaius, i. 178;
Ulp. Freg. 11. tit. 20.) As a woman could alienate
Res nec mancipi without the consent of a Tutor, t
she could contract an obligation by lending money,3 ii!]
for by delivery the money became the property of
the receiver. A senatusconsultum allowed a woman to apply for a Tutor in the absence of her
Tutor, unless the Tutor was a Patronus; if he was hides of oxen (Ovid. Fast. iv. 342; Stat. Tleb. ii.
a Patronus, the woman could only apply for a 78) or of asses (Phaedr. iii. 20. 4), were beaten
Tutor in order to have his auctoritas for taking (Suet. Aulg. 68) with a stick (Phaedr. 1. c.) or
possession of an hereditas (ad hereditacten adeun- with the hand (Ovid. Met. iv. 30; see cuts), and
daun) or contracting a marriage. were much employed in all wild enthusiastic reliThe Tutela of a woman was terminated by the gious rites (Aristoph. Lysistr. i. 387), especially
death of the Tutor or that of the woman; by a the orgies of Bacchus and of Cybele (Catull.
marriage by which she came in manum viri; by lxiv. 262; Claud. de Cons. Stilich. iii. 365; Lucret.
the privilege of children (izus liberoru?7); by abdi- ii. 618; Catull. lxiii. 8; Virg. Aen. ix. 619; Claud.
catio, and also by the in jure cessio, so long as the Eutrop. i. 278; compare Lobeck, Aglaophamzus,
Agnatorum tutela was in use: but in these two last pp. 630, 652), and hence Plaiutus (Truec. ii. 7. 49)
cases there was only a change of Tutor. characterises an effeminate coxcomb as "Moechum
A woman had no right of action against her mralacum, cincinnatum, umbraticolam, tympanotriTutor in respect of his Tutela, for he had not the bam." According to Justin (xli. 2) they were
Negotiorum gestio, or administration of her pro- used by the Parthians in war to give the signal for
perty, but only interposed his Auctoritas. (Gaius, the onset.
i. 191.) 2. A solid wheel without spokes for heavy
The tutela mulierum existed at least as late as waggons (Virg. Georg. iv. 444), such as is shown
Diocletian, A. D. 293 (Vat. Frag. ~ 325). There in the cut on page 923. These are to this day
is no trace of it in the Code of Theodosius, or in common in the rude carts of southern Italy and
the legislation of Justinian. Greece, and Sir C. Fellows (Excursions in Asia
(The most recent and the most complete work on 2Minor, p. 72), from whose work the figure below
the Roman Tutela is said to be by Rudorff (Das is copied, found them attached to the farm vehicles
Rec/lt der Vosr7undsc/caft, 1832-1834), the sub- of Mysia. "The wheels are of solid blocks of
stance of which appears to be given by Rein, Das wood, or thick planks, generally three, held toR;bu. Privatrecl7t, p. 239, &c.; Gaius, i. 142-200; gether by an iron hoop or tire; a loud creaking
Ulp. Frag. xi. xii.; Inst. 1. tit. 13-26; Dig. 26 noise is made by the friction of the galled axle,"
and 27; Cod. 5. tit. 28-75.) [G. L. a satisfactory commentary on the "stridentia
TU:TULUS was the name given to a pile of plaustra" of Virgil (Georg. iii. 536).
hair on a Wtoman's head. Great pains were taken
by the Roman ladies to have this part of the hair
dressed in the prevailing fashion, whence we read
in an inscription of an orsnatrix a tutulo. (Gruter,
579. 3.) Sometimes the hair was piled up to an
enormous height. (Lucan, ii. 358; Juv. vi. 503;
Stat. Silvt. i. 2. 114.) The Tutulus seems to have
resembled very much the Greek icdpvuelos, of which
a representation is given in the first woodcut on
p. 329, a. 3. Hence, wheels of various kinds, a sort of
The Flaminica always wore a Tutulus, which crane worked by a wheel for raising weights
was formed by having the hair plaited up with a (Lncret. iv. 903; Vitruv. x. 4; ANTLIA), a wheel.
purple band in a conical form. (Festus, s. v.) for drawing svater (Vitruv. x. 14), a solid toothed
TY'MPANUM (v'tra'vov), a small drum car- wheel forming part of the machinery of a mill
ried in the hand. Of these, some resembled in all (Vitruv. x. 9, 10), and the like.
respects a modern tambourine with bells. Others 4. An ancient name for round plates or chargers,
presented a flat circular disk on the upper surface such as were afterwards called laences and staterae.
and swelled out beneath like a kettledrum, a shape (Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 52.)
which appears to be indicated by Pliny when he 5. An architectural term signifying the flat surdescribes a particular class of pearls in the follow- face or space within a pediment, and also the
ing terms: " Quibus una tantum est facies, et ab square panel of a door, (Vitruv, iii. 3, iv. 6.)