Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

1174 TUNICA. T. URRIS.
(Apul. Flo6rid. ii. p. 32; lettmn. viii. p. 533, ed. When a triumph was celebrated, the conqueror
Oud.; Vopisc. Prob. 4.) The Supparus or Sep- wore, together with an embroidered toga (Toga
paruno is said by Festus (s. v.) to have been a linen pictac), a flowered tunic (Tunica palmata), also
vest, and to have been the same as the Subucula; called Tunica Jovis, because it was taken from the
but Varro (v. 131), on the contrary, speaks of it temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. (Liv. x. 7; Mart.
as a kind of outer garment, and contrasts it with vii. 1; Juv. x. 38.) [TirIUMPHUS, P. 1166, a.] Tunics
Szbzcula, which he derives from subtzs, while sup- of this kind were sent:as presents to foreign kings
parus he derives from stpr-. The passage of Lucan by the senate. (Liv. xxx. 15, xxxi. 11.)
(ii. 364) in which it is mentioned does not enable TURI'UB_tDUALM (uvj1carTpiov), a censer. The
us to decide whether it was an outer or under gar- Greqks and Romans, when;they sacrificed, comment, but would rather lead us to suppose that it. monly took a little frankincense out of the ACERRA
was the former. Persons sometimes wore several. and let it fall uponthe flamipg altar. [ARA.] More
tunics, as a protection against cold: Augustus wore rarely they used a censer, by means of which they
four in the winter, besides a Subucula. (Suet. burnt the incense in greater profusion, and which
Aztg. 82.) was in fact a small moveable grate or FocuLvs.
As the -dress of a man usually consisted of an (Aelian, V. H. xii. 5.1.) The annexed woodcut,
under tunic, an outer tunic, and the toga, so that taken from an ancient painting, shows the perof a woman, in like manner, consisted of an under formance of both of these acts at the same time.
tunic (Toszica intisoa, Gell. x. 15), an outer tunic, Winckelmann (lMon. Ined. 177) supposes it to reand the palla. The outer tunic of the Roman, present Livia, the wife, and.O(ctavia, the sister of
matron was properly called Stola [STOLA], and is Augustus, sacrificing to Mars in gratitude for his
_epresented in the woodcut on p. 1073; but the safe return from Spain. (Hor. Carem. iii. 14. 5.)
annexed woodcut, which represents a Roman em- The censer here represented has two handles for
press in the character of Concordia, or Abundantia, the purpose of carrying it from place to place, and
gives a better idea of its form. (Visconti, 111o- it stands upon feet so.that the air might be ad-:sumenti Gabini, n. 34; Btittiger, Sabina,c tav. x.) mitted underneath, and pass upwards through the
Over the Tunic or Stola the Palla is thrown in fuel.
many folds, but the -hape.of the former is still
distinctly shown.
As the censer was destined for the worship of
the gods, it was often made of gold or silver (Ep.
ad Heb. ix. 4; Thucyd. vi. 46) and enriched with
stones and gems. (Herod. iv. 162; Cic. Verr. iv.
21-24.) W- We find a silver.censer in the official
enumerations of the treasures presented to the Parthenon at Athens: its bars (61EpESaoeaTa) were of
bronze. (Biickh, Coap. Inscrsp. vol. i pp. 198, 235,
238.) [J. Y.]
TURMA. [EXERCITUS, p. 497, b.]
TURRIS (7ripyos), a tower. The word TSpose,
The tunics of women were larger and longer from which comes the Latin t3rr'iS, signified acthan those of men, and always had sleeves; but in cording to Dionysius (i. 26) any strong building
ancient paintings and statues we seldom find the surrounded by walls; and it was from the fact of
sleeves covering more than the upper part of the the Pelasgians in Italy dwelling in such places
arm. An example of the contrary is seen in the that the same writer supposes them to have been
llozseo Borbonico, vol. vii. tav. 3. Sometimes the called Tyrsenians or Tyrrhenians, that is, the intunics were adorned with golden ornaments called habitants of towns or castles. Tuzrris in the old
Leria. (Festus, s. v.; Gr. MXpoi, Hesych. Suid. s. v.) Latin language seems to have been equivalent to
Poor people, who could not afford to purchase a?ubs. (Polyb. xxvi. 4; Gittling, Gescl. d. RMem.
toga, wore the tunic alone, whence we find the Staatsv. p. 17.) The use of towers by the Greeks
common people called Tunicati. (Cic. in Rull. ii. and Romans was various.
34; Hor. Epist. i. 7. 65.) Persons at work laid I. Stationary Towers. 1. Buildings of this form
aside the toga; thus, in the woodcut on p. 808, a are frequently mentioned by ancient authors, as
man is represented ploughing in his tunic only. A forming by themselves places of residence and
person who wore only his tunic was frequently defence. This use of towers was very common in
called NUDUs. Africa. (Diod. Sic. iii. 49, Itin. Ant. pp. 34, 35,
Respecting the Clavus Latus and the Clavus with Wesseling's notes.) We have examples in
Angustus, worn on the tunics of the Senators and, the tower of Hannibal on his estate between
Equites-respectiyely, see CLAVUS. Acholla and Thapsus (Liv. xxxiii. 48), the tsrns