Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

TUBA. TUNICA. 1171
Heraclid. 830), and other Greek (Auctor. Rlies. TUBILU'STRIUM.- [QUINQTJATRUS.]
988; B1runck, Anal. tom. ii. p. 142) and Roman TUBUS, TUBULUS. [FISTULA.]
writers (Tyrrhenus clangor, Virg. Aen. viii. 526; TULLIA NUM. [CARCER.]
Stat. T/ieb. iii. 650; Tyrrhernae clangore tubae, TUMULTUA'RII. [TUMULTUS.]
Silius, ii. 19). According to one account it was TUMULTUS was the name given to a sudden
first fabricated for the Tyrrhenians by Athena, or dangerous war in Italy or Cisalpine Gaul, and
who in consequence was worshipped by the Ar- the word was supposed by the ancients to be a
gives under the title of:d:asr-y? (Schol. ad Iomn. contraction of timosr nlztaus. (Cic. Phil. viii. I;
II. xviii. 219, e. cod. Vict.; Pausan. ii. 21. ~ 3); tamssndltns dictzs, quasi timor s2nltus, Serv. ad Viyg.
while at Rome the tubiluzstriam, or purification of Aen. ii. 486, viii. 1; Festus, s. v. Tazmultuarii.)
sacred trumpets, was performed on the last day of It was however sometimes applied to a sudden or
the Quinquatrus. [QuINQUaTRUS.] In another dangerous war elsewhere (Liv. xxxv. 1, xli. 6;
legend the discovery is attributed to a mythical Cic. Phli. v. 12); but this does not appear to have
king of the Tyrrhenians, Maleus, son of Hercules.been a correct use of the word. Cicero (Phil. viii.
and Omphale (Lutat. ad Stat. Theb. iv. 224, vi. 1) says that there might be a war without a tu404; Hygin. Fab. 274; Schol, ad 11mo. 1. c.), in multus, but not a tumultus without a war; but it
a third to Pisaeus the Tyrrhenian (Plin. H. N. must be recollected that the word was also applied
vii. 57; Photius, s. v.), and Silius has preserved a to any sudden alarm respecting a war; whence we
tradition (viii. 490), according to which the origin find a tumultus often spoken of as of less importance
of this instrument is traced to Vetulonii. (MUiller, than a war (e. g. Liv. ii. 26), because the results
Die Etrusker, iv. 1, 3, 4, 5.) were of less consequence, though the fear might
There appears to have been no essential differ- have been much greater than in a regular war.
ence in form between the Greek and Roman or In the case of a tumultus there was a cessation
Tyrrhenian trumpets. Both were long, straight, from all business (justitium), and all citizens were
bronze tubes gradually increasing in diameter, and obliged to enlist without regard being had to the
terminating in a bell-shaped aperture. They pre- exemptions (vacationes) from military service, which
were enjoyed at other times. (Cic. 11. cc.; Liv.
vii. 9, 11, 28, viii. 20, xxxiv. 56.) As there
was not time to enlist the soldiers in the regular....____________________ __ =manner, the magistrate appointed to command the
army displayed two banners (vexilla) from the
capitol, onered, to summon the infantry, and the
other green, to summon the cavalry, and said,
sent precisely the same appearance on monuments " Qui rempublicam salvam vult, me sequatur."
of very different dates, as may be seen from the Those that assembled took the military oath tocuts annexed, the former of which is from Trajan's gether, instead of one by one, as was the usual
column, and the latter from an ancient fictile vase. practice, whence they were called conjurati, and
(Hope, Costunmes of the Ancients, pl. 156.) their service conjuratio. (Serv. ad Viyg. Aen. viii.
1.) Soldiers enlisted in this way were called
Unenultuarii or Subitarii. (Festus, s. a.; Liv. iii.
30, x. 21, xl. 26.)
TU;'NICA (XLt'd, dimE. xLT'rYt~eKOS, YtLrTVOY,),
the under-garment of the Greeks and Romans.
i. GREeK. The Chiton was the only kind of
_ Sv Sea, or under-garment worn by the Greeks. Of
this there were two kinds, the Dorian and Ionian.
The Dorian Chiton, as worn by males, was a short
woollen shirt, without sleeves; the Ionian was a
long linen garment, with sleeves. The under-'1111R garment, afterwards distinguished as the Dorian,
seems to have been originally worn in the whole of
Greece. Thucydides (i. 6) speaks as if the long
linen garment worn at Athens a little before his
time was the most ancient kind, since he attributes
the? adoption of: a simpler mode of dress to the
Lacedaemonians,. but we know with tolerable certainty that this dress was brought over to Athens
by the Ionians of Asia. (Muller, de Fl1inerva Poliade, p. 41, Dor. iv. 2. ~ 4.) It was commonly
worn at Athens during the Persian wars, but appears to have entirely gone out of fashion about
The scholiast on the Iliad (1. c.) reckons six va- the time of Pericles, from which time the Dorian
rieties of trumpets; the first he calls the Grecian Chiton was the under-garment universally adopted
ZciarlyS which Athena discovered for the Tyrrhe- by men through the whole of Greece. (Athen.
nians, and the sixth, termed by him cKaT' 4o'XrY, xii. p. 512, c; Eustath. p. 954. 47; Thucyd. I. c.;
the'rupavvKic) aadXray, he describes as bent at the Aristoph. Equit. 1330.)
extremity (Kecowva IeCKAeC1fe'Ov fXovaa); but by The distinction between the Doric and Ionic
this we must unquestionably understand the sacred Chiton still continued in the dress of women. The
trumpet (iepaT-rl) (fciMrLyt, Lydus, de Mens. iv. 6), Spartan virgins only wore this:one garment, and
the litumss already noticed at the beginning of this had no upper kind of clothing, whence it is somearticle. (Compare Lucan, i. 431.) [WV. R.] times called Himzation [PALLIUM] as well as Cl/i~
4F 2