Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

TRIUMPHUS. TRIUMVIRT. 1167
the most unquestionable evidence. (Cic. inz Perr. ancient constitution, he alone had a legitimate
v. 30; Liv. xxvi. 13; Joseph. vii. 24.) Porn- claim to a triumph. This principle was soon fully
pey, indeed, refrained from perpetrating this atro- recognised and acted upon, for although Antonius
city in his third triumph (Appian, Bell. Mitll. had granted triumphs to his legati (Dion Cass. xlix.
117), and Aurelian on like occasion spared Zenobia, 42), and his example had been freely followed by
but these are quoted as exceptions to the general Augustus (Suet. Octav. 38; Dion Cass. liv. 11, 12)
rule. When it was announced that these murders in the early part of his career, yet after the year
had been completed (Joseph i. c.) the victims were B. C. 14 (Dion Cass. liv. 24), he entirely disconthen sacrificed, an offering from the spoils was tinned the practice, and from that time forward
presented to Jupiter, the laurel wreath was de- triumphs were rarely, if ever, conceded to any
posited in the lap of the god (Senec. Consol. ad except members of the imperial family. But to
Helv. 10; Plin. H. N. xv. 40; Plin. Paneg. 8; compensate in some degree for what was thens
Stat.Sylv. iv. 1. 41), the Imperator was entertained taken away, the custom was introduced of bestowaLt a public feast along with his friends in the tem- ing what were termed Triumphalia, Ornamlenta,
ple, and returned home in the evening preceded that is, permission to receive the titles bestowed
by torches and pipes, and escorted by a crowd of upon and to appear in public with the robes worn
citizens. (Flor. ii. 1.) Plutarch (Q. R. 77) and by the Imperatores of the commonwealth when
Valerius Maximus (ii. 8. ~ 6) say that it was the they triumphed, and to bequeath to their descendpractice to invite the consuls to this banquet, and ants triumphal statues. These triumclhalia orna.then to send a message requesting them not to muenta are said to have been first bestowed upon
come, in order, doubtless, that the Iniperator might Agrippa (Dion Cass. I. c.) or upon Tiberius (Suet.
be the most distinguished person in the company. Octav. 9), and ever after were a common mark of
The whole of the proceedings, generally speak. the favour of the prince. (Tacit. Angn. i. 72, ii. 52,
ing, were brought to a close in one day, but when iii. 72, &c., Hist. i. 79, ii. 78, &c.)
the quantity of plunder was very great, and the The last triumph ever celebrated was that of
troops very numerous, a longer period was re- Belisarius, who entered Constantinople in a quadquired for the exhibition, and thus the triumph of riga, according to the fashion of the olden time,
Flaminius continued for three days in succession. after the recovery of Africa from the Vandals.
(Liv. xxxix. 52; Plut. Aemil. Paull. 32.) The total number of triumphs upon record down
But the glories of the Imperator did not end to this period has been calculated as amounting to
with the show nor even with his life. It was 350. Orosius (vii. 9) reckons 320 from Romulus
customary (we know not if the practice was in- to Vespasian, and Pitiscus (Lexic. A2tiq. s. sv.
variable) to provide him at the public expense Triumphus) estimates the number from Vespasianl
with a site for a house, such mansions being styled to Belisarius at 30. [W. R.]
triumnplales domuzs. (Plin. xxxvi. 24. ~ 6.) After TRIU'MVIRI or TRE'SVIRI, Were either ordeath his kindred were permitted to deposit his dinary magistrates or officers, or else extraordinary
ashes within the walls (such, at least, is the ex- commissioners, who were frequently appointed at
planation given to the words of Plutarch, Q. R. Rome to execute any public office. The following
78), and laurel-wreathed statues standing erect is a list of the most important of both classes, arin triumphal cars, displayed in the vestibulum of ranged in alphabetical order.
the family mansion, transmitted his fame to pos- 1. TaluMVlRI AGRo DIVIDUNDO. [TRtUcivisi
terity. COLONTAE DEDUCENDAE.]
A TRIUMRPHU NAVALIS appears to have dif- 2. TRIUMVIRI CAPITALES were regular magisfered in no respect from an ordinary triumph trates first appointed about B.c. 292. (Liv. Epit.
except that it must have been upon a smaller scale, 11; Dig. 1. tit. 2. s. 2. ~ 30.) The institution of
and would be characterized by the exhibition of their office is said to have been proposed by L.
beaks of ships and other nautical trophies. The Papirius, whom Festus (s.'. Sacranzentuns) calls
earliest upon record was granted to C. Duilius, tribune of the plebs, but whom Niebuhr (Hist. of
who laid the foundation of the supremacy of Rome Ronze, vol. iii. pp. 407, 408) supposes to be L.
by sea in the first Punic war (Liv. Epit. xvii.; Papirius Cursor, who was praetor in B. c. 292.
Fast. Capit.); and so elated was he by his success, They were elected by the people, the comitia being
that during the rest of his life, whenever he re- held by the praetor. (Festus, 1. c.) They succeeded
turned home at night from supper, he caused flutes to many of the functions of the Quaestores Parrito sound and torches to be borne before him. (Flor. cidii. (Varro, L. L. v. 81, ed. Midiller; QUAESTOR.)
ii. I; Cic. Cat. MlIaj. 13.) A second naval tri- It was their duty to inquire into all capital crimes,
umph was celebrated by Lutatius Catulus for his and to receive informations respecting such (Varro,
victory off the Insulae Aegates, B. c. 241 (Val. 1. c.; Plaut. Asin. i. 2. 5, Aulul. iii. 2. 2; Cic. psro
Max. ii. 8. ~ 2; Fast. Capit.); a third by Q. Cluent. 13), and consequently they apprehended
Fabius Labeo, B. c. 189, over the Cretans (Liv. and committed to prison all criminals whom they
xxxvii. 60), and a fourth by C. Octavius over detected. (Liv. xxxix. 17; Val. Max. vi. 1. ~10;
King Perseus (Liv. xlv. 42) without captives and Cic. I. c.) In conjunction with the Aediles, they
without spoils. had to preserve the public peace, to prevent all unTRnIUaPHUS CASTRENSIS was a procession of lawful assemblies, &c. (Liv. xxv. I, xxxix. 14.)
the soldiers through the camp in honour of a tri- They enforced the payment of fines due to the state.
bunus or some officer, inferior to the general, who (Fest. 1. c.) They had the care of public prisons.
had performed a brilliant exploit. (Liv. vii. 36.) and carried into effect the sentence of the law
After the extinction of freedom the Emperor upon criminals. (Liv. xxxii. 26; Val. Max. v,
being considered as the commander-in-chief of all 4. ~ 7, viii. 4. ~ 2; Sall. Cat. 55; Tacit. Ann. v
the armies of the state, every military achievement 9.) In these points they resembled the magistracy
was understood to be performed under his auspices, of the Eleven at Athens. [HENDEcA.] They had.
and. hence, according to the forms of even the the power of inflicting summary punishment upon