Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

TRIUMPHUS. TRi UMPHUS. 1165
clear that these provisions could never have existed PraInvsu IN MONTE ALBANO II. NONA.S MAaIR
during the petty contests with which Rome was AN. DXXII. (Plin. I.V. xv. 38.) His example
fully occupied for some centuries; and even when was followed by Marcellus (Liv. xxvi. 21; Plut.
wars were waged upon the most extensive scale we Aiarec. 22), by Q. Minucius (Liv. xxxiii. 2.3), and
find many instances of triumphs granted for gene- by many others, so that Livy (xlii. 21) after menral results, without reference to the numbers slain tioning that the senate had refused a triumph to
in any one engagement (e. g. Liv. viii. 26, xl. 38). Cicereius (praetor r. c. 173) adds, "in monte Al5. That the war should have been a legitimate bano, quod jamn in morenz venerat, triumphavit."
contest against public foes (jtestis hostilibusque bellis, (See also Liev. xlv. 38.)
Cic. pro Deiot. 5), and not a civil contest. Hence If the senate gave their consent they at the
Catulus celebrated no triumph over Lepidus, nor same time voted a sum of money towards defraying
Antonius over Catiline, nor Cinna and Marius over the necessary expenses (Polyb. vi. 13), and one
their antagonists of the Sullan party, nor Caesar of the tribunes "ex auctoritate senatus" applied
after Pharsalia, and when he did subsequently for a plebiscitum to permit the Imperator to retain
triumph after his victory over the sons of Pompey his imperium on the day when he entered the city.
it caused universal disgust. Hence the line in (Liv. xlv. 35, xxvi. 21.) This last form could
Lucan (i. 12): not be dispensed with either in an ovation or a
"BelIa geri placuit nullos habitura triumphos." triumph, because the imperium conferred by the
comitia curiata did not include the city itself, and
(See Val. Max. ii. 8. ~ 7; Dion Cass. xliii. 42; when a general had once gone forth "paludatus"
Plint. Caes. 56.) [OVATIO.] his military power ceased as soon as he re-entered
6. That the dominion of the state should have the gates, unless the general law had been prebeen extended and not merely something previously viously suspended by a special enactment; and in
lost regained. Hence Fulvits, who won back this manner the resolution of the senate was, as it
Capua after its revolt to Hannibal, did not receive were, ratified by the plebs. [' IMPERIUM; PALVa triumph. (Val. Max. 1. c.; compare Liv. xxxi. 5, DAMENTUvU L.) For this reason no one desiring a
xxxvi. 1.) The absolute acquisition of territory triumph ever entered the city until the question
does not appear to have been essential. (Duker, was decided, since by so doing he would ipso facto
ad Liv. xxxi. 5.) have forfeited all claim. We have a remarkable
7. That the war should have been brought to a example of this in the case of Cicero, who after his
conclusion and the province reduced to a state of return from Cilicia lingered in the vicinity of Rome
peace so as to permit of the army being withdrawn, day after day, and dragged about his lictors from
the presence of the victorious soldiers being consi- one place to another, without entering the city, in
dered indispensable in a triumph. In consequence the vain hope of a triumph.
of this condition not being fulfilled an ovation only Such were the preliminaries, and it only noWr
was granted to Marcellus after the capture of Syra- remains to describe the order of the procession.
cuse (Liv. xxvi. 21, compare xxviii. 29, xxx. 48) This in ancient days was sufficiently simple. The
and to L. Manlius upon his return from Spain. leaders of the enemy and the other prisoners were
(Liv. xxxix. 29.) We find an exception in Liv. led along in advance of the general's chariot, the
xxxi. 48, 49, but this and similar cases must be military standards were carried before the troops
regarded as examples of peculiar favour. (See also who followed laden with plunder, banquets were
Tacit. Ann. i. 55, compared with ii. 41.) spread in front of every door, and the populace
The senate claimed the exclusive right of delibe- brought up the rear in a joyous band, filled with
rating upon all these points and giving or with- good cheer, chanting songs of victory, jeering and
holding the honour sought (Liv. iii. 63; Polyb. bantering as they went alone with the pleasantries
vi. 13), and they for the most part exercised the customary on such occasions. (Liv. iii. 29.) But
privilege without question, except in times of great in later times these pageants were marshalled with
political excitement. The sovereignty of the peo- extraordinary pomp and splendour, and presented
ple, however, in this matter was asserted at a very a most gorgeous spectacle. Minute details would
early date, and a triumph is said to have been necessarily be different according to circumstances,
voted by the tribes to Valerius and Horatius, the but the general arrangements were as follow. When
consuls of B. c. 446, in direct opposition to the re- the day appointed had arrived the whole population
solution of the fathers (Liv. iii. 63; Dionys. xi. poured forth from their abodes in holiday attire,
50), and in a similar manner to C. Marcins Rutilus some stationed themselves on the steps of the pubthe first plebeian dictator (Liv. vii. 17), while L. lic buildings in the forum and along the Via Sacra,
Postumius Megellus, consul as. c. 294, celebrated a while others mounted scaffoldings erected for the
triumph, although resisted by the senate and seven purpose of commanding a view of the show. The:out of the ten tribunes. (Liv. x. 37.) Nay more, temples were all thrown open, garlands of flowers.we read of a certain Appius Claudius, consul B. c. decorated every shrine and image, and incense
143, who having persisted in celebrating a triumph smoked on every altar. (Plut. Aemtil. Paul. 32
in defiance of both the senate and people, was ac- Dion Cass. lxxiv. 1.) M[eanwhile the Imperator
companied by his daughter (or sister) Claudia, a called an assembly of his soldiers, delivered an
vestal virgin, and by her interposition saved from oration commending their valour, and concluded by
being dragged from his chariot by a tribune. (Ores. distributing rewards to the smost distinguished and
v. 4; Cic.pr.o. Coel. 14; Val. IMax. v. 4. ~ 6; Suet. a sumn of money to each individual, the amount deTib. 2.) A disappointed general, however, seldom pending on the value of the spoils. I-e then as.
ventured to resort to such violent measures, but cended his triumphal car and advanced to the
satisfied himself with going through the forms on Porta Triumlphalis (where this gate was is a questhe Alban Mount, a practice first introduced by tion which we cannot here discuss; see Cic. in Pis.
C. Papirius Maso, and thus noticed in the Capito- 23; Suet. Ociav. 101; Josephus, B. J. vii. 24),
line Fasti: C. P&PIRIUS MAsO COS. DE -CORsEIs where he was met by the whole body of the senate