Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

160 TRIERARCITJA. TRIERARCHIIA.
not entirely supersede the older and single form, dorivsa Kial Turenra hal oXoLvZa, and other things),
being only meant as a relief in case of emergency, and some stringent enactments were made to com-when there was not a sufficient number of wealthy pel the Trierarchs to deliver it up according to the
citizens to bear the expense singly. Numerous inventory taken of it ('ro Ldypals/a r7wv -Kxeucv),
instances in fact occur of single Trierarchies, be- either at Athens or to their successors sent out by
tween 410 and 358 B. c., and in two passagges of the symmoriae. This conclusion, that the vessel
Isaeus (de Dicoleog. Her. 54, de A4,poll. 67), refer- was equipped by the state, is confirmed by Dering to this period, the single and double Trierar- mostbenes (de Symmenor. 183. 17), and in the orachy are mentioned as cotemporaneous. Apollo- tion against Midias (I. c.) he says, referring to the
dorus also was sole Trierarch (Dem. c. Polycl.) so systel of th symmoriae, that the state provided
late as B. C. 361. In the case of a syntrier.archy the.crews, and the furniture. The only duty then
the two Trierarchs commanded their vessel in-turn, of the Trierarchs under this system was to keep
six months each (Id. 1219), according as they their vessels in the sameyrepair and order as they
a-greed between themselves. received them. But even from this they managed
The third form of the Trierarchy was connected to escape: for the wealthiest members, who had to
with, or suggested by, the syntrierarchy. Inl B. c. serve for their synteleia let out their Trierarchies
358, the Athenians were unable to procure a suffi- for a talent, and received that amount from their
cient number of leoglly appointed Trierarchs, and partners (ove'-res), so that in reality they paid
accordingly they summoned the volunteers. This, next to nothing, or, at any rate, not what they
however, was but a temporary expedient; and as ought to have done, considering that the Trierarchy
the actual system was not adeq.cate to the public was a ground of exemption from other liturgies. It
wrants, they determined to manage the Trierarchy does not appear from the orators how the different
somewhat in the same way as the property taxes synteleiae appointed the Trierarchs who were to
[EIsPHORA], namely, by classes or symmoriae, take charge of their vessels; but it was probably
according to the law of Periander passed, as Bockh left to themselves without being regulated by any
shows, in the year 358, and which was the pri- legal enactment. The evils and irregularities of
mary and original enactment on the subject. WVith the symmoriae are thus (rhetorically perhaps)
this view 1200.o-.vVTEre7s, or partners (Dem. c. described.by Demosthenes,: "I saw your navy
l1iid. 564) were appointed, who were probably the going to ruin, and the rich escaping with little
wealthiest individuals ofthe.state, according to the cost, and persons of moderate income losing their
census or valuation. Theseswere divided into 20 propertyS, and the city losing the opportunities of
vcru/opalz, or classes; out of whlich a numnber of action, and the triremes not being equipped in
persons (andarTa) joined for the equipment or ran- sufficient time to meet an emecgency, and therefore
ther the maintenance and management of a ship, I proposed a law, &c." The changes he meant to
under the title of a aYrlXTseoa (Harpocr. s. tv.) or effect by.it are related in his oration concerning
union, Sometimes, perhaps, by special enactment, the symmoraoiae (.;c.. 354), and are as follow: he
when a great number of ships was required, a proposed to add 80.0, to the 1200 c~urvrTehs, making
synteleia of this kind consisted of four or five the whole 2000, so that, subtracting all those who
wealthy individuals, whvo bore jointly the ex- could claim exemption as minors, orphans, &c.,
penses of one trireme (Harpocr. s. v. vuJ-Lopfa); there might always remain,1200 persons (eeacra)
but generally to every ship there was assigned a to serve. These were to be divided into 20 symsynteleia of fifteen per.sons of different degrees of moriae of 60 each, as under the old system: each
wealth, as we may suppose, so. that four only were of these was to be subdivided into five divisions of
provided for by each syvmmoioa,.of-sixty.persolls. 12 persons each, one-half rich and the other poor
These synteleiae of fifteen.p.erson!s each seem to (d'vrava-Vrmpcwv), so as to form altogether 100
have been also called symmorjae,by Iyperides. smaller symmoriae. The mnumber of triremes, ac(Harpocr. s. v.; compare Dem. deoSymnslzor. 183.) cording to this scheme, was to be' 300, classed ine
It appears, however, that before' Demostllenes 20 divisions of 15 ships: each of these divisions
carried a new law onl this subject (13. c. 340), it was to be assigned to one of the 20 larger symhad been customary for sixteen persons to unite in mnoriae, so that each of the smaller would receive
a synrteleia or company fo' a( ship (Dem. pros 3 and in case of 300 ships being required, four
Coo. 261), who bore the h.urdenl in equal shares. Trierarchs would be appointed to each. MoreThis being the case it follows, either that the over, each of theegreater symmoriae was to receive
members of the symmoriae hadc been by that time the same amonelt of the public stores for equipraised from 1200 to 1280, or that some alterations ment, ill order that they might apportion it to the
had taken place in their internal arrangements, of smallerclasses. With a view to levying the crews,
which no account has come down to us. (B6ckh, and for other purposes, the generals were to divide
Urkeeden, &c. p. 181.) From the phrase ee TrwvO' the dockyards into ten parts for 30 ships' stations
Tos. AOhXoes OurseeiCov, used in the icarhoyos (de (Pem'ro-owuc);adjacent to each other; and to assign
Coe. 261), it would also seem that the word Ah6Xo each.of these parts to a tribe, or two large synmwas used of civil as well as military divisions, and, moriae of 30 ships. These ten parts were to be
in this instance, of the symmoriae. The superin.- subdivided into thirds, each of which was to be
tendence of the whole system was in the hands of assigned to a third part (rPL-r'rUs) of the tribe to
the 300 wealthiest members, who were therefore whom the whole was allotted, so that each third
called the " leaders of the symmoriae " (7jey6dvss would receive ten ships. Wrhether this scheme
TWO eOvejuoperv), on whom the burdens of the trier- was put into practice does not appear, but it seems
archy chiefly fell, or rather ought to have fallen. that it was not, for the mismanagement of the Trier(Dem. pro Cor. 329, c. Euerg. et M[rnesib. 1145.) archy appears to have continued till Demosthenes
The services performed by individuals under this carried his law about thee "Trierarchy according to
system appear to have been the same as before: the Valuation." One of the chief evils connected
the state still provided the ship's tackle (i. c. the with it was, that the triremes were never equipped