Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

TRIERARTCIIIA. TRIERARCIIIA. 1 l59
crav (cLpoY V Ical e'VreAh 7rapaaoiiat. Conse- state derived an advantage. Sometimes, on the
quently the statement in the oration against Mi- other hand, the state suffered, by the Trierarcha
dias (p. 564. 22) that when Demosthenes was quite performing their duties at the least possible exyoung (B. c. 364) the Trierarchs paid all the ex- pense, or letting out their Trierarchy (tg0laO-craL
penses themselves (a- dvahcAw'aara EK frv i8[cov) r'7v AerTouptyiav) to the contractor who offered thee
only implies that they defrayed the expenses which lowest tender. (Dem. de Coron. Trieror. 1230.)
were customary at that time, and which were after- One consequence of this was, that the duties were
wards diminished by the regulation of the sym- inadequately performed; but there was a greater
moriae; but not that they supplied the ship, or evil connected with it, namely, that the contractors
pay and provisions for the crew. The whole ex- repaid themselves by privateering on their own
penditure, says Biickh, means nothing more than account, which led to reprisals and letters of marque
the equipment of the vessel, the keeping it in repair, being granted against the state. (SYLAE: Dem.
and the procuring the crew which was attended Id. 1231.) It seems strange that the Athenians
with much trouble and expense, as the Trierarchs tolerated this, especially as they were sometimes
were sometimes obliged to give bounties in order to inconsistent enough to punish the Trierarchs who
induce persons to serve, foreign sailors not being had let out their Trierarchy, considering it as a
admissible. From the oration of Demosthenes desertion of post (XerleoTeLov, Id. 1230).
against Polycles (B. c. 361), we learn the following We may here observe, that the expression in
particulars about the Trierarchy of that time. Isaeus (de Apoll. Hered. 67), that a Trierarch
The Trierarchs were obliged to launch their ship;'" had his ship made himself" (riv va6v 7ronqaecusethe sailors were supplied from particular parishes voy), does not mean that he was at the cost of
(8q/uot), through the agency of the demarchi; but building it (vau7rq1yaicevos), but only of fitting
those supplied to Apollodorus the client of Demos- it up and getting it ready for sea. That the ships
thenes were but few and inefficient, consequently always belonged to the state, is further evident
he mortgaged his estate (v7roOeivaL T7rv oielaav), from the fact that the senate was intrusted with
and hired the best men he could get, giving great the inspection of the ship-building (Dem. c. Androlt.
bounties and premiums (urpoederes). He also 599. 13); and is placed beyond all doubt by the
equipped the vessel with his own tackle and furni- " Athenian Navy List" of the inscriptions in
ture, taking nothing from the public stores (ec Tcv Brickh. ( Urkunden, &c.) Some of the ships there
r1%oetwv ov3'v eAagov. Compare the Speech on mentioned are called cive7rucA4pCe'T0t, whence it apthe Crown of the Trierarchy, p. 1229). Moreover pears that the public vessels were assigned by lot
in consequence of his sailors deserting when he to the respective Trierarchs. A r7pp-vr Tr3oaelwas out at sea, he was put to additional and heavy tose was a ship presented to the state as a free gift,
expenses in hiring men at different ports. The just as rpltp'i 6IrloE0vat means to present the state
provision money for the sailors (eiiTpC-o v) was with a trireme (Dem. c. Mid. 566, 568). The
provided by the state, and paid by the strategi, duration of a Trierarchy was a year, and if any
and so generally speaking was the pay for the Trierarch served longer than his legal time, he
marines (e7ritdcar): but Demosthenes' client only could charge the extra expenses (ra 6nrlrpliVpdpreceived it for two months, and as he served for XIua) to his successor. To recover these expenses
five months more than his time, (from the delay of an action (Je7rTpnlpapxl uaroes RAcqK) might be
his successor elect,) he was obliged to advance it brought against the successor, of which we have
himself for fifteen months, with but an uncertain an example in the speech of Apollodorus against
prospect of repayment. Other circumstances are Polycles, composed by 1Demosthenes for the former.
mentioned which made his Trierarchy very expen- - II. On the eipenses of the Trierarchy. These
sive, and the whole speech is worth reading,-fas would of course depend upon circumstances; but
showing the unfairness and hardship to which-a rich except in extraordinary cases, they were not more
man was sometimes subjected as a Trierarch. The than6 1 —ffor less than 40 minae: the average was
observation that he took no furniture from the public about 50. Thus about the year B. C. 360, a whole
stores, proves that at that time (n. c. 361), the Trierarchy was let out for 40 minae; in later
triremes were fitted out and equipped from the times thei general amount of a contract was 60.
public stores, and consequently by the state; but (Dem. c. Mid. 539, 564. 20, de Coron. 260, 262.)
as we learn from other passages in Demosthenes, III. On ithe difreent forms of the Trierarchiy.
and the inscriptions in Bdckh (Urkunden, No. iii.), In ancient times one person bore the whole charge,
the Trierarchs were obliged to return in good con- afterwards it was customary for two persons to
dition any articles which they took; in default of share it, who were then called Syntrierarchs (crvvdoing so they were considered debtors to the state. Tpr1ipapxoi). When this practice was first introThat the ship's furniture was either wholly or in duced is not known, but Bickh conjectures that it
part supplied by the state, also appears from an- was about the year 412 a. c., after the defeat of
other speech (c. Euerg. et Mnesib. 1146): but the Athenians in Sicily, when the union of two
Trierarchs did not always avail themselves of their persons for the Choregia was first permitted. The
privilege in this respect, that they might have no most ancient account of a syntrierarchy is later
trouble in settling with the state. It is evident than 410 (Lys. c. Dioqit. 907, 909), and we meet
then, that at the time referred to (about B.C. 360), with one so late as B. c. 358, the year of the Athethile only expenses binding upon the Trierarchs were nian expedition into Euboea. (Dem. c. Mid. 566.
those of keeping in repair the ship and the ship's 24.) The syntrierarchy to which we allude was
furniture; but even these might be very consider- indeed a voluntary service (cer-8ots), but there
able, especially if the ship were old, or exposed to can be little doubt that it was suggested by the
hard service and rough weather. Moreover, some ordinary practice of that time; and even under the
Trierarchs, whether from ambitious or patriotic next form of the service, two Trierarchs were
motives, put themselves to unnecessary expense in sometimes employed for the immediate direction of
fitting out and rigging their ships, from which the the Trierarchy. The syntrierarchy, however, did
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