Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

1148 TRIBULA. TRIBUNUS.
unnatural, which no atrocity of guilt can appal." used in the East. The verb tsibulare (Cato, de Re
Still they have had admirers: Heinsius calls the Runst. 23), and the verbal noun tribulatio were apHippolytus " divine," and prefers the Troades to plied in a secondary sense to denote affliction in
the Hecuba of Euripides: even Racine has bor- general. [J. Y ]
rowed from the Hippolytus in his Phhdre. TRI'BULUS (Trpiohos), a caltrop, also called
Roman tragedians sometimes wrote tragedies minuex. (Val. Max. iii. 7. ~ 2; Curt. iv. 13. ~ 36.)
on subjects taken from their national history. When a place was beset with troops, the one party
Pacuvius, e. g. wrote a Paulus, L. Accius a Brzt Gus endeavoured to impede the cavalry of the other
and a Decius. (Cic. de Div. i. 22.) Curiatius Ma- party either by throwing before them caltrops,
ternus, also a distinguished orator in the reign of which necessarily lay with one of their four sharp
Domitian, wrote a Domitius and a-Cato, the latter points turned upwards, or by burying the calof which gave offence to the rulers of the state trops with one point at the surface of the ground.
(poteutiumn aninsos odfendit, Tacit. Dial. 2; Lang. (Veget. de Re AIil. iii. 24; Jul. Afric. 69. oap. Vet.
Vind. Trag. Roman. p. 14). The fragments of the
Thyestes of Varius are given by Bothius, Poet.
Seen. Lat. Frag. p. 279. [R. W.]
TRA'GULA. [HASTA, p. 589, a.]
TRANSA'CTIO IN VIA. [AcTIO, p. 1 1, a.]
TRA'NSF UGA. [DESER. TO.]
TRANSTRA. [NAVIS, p. 788, a.
TRANSVE CTIO E'QUITUM. [EQUITES.1
TRAUMATOS EK PRONOIAS GRAPHE
(rpa,uazors Eie rpcYias ypao~). Our principal
information respecting this action is derived from /
two speeches of Lysias, namely, rpbs:iowva and
crepl rpataToS E&K IrpoVOiaS, thouglh they do not
supply us with many particulars. It appears,
however, that this action could not be brought by
cany person who had been wounded or assaulted
by another, but that it was necessary to prove that
there had been an intention to murder the person -
who had been wounded; consequently the 7rpvora..o.
consisted in such an intention. Cases of this-kind
wvere brought before the Areioplgus: if the ac- Mat?. Graec. p. 311.) The annexed woodcut is
cused was found guilty, he was exiled from the taken from a bronze caltrop figured by Cayllls
state and his property confiscated. (Compare Dem. (Recueil, iv. pl. 98). [J. Y.]
C. Aristoce. 627. 22, c. Boeot. 1018. 9, Aesch. de TRIBU'NAL (/3,pa), a raised platform, or, to
Fals. Leg. 270, c. OCes. 440, 608; Lys. c. Andoc. use the term adopted from the French, tribune, on
p. 212; Lucian, Timon, 46; Pollux, viii. 40; which the praetor and judices sat in the Basilica.
Meier, Att. Proc. p. 314.) It is described under BASILICA (p. 199).
TRESSIS. [As, p. 141, a.] There was a tribunal in the camp, which was
TRESVIRI. [TitIuaIvlRI.] generally formed of turf, but sometimes, in a staTRIA'RII. [ExERCITvS, pp. 495 -497, 501, tionary camp, of stone, from which the general
b.] addressed tihe soldiers, and where the consul and
TR1'BULA or TRI'BULUM ('plX~Xos), a tribunes of the soldiers administered justice.
corn-drag, consisting of a thick and ponderous When the general addressed the army from the
wooden board, which was armed underneath with tribunal, the standards were planted in front of it,
pieces of iron or sharp flints and drawn over the and the army placed round it in order. The ad.
corn by a yoke of oxen, either the driver or a heavy dress itself was called Allocutio. (Plut. Pomp. 41;
weight being placed upon it, for the purpose of se- Lipsius, de Mlilit. Rom. iv. 9; CASTRA.)
parating the grain and cutting the straw. (Varro, A tribunal was sometimes erected in honour of a
de Re Rust. i. 52; Ovid. Met. xiii. 803; Plin. 1. deceased imperator, as, fir example, the one raised
N. xviii. 30; Longus, iii. 22; Brunck, A zal. ii. to the memory of Germanicus- (Tacit. Annal. ii. 813.)
215; Amos, i. 3.) Together with the tribuzla an- Pliny (1I. N. xvi. 1) applies the term to emother kind of drag, called tcaha, was also some- bankments against the sea. [P. S.]
times used, which it is probable was either entirely TRIBU'N US. This word seems originally to
of stone or made of the trunk of a tree. (Virg. have indicated an officer connected with a tribe
Georg. i. 164; Servius, ad loc.; Col. de Re Rust. (tribus), or who represented a tribe for certain purii. 21.) These instruments are still used in Greece, poses; and this is indeed the character of the
Asia Minor, Georgia, and Syria, and are described officers who were designated by it in the earliest
by various travellers in those countries, but more times of R-.me, and may be traced also in the later
especially by Paul Lucas (Voyage, vol. i. p. 182). officers of this name. We subjoin an account of
Sir R. K. Porter (Travels, vol. i. p. 158), Jackson all the Roman officers known under this name.
(Journey fiomn India, p. 249), and C. Fellows, I 1. TRIBUNES OF THE THREE ANCIENT T'tlBF S.
(Journal, pp. 70, 333). The corn is threshed upon At the time when all the Roman citizens were
a circular floor (area, xawv), either paved, made contained in the three tribes of the Rarmnes, Tities,
of hardened clay, or of the natural rock. It is first and Luceres, each of them was headed by a tribune
heaped in the centre, and a person is constantly (AbtSapXos, Dionys. ii. 7; Dig. 1. tit. 2. s. 2. ~ 20;
occupied in throwing the sheaves under the drag Serv. ad _Aen. v. 560), and these three tribunes
as tIe oxen draw it round. Lucas and Fellows represented their respective tribes in all civil, relihave given prints representing the tribula as now gious, and military affairs; that is to say, they