Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

S138 TORCULUMI TORMENTUM.
dry or rotten were carefully removed (Geopon. vi. and the vat large ill proportion, the must flowed
I1) [FoRFEx], and the rest carried from the vine- into another vat of corresponding size, which was
yard in deep baskets (quali, Virg. Geofg. ii. 241 sunk below the level of the ground, and therefore
TahdpoL, Hes. Scat. 296; appiXoi, Longus, ii. 1; called 7roX'iieop (Mark, xii. 1; Geopon. vi.1. 11),
Ko Lvot, Geopon. I. e.) to be poured into a shallow in Latin lacus. (Ovid. Fast. v. 888; Plin. Epist. ix.
vat. In this they were immediately trodden by 20; Colum. de Re Rust. xii. ]8.)
men, who had the lower part of their bodies naked From Xrt,,ds Bacchus was called Lenaeus (Ark
(Virg. Georg. ii. 7), except that they wore drawers,acos). The festival of the Lenaear was celebrated
[SUBLIGACULUMI]. At least two persons usually on the spot where the first Attic wine-press was
trod the grapes together. To " tread the wine- said to have been constructed. [DIONYSIA.]
press alone" indicated desolation and distress. Olives as well as grapes were subjected to the
(Is. lxiii. 3.) The Egyptian paintings (Wilkinson, prelsum for the sake of their oil. [OLaA, p. 826.1
Alan. andC2zst. vol. ii. pp. 152-157)exhibitasmany The building erected to contain all the vessels
as seven treading in the same vat, and supporting and other implements (torcula vasa, Varro, de Re
themselves by taking hold of ropes or poles placed Rust. iii. 2) for obtaining both wine and oil was
above their heads. From the size of the Greek called torculariu2n (Cato, de Re Rust. 12, 13, 18;
and Romanl vats there can be no doubt that the Col. de Re Rust. xii. 18) and Arlvecv (Geopon. viO
company of treaders was often still more numerous. 1). It was situated near the kitchen and the
To prevent confusion and to animate them in their wine-cellar. (Vitruv. vi. 6.) [J. Y.]
]aboutl they moved in time or danced, as is seen in TOREU'TICE. [CAEIATURA.]
the ancient imosaics of the church of St. Constantia TORIMENTUM (&OSrf1peov UOp-yaveov), a miliat Rome, sometimes also leaning upon one another. tary engine. All the missiles used in war, except
The preceding circumstances are illustrated in the those thrown from the sling [FUNDA], are profollowing woodcut, taken from a bas-relif. (1lion. jected either by the hand alone or with the aid of
Matthl iii. tab. 45.) An antefixa in the British elastic substances. Of elastic instruments the bow
Museilm (Combe,Anc. Terra-cottas, No. 59) shows [ARcus] is still used by many nations. But the
a person by the side of the vat performing during torslenturn, so called from the twisting (torquendo)
this act on the scabellum and tibiae pares, for the of hairs, thongs and vegetable fibres (Polyb. iv. 56),
purpose of aiding and regulating the movements of has fallen into disuse through the discovery of guns
powder. The word tornsestuan is often used by
/ R\kI\1 itself to denote engines of various kinds. (Cic. ad
k kV %j~ ~ Fcami. xv. 4; Caes. B. C. iii. 44, 45, B. Alex. 10;,; /?~ -W'J7 Liv. xx. 11; Vell. Pat. ii. 82; Curt. iv. 9. 16.)
Often also these engines are specified separately
_________ ___ under the names of Baclistae and Gatapultae, which
If t} >07fi Ala A, S~names however most commonly occur together in, j
the accounts of sieges and othelr military operations
1 because the two kinds of engines denoted by them
IJ~ /Y F a les ho C)tv \ were almost always used in conjunction. [HELE/\ ) F s' n S\\7 %j12 lo XPOLIS.] The balista (mrsepod'Aos) was used to
vi,q 1 81 17,%k(1' 1, shoot stones (Ovid. Trist. i. 2. 48; Lucan, vi. 198;
___ O A Non. Marc. p. 5.s55, ed. Merceri), the catapulta
( ca( aa-7re'r'ls, KasTawreAtric ) to project darts, especially the Falarica [IAiSTA], and a kind of imisVb(; ai l t ( I n sile, 4- feet long, called trifa (. (Festus, s. v.):__ __________ W~hilst in besieging a city the ram [ARIES] was
employed in destroying the lower part of the wall,
those in it. Besides this instrumental music they the balista was used to overthrow the battlements
were cheered with a song, called uEAos e7rsrXvov (popgunacu!a, Plaut. Bacch. iv. 4. 58-61; fEraX(Athen. v. p. 199, a.) or bu'os E'7rivnXmos, specimens Ses), and the catapult to shoot any of the besieged
of which may be seen in Anacreon (Od. xvii. 1 and who appeared between them. (Diod. xvii. 42, 45,
lii.;and Brunck, Anal. ii. 239. SeeJacobs, adloc.; xx. 48, 88.) The forms of these machines being
compare Theocrit. vii. 25). After the grapes had adapted to the objects which they were intended
been trodden sufficiently, they were subjected to to throw, the catapult was long, the balista nearly
the more powerful pressure of a thick and heavy square, which explains the following hunmouroIous
beam [PRELUM.] for the purpose of obtaining all enumeration by Plaunts (Capt. iv. 2. 16) of the
the juice yet remaining in them. (Vitruv. x. 1; three lulXavai, the application of which has just
Virg. Georg. ii. 242; Servius in loc.; Hor. Carz. been explained.
i. 20. 9.) Instead of a beam acted on by wedges, Meus est balista pugnus, cubitus catapulta est
a press with a screw [CocHLEA] was sometimes Mllbi
used for the same purpose. (Vitruv. vi. 6; Plin. umerus aries.
H. N. xviii. 31. s. 74.) A strainer or colander
[CIOLUM] was employed to clear the must from In the same armament the number of catapults was
solid particles, as.it flowed from the vat. commonly much greater than the number of balistae.
The preceding woodcut shows the apertures at (Non. Marc. p. 552, ed. Merceri; Liv. xxvi. 47.)
the bottom of the vat, by which the must (mustunz, Also these two classes of machines were both of
yXsuicos) was discharged, and the method of re- them distinguished into the gr ater and the less,
ceiving it, when the vat was small, in wide-mouthed the number of "'the less" being much more conjars, which when full were carried away to be emp- siderable than the number of " the greater." When
tied into casks (dolia, 7rt0ol, Longus, ii. 1, 2). Carthago Nova, which had served the Carthaginians
[DPoLrir.] W When the vineyard was extensive for an arsenal, was taken by the Romans, the fol