Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

TOGA, TORCULUM. 1137
virilis) was generally white, that is, the natural praetexta and the assumption of the toga virilis, see
colour of white wool Hnce it was called pura or IMPvBES, BULLA, CLAVUS LATUS. The occasion
vestimenzturm pt'ritit, ill opl joition to the praetexta was celebrated with great rejoicings by the friends
mentioned below. A brighter white w s given of the youth, who attended him in a solemn pro.
to the toga of candidates for offices (ccldidati from cession to the Forum and Capitol. (Valer. Max. v.
their toga cacnddic) by rubbing it with chalk. 4. ~ 4.) This assumption of the toga virilis was
There is sll allusion to thi. custom in the phrase called tirocinsiznz fbri, as being the young man's
cretatacablitio. (Pers. v. 177.) White togas are introduction to public life, and the solemnities atoften mentioned as worn at festivals, which does tending it are called by Pliny (Epist. i. 9) officiun
not imply that they were not worn commonly, but togae virilis, and by Tertullian (de Idolol. c. 16)
that new or fresh-cleaned togas were first put oni solemnitates togae. The public ceremonies, conat festivals. (See Ilipsius, Elect. i. 13, in Oper. vol. nected with the assumption of the toga viritis by
i. pp. 256, 257.) The toga was kept white and the sons of the emperors, are referred to by Sueclean by the fuller [FUvLLO]. When this was tonius (Oct. 26, Tib - 54, Calq. 16, Ner. 7). The
neglected, the togga was called sordida, and those toga virilis is called libera by Ovid (Pasti, iii. 771).
who wore such garments sordidati. This dress Girls wore the praetexta till their marriage.
(with disarranged hair and other marks of dis- T'he trabea was a toga ornamented with purple
order about the person), was worn by accused per- horizontal stripes. Servius (ad Aen. vii. 612) mensons, as in the case of Cicero. (Plut. Cie. 30, 31; tions three kinds of trabea; one wholly of purple,
Dion Cass. xxxviii. 16; Liv. vi. 20.) The toga which was sacred to the gods, another of purple
pulal, which was of the natural colour of black and white, and another of purple and saffron, which
wool, was worn in private mourning, and some- belonged to augurs. The purple and white trabea
times also bv artificers and others of the lower was a royal robe, and is assigned to the Latin and
orders. (See the: passages in Forcellini, s. srv. Pullets, early Roman kings,: especially to Romulus. (Plin.
P1llatus.) The toga picta, which was ornamented H. N. viii. 49, ix. 39; Virg. Aen. vii. 187, xi. 334;
with Pllrygian embroidery, was worn by generals Ovid. Fast. ii. 504.) It was worn by the consuls
in triumphs [TIrvslPIfsus], and under the em- in public solemnities, such as opening the temple:
perors by the consuls, and by the praetors when of Janus. (Virg. Aen. vii. 612; Claudian. in Rufin.
they celebrated the games. It was also called i. 249.) The equites wore it at the transvectio and
Ca)pitoli(a. (Lamprid. Alex. Sever. c. 40.) The in other public solemnities. (Valer. Max. ii. 2;
toya pallzata was a kind of toga picta. The Tacit. Ann. iii. 2.) Hence the trabea is mentioned
toga praetexta had a broad purple border, It was as the badge of the equestrian order. Lastly, the
worn with the BULLA, by children of both sexes. toga worn by the Roman emperors was wholly of
It was also worn bv mnagistrates, both those of purple. It appears to have been first assumed by
Rome, and those of the colonies and municipia, by Julius Caesar. (Cic. Philip. ii. 34.)
the sacerdotes, and by persons engaged in sacred The material of which the toga was commonly
rites or paying vows. (Liv. xxxiv. 7; Festus, s. v. made was wool. It was sometimes thick and
Praeteerta ptl/a.) Among those who possessed the sometimes thin. The former was the toga densa,
j.us togae praetextae hatsensdae, the following may pinguis, or / ihta. (Suet. Aeg. 82; Qllintil. xii. 10.)
be more particularly mentioned: the dictator, the A new toga, with the nap neither worn off nor cut
consuls, the praetors (who laid aside the praetexta close, was called pexa, to which is opposed the trita
when about to condemn a Romanl citizen to death), or sr-sa, -which was used as a summer dress. (Marthe augurs (who, however, are supposed by some tial. ii. 85.) On the use of silk for togas see
to have worn the trabea), the decemviri sacris SERICUM.
faciundcis [D)ECEMVIRI], the aediles, the triunmviri It only remains to speak of the general use of
epulones, the senators onl festival days (Cic. Pail. the toga. It was originally worn by both sexes;
ii. 43), tIle magistri colIegii, and the magistri but when the stola came to be worn by matrons,
vicoruill when celebrating games. [MAGISTER.] the toga was onely worn by the meretric-s -lld by
In the case of the tribuni plebis, c nsors. and women who had been divorced on account of adulquaestors there is some doubt upon the subject. tery. [STOLA.] Before the use of the toga beThe prlctexta pizlls might only be worn at the calne almost restricted to the upper classes, their
celebrationl of ai fimueral. (Festus. I. c.) toga was only distingpuished fron that of the lower
The toga praetexta, as has been above remarked, classes by being fhller and more expensive. In
is said to have been deivied!rom the Eltruscans. war it was laid aside and replaced by the PAtLUIt is said to have been firstadopted, with the latis DASMENTUM and SAGUIA. Hence togatits is opclaVsIS [CLAVUS LATrs'], by Tullus Hostilius as posed to 7siles. The toga was, however, sometimes
the royal robe, whence its: use by the magistrates used by soldiers, but not in battle, nor as their
in the republic. (I'lin. H N. ix. 39. s. 63.) Ac- ordinary dress; but rather as a cloak or blanket.
cording to Macrobins (Sat. i. 6) the togay intro- It was chiefly worn in Rorne, and hence togyaltes is
duced b- Hostilits was not only,r'eaeteta, but also opposed to reseticus. The toga was often used as a
picta. t'lsiny states (1I. N. viii. 48. s. 74) that the coveoring in sleeping; and lastly as a shroud for
tqwoi eqsyies urnedulattes (that is, apparently, embroi- the corpse.
der -d with waving lines or bands) which had been (Becker, Ga/lzs, vol. ii. pp. 78-88; Ferrarins, de
worn by Servius Tumllius was preserved in the term- Re Vestiasrits; Rubenitus, de Re Vest.) [P. S.]
ple of iortune. The toga praetexta and tihe bsllla TONSOR. [ BARBa.]
aurea were first given to boys in the case of the TOPIA'RIUS. [HORTUS.]
son of Tarquinius Priscus, who at the age of four- TORA'LIA. [ToUvs.]
teen, in the Salbine war, slewv all enemy with his T()RCULUM or TO'RCULAR (XsvJds), a
own hand. (Macrob. I.:, where other particulars press for making wine and oil. When the grapes
respecting the use of the toga pretexta may be were ripe (crapuAM/), the bunches were gathered,
found.) Respecting the leaving off of the toga any which remained unripe (0oLaE) or had become
4D