Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

~ TIBIA. TIMEMA. 1131
instruments being found together, is in accordance of music at public festivals, a band of tibicines
with the fact, that they are very commonly men- preceded a Roman general when lie triumphed.
tioned together by ancient authors (Pind. 01. iii. (Florus, ii. 2.) 3. The gravity and solemnity of
9, xi. 97, 98, Isth. iv. 30, ed. B6ckh; 1 Cop. xiv. the Phrygian pipes, which adapted them to the
7); and the reason of this was, that performances worship of Cybele, also caused them to be used at
on the double pipe were very frequently accom- funerals. (Statius, T/keb. vi. 120; compare Joseph.
panied by the music of the lyre. (Hor. Epod. ix. B. J. iii. 8. 5; Matt. ix. 23.) The pipe was the
5.) The mouth-pieces of the two pipes often passed instrument principally used to regulate the dance
through a CAPISTRUM. (See woodcut, p. 553.) [SALTATIO], whether at sacrifices, festivals, or
Three different kinds of pipes were originally private occasions in domestic life (Herod. vi. 129);
used to produce music in the Porian, Phrygian, by means of it also the rowers kept time in a
and Lydian modes. [MusICA, p. 777.] About trireme. (Max.Tyr. 23.)
the third century B. c., Pronomus, the Theban, in- Notwithstanding the established use of the pipe
vented adjustments (&pxovliaL) by which the same for these important purposes, it was regarded, more
set of pipes might be fitted to all the modes. (Paus. especially by the Athenians, as an inelegant inix. 12. ~ 4; Athen. xiv. p. 631, e.) In what strument, greatly inferior to the lyre. (Plut. Alcib.
these adjustments consisted we are not clearly in- p. 351; Gellius, N. A. xv. 17; Aristot. Polit. viii.
1formed. Probably stopples or plugs (ma/or) were 6.) Horace, however, represents Clio as performused for this purpose. It appears also, that to ing according to circumstances either on the lyre
produce the Phrygian mode the pipe had only two or the pipe (CaraL. i. 12. 2; compare Philost. Sen.
holes above (biforis, Virg. Aenz. ix. 617-620), Imalc. ii. 5); and it is certain that the pipe was by
and that it terminated in a horn bending upwards. no means confined anciently, as it is with us, to
(Tibull. ii. 1. 86; Ovid. Met. iii. 533.) It thus the male sex, but that avbAItpTi'es, or female tibiapproached to the nature of a trumpet, and pro- cines, were very common. (Xen. Syrup. ii. 1; eIor.
duced slow, grave, and solemn tunes. The Lydian Epist. i. 14. 25.) The Thebans always esteemed
mode was much quicker, and more varied and this instrument, and excelled greatly in the use of
animating. Horace mentions " Lydian pipes " as it. (Anltol. ed. Jacobs. ii. 633.) [J. Y.]
a proper accompaniment, when he is celebrating TIBI'CEN. [TIBIA.]
the praise of ancient heroes (Carnz, iv. 13. 30). TIGNI IMMITTENDI SERVITUS. [SERS
The Lydians themselves used this instrument in VITUTEs, p. 1031, b.]
leading their troops to battle; and the pipes, em- TIMEIMA (rl*uwska). The penalty imposed in
ployed for the purpose, are distinguished by Hero- a court of criminal justice at Athens, and also the
dotus (i. 17) as "male and female," i. e. probably damages awarded in a civil action, received the
bass and treble, corresponding to the ordinary name of TlV/qyla, because they were estimated or
sexual difference in the human voice. The corre- assessed according to the injury which the public
sponding Latin terms are tibia dextra and sinistra or the individual might respectively have sustained.
(laeva, Plin. I. e.): the respective instruments are The penalty was either fixed by the judge, or
supposed to have been so called, because the for- merely declared by him according to some estimate
mer iwas more properly held in the right hand and made before the cause came into court. In the
the latter in the left. The "tibia dext ta " was first case the trial was called &ybv L'rtuTlbs, in the
used to lead or commence a piece of music, and second case &ye&' a&Tr[lros, a distinction which
the " sinistra " followed it as an accompaniment. applies to civil as well as to criminal trials.
Hence the former was called incentiva, the latter It is obvious that on a criminal charge two
s2ceentiva. (Varro, de Re Rust. i. 2.) The comedies inquiries have to be made; first, whether the deof Terence having been accompanied by the pipe, fendant is guilty, secondly, if he be found guilty,
the following notices are prefixed to explain the what punishment ought to be inflicted upon him.
kind of music appropriate to each: tibiis paribus, It may be advisable to leave the punishment to the
i. e. with pipes in the same mode; tib. imparibus, discretion of the judge, or it may not. In some
pipes in different modes; tib. duebus dextris, two cases the Athenian law-giver thought that the
pipes of low pitch; tib. par. dextris et sinistris, judge ought to have no discretion. Thus, in cases
pipes in the same mode and of both low and high of murder and high treason sentence of death was
pitch. imposed by the law and only pronounced by the
The use of the pipe among the Greeks and Ro- judge [PHONOS; PRODOSIA], and in many other
mans was threefold, viz. at sacrifices (tibiae sacri- cases the punishment was likewise fixed by the
ficae), entertainments (ludicrae, Plin. 1. c.; woodcut, law. But where the exact nature of the offence
p. 308), and funerals. (Ovid. Fast. vi. 657.) 1. A could not be foreseen by the lawgiver, or it might
sacrifice was commonly attended by a piper (ibiceen, so far vary in its character and circumstances as to
Varro, de Re Rust. iii. 17; woodcut, p. 1045, b), admit of many degrees of culpability, it might he
who partook of the food offered, so that " to live desirable or even necessary to leave the punishlike a piper " became a proverb applied to those mrent to the discretion of the judge. The law then
who maintained themselves at the expense of other directed that the same court which passed sentence
people. (Suidas, s. v. AvbAX7rs: Aristoph. Pax, on the culprit should forthwith impose the penalty
952.) The worshippers of Bacchus (Virg. Aen. xi. which his crime deserved. Thus in the v4os
737), and still more of Cybele, "the Berecynthia ~'percs (Demosth. c. Mid. 529) it is enacted:
mater" (Hor. Carec. iv. 1. 23), used the Phrygian "irov L' mcarayvY i7 yhAtala, -radir&o lrepI abroa
pipe, the music of which was on this account de- 7rapaxptlma, IoroVu V' B.? ~i5los eaL 7raOes, l
nominated -b M7rpCj&o avlemqa. (Pans. x. 30. ~ 5.) aw7rToi7oal, where a7roTr7aam refers to pecuniary pe2. At public entertainments the tibiciaes wore nalties, 7raeOE7, to any other sort of penalty, as
tunics reaching down to their feet (Ovid. Fast. vi. death, imprisonment, &c. Sometimes a special
686), as is exemplified in one of the woodcuts under provision was made as to the means of eniforcing
TUNICA. In conformity with the use of this kind the punishment; as in the law last cited, and also