Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

1130 TIARA. TIBIA.
and which was variegated with white spots uponr
a blue ground. The Persian name for this regal
head-dress was cidaris. (Curt. iii. 8; cidapls or
/ tdiapis, Strabo, xi. 12. ~ 9; Pollux, vii. ~,58.)
The preceding woodcut shows the cidaris as represented on a gem in the Royal Cabinet at Paris,
and supposed by Caylus to be worn by a sovereign
of Armenia. (Recuseil d'Anlt. ii. p. 124.) From
(~ )'~~~ ia very remote period (Aeschyl. Peps. 668) down
to the present day the tiara of the king of Persia
has been commonly adorned with gold and jewelT lery. [J. Y.
TI'BIA (aevls), a pipe, the commonest musical
ui[i, ~ S $02 2 X 01instrument of the Greeks and Romans. It w.las
very frequently a hollow cane perforated with
holes in the proper places. (Plin. IT. N. xvi. 36.
V i EE, tli. s. 66; Athen. iv. p. 182.) In other instances it
was made of some kind of wood, especially box,
and was bored with a gimblet (terebrato buxao
its point was thought to incite to madness. (-or. Ovid. Fast. vi. 697). The Phoenicians used a pipe,
Cares. ii. 19. 8; Ovid. Amors. iii. 1. 23, iii. 15. 17, called giny2rus, or abxAs Lpy'yyp'abos, which did not
Trist. iv. 1. 43; Brunck, Anal. iii. 201; Orph. exceed a span in length, and was made of a small
issnn. xlv. 5, 1. 8.) [J. Y.] reed or straw. (Athen. iv. p. 174, f; Festus, s.s,.
TIA'RA or TIA'RAS (TLdpa or Trldpas: Att. G'irygsiator.) The use of the same variety in Egypt.cupgars a, Moeris, s.v.; Herod. v. 49, vii. 64; is proved by specimens in the British Museumn,
Aristoph. Aves, 487), a hat with a large high which were discovered in an Egyptian tomb.
crown. This was the head-dress which character- When a single pipe was used by itself, the perized the north.western Asiatics, and more especially former upon it, as well as the instrument, was
the Armenians (Xen. Cyr. 1. ~ 13; Sueton. Nero, called 2onalslos. (Mart. xiv. 64; * evavos!
13), the Parthians, and the Persians (Herod. iii. Brunck, Anal. i. 484.) Thus used, it was much
12; Philost. Sen. Inzaq. ii. 31; Plaut. Pi'es. iv. in fashion at Alexandria. (Athen. iv. p. 174, b.)
2. 2), as distinguished from the Greeks and Ro- When its size became considerable, and it was
mans, whose hats fitted the head or had only a both strengthened and adorned by the addition of
low crown. The Mysian hat, or " Phrygian bon- metallic or ivory rings (Hor. Art. Poet. 202-205;
net," as it is now called [PILEUS, p. 919, b.], was Propert. iv. 6. 8), it must have been comparable
a kind of tiara (Virg. Aen. vii. 247; Servius, in loc.; to the flageolet, or even to the clarionet of modern
Sen. T/yest. iv. 1. 40, 41; Philostr. Jun. Imag. times. Among the varieties of the single pipe the
8), formed with lappets to be tied under the chin most remarkable were the bag-pipe, the performer
(Juv. vi. 516; Val. Flacc. vi. 700), and dyed on which was called utricelaizus (Sueton. Nero,
purple. (Ovid. Met. xi. 181.) 54) or adKaveAXs (Ozonzast.); and the aeAle
The king of Persia wore an erect tiara, whilst irXdyLos or w7rAeynavAos (Theocrit. xx. 29; Longus,
those of his subjects were soft and flexible, falling i. 2; Heliodor. Aetliop. v.; Aelian, IH. A. vi. 19;
on one side. (Herod. vii. 61; Xen. Anab. ii. 5. Eustath. in Homn. I1. xviii. 495), which, as its
~ 23, Cyrop. viii. 3. ~ 13; Schol. in Aristophl. I. c.) name implies, had a mouth-piece inserted into it
He was also distinguished by the splendid colours at right angles. Its form is shown in a restored
of his tiara (Themist. Orat. 2. p. 36, c., 24. p. terminal statue of Pan in the Townley collection
306, c.), and by a DIADEMA, which encircled it, of the British Museum. Pan was the reputed
inventor of this kind of tibia (Bion, iii. 7) as well
as of the fistutla or SYRINX.
But among the Greeks and Romans it was much
more usual to play on two pipes at the same time.
Hence a performance on this instrument (tibicieilssn,
Gellius, iv. 13), even when executed by a single
person, was called canere or cantare tibiis. (Gellius,
N. A. xv. 17; Corn. Nepos, xv. 2. ~ 1.) This
act is exhibited in very numerous works of ancient
art, and often in such a way as to make it manifest
that the two pipes were perfectly distinct, and not
connected, as some have supposed, by a common
mouth-piece. We see this more especially in two
beautifill paintings, which were found at Resina
and Civith Vecchia, and which represent Marsyas
teaching the young Olympus to play on the double
pipe. (Ant. d' EErcolano, i. tav. 9, iii. tav. 19
compare Paus. x. 30. ~ 5.) The tibiae pares in
the British Museum, which were found with a lyre
in a tomb at Athens, appear to be of cedar. Their
length is about 15 inches. Each of them had a
separate mouth-piece (ywXrls), and besides the
hole at the end it has five holes along the top and
one underneath. The circumstance of these three