Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

TESTUDO. THALAMITA.E. 1119.pluvium in the centre,, the Cavum Aedium was 1 tomed to form this kind of testudo, as an exercise,
called Testudo. (Varr. L. L. v. 161, ed. rMiiller.) in tne gaines of the Circus. (Liv. xliv. 9; Polyb.
[DoMus, p. 427, b.] xxviii. 12.)
3. To a military machine moving upon wheels TETRADRACHMON. [DRACHVMA.]
and roofed over, used in besieging cities, under TETRARCHA or TETRARCHES (rerpap
which the soldiers worked in undermining the XAs). This word was originally used, according to
walls or otherwise destroying them. (Caes. B. G. its etymological meaning, to signify the governor of
v. 42, 43, B. C. ii. 2.) It was usually covered the fourth part of a country (TrepapX[a or TETdpawith raw hides or other materials which could 6apXia). We have an example in the ancient dinot easily be set on fire. The battering-ram vision of Thessaly into four tetrarchies, which was
[ARIEs] was frequently placed under a testudo of revived by Philip. (Harpocrat. s. v. TErpapXia:
this kind, which was then called Testudo Arietasia. Strabo, ix. p. 430; Demosth. Philipp. ii. p. 117;
(Vitruv. x. 19. p. 322, Bip.) Vitruvius also men- Eurip. Alcest. 1154; Thirlwall's Greece, vi. pp. 13,
tions and explains the construction of several other 14.) [TAGus.] Each of the three Gallic tribes
military machines to which the name of Testudines which settled in Galatia was divided into four tewas given (x. 20, 21; compare Polyb. ix. 41). trarchies, each ruled by a tetrarch. (Strabo, xii.
4. The name of Testudo was also applied to the pp. 566, 567; Plin. /. V. v. 42.) This arrangecovering made by a close body of soldiers who ment subsisted till the latter times of the Roman
placed their shields over their heads to secure republic (Appian. M(ithrid. 46, Syr. 50, Bell. Civ.
themselves against the darts of the enemy. The iv. 88), but at last the twelve tetrarchs of Galloshields fitted so closely together as to present one graecia were reduced to one, namely Deiotarus.
unbroken surface without any interstices between (Liv. Epit. xciv.; Cic. pro Deiot. 15; Hirtius,
them, and were also so firm -that men could walk de Bell. Alex. 67.) Some of the tribes of Syria
upon them, and even horses and chariots be driven were ruled by tetrarchs, and several of the princes
over them. (Dion Cass. xlix. 30.) A testudo was of the house of Herod ruled in Palestine with this
formed (testudineinfacere) either in battle to ward title. (Plin. 1L. N. v. 16, 19; Joseph. Antiq. xiv.
off the arrows and other missiles of the enemy, orh 13. ~ 1, xvii. 8. ~ 1, xi. 4. ~ 18, xvii. 11. ~ 1,
which was more frequently the case, to form a pro- xi. 2. ~ 1, Fit. 11.) Niebuhr (Hist. of Rome, ii.
tection to the soldiers when they advanced to the p. 135) remarks that the tetrarchs in Syria were
walls or gates of a town for the purpose of attack- zemindars, who occupied the rank of sovereigns, in
ing them. (Dion Cass. 1. c.; Liv. x. 43; Caes. B. the same way as the zemindars of Bengal succeeded
G. ii. 6; Sall. Jug. 94; see cut annexed, taken under Lord Corn-wallis in getting themselves recognised as dependent princes and absolute proprietors of the soil.
r ","""i""""""""',~ff In the later period of the republic and under the
empire, the Romans seem to have used the title
(as also. those of eilinaerch and phylarch) to designate those tributary princes who were not of
sufficient importance to be called kings. (Compare Lucan. vii. 227; Sallust, Catil. 20; Cic. pro
Mit. 28, in Vatin. 12; Horat. SasI. i. 3. 12; Vell.
Paterc. ii. 51; Tacit. Annal. xv. 25.) [P. S.]
TETRASTY'LOS. [TErMPLUM.]
TETRO'BOLUS. [DRuAc Mt.]
W~~~ \~~~~TETTARACONTA, IIOI (ol TETTapdKOIVTa)
IvX \ 1 -. l~sa1izc Fomly, were certain officers chosen by lot, who
made regular circuits through the demi of Attica,
whence they are called 8ricao-al ma-r& 8.tov,, to
decide all cases of abicia and Ta& erepl rcs, BalaLov,
and also all other private causes, where the matter: / l \ -.\$t I~ 7 > t Ad + in dispute was not above the value of ten drachmae.
Their number was originally thirty, but was increased to forty after the expulsion of the thirty'-,. X,.I,.Q tyrants, and the restoration of the democracy by
__g S-\@@ <_Thrasybulus, in consequence, it is said, of the
hatred of the Athenians to the number of thirtyThey differed from other lsc arai, inasmnlhlas
from the Antonine column.) Sometimes the shields they acted as eo'oaywyoEs, as well as decided causes';
were disposed in such a way as to make the testudo that is, they received the accusation, drew up the
slope. The soldiers in the first line stood up- indictment, and attended to all that was underright, those in the second stooped a little, and each stood in Athenian law by the'Tyetoviea roi Kacsr..
line successively was a little lower than the pre- r-'piou. They consequently may be classed among
ceding down to the last, where the soldiers rested the regular magistrates of the state. (Pollux, viii.
on one knee. Such a disposition of the shields 40; Harpocrat. s. v. Kara 8O/ovs wca-T'ars:
was called Fastigata Testudo, on account of their Rhetor. Lex. 310. 21; Demosth. c. Timocr. p. 735.
sloping like the roof of a building. The advan- 11, c. Pantaeen. p. 976. 10; Schubert, De Aedil.
tages of this plan were obvious: the stones and pp. 96-98; Meier, Alt. Proc. pp. 77-82; Schb.
missiles thrown upon the shields rolled off them mann, Ant. Jeer. Publ. Grace. p. 267. 10.)
like water from a roof; besides which, other sol- TEXTOR, TEXTRINUM. [TELA, p. 1099.]
diers frequently advanced upon them to attack the THALAMI'TAE, THALA'MIII (aaAai7rat,
enemy upon the walls, The Romnans were accus- [a hv tiou). [NAVIs,, p. 788, a.]