Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

TEMIPLUM. TEMPLUM. 1105
corpses to be buried within the whole extent of iii. 105.) Tn some cases the cella was not acerstihe island (Thlcyd. iii. 10-1: comlp. Ilerod. i. 64), sible to any humalln being, anlld various stories were
and when this law had been violated, a part of the related of the calamities that had befallen persons
island was first purified by Peisistratus, anld subse- who had ventured to cross the threshold. (Paus.
quently the whole island by the Athenian people. viii. 52. ~ 3; 10. ~ 2; 38. ~ 2; Soph. Oed. Co.
The temple itself was called recs, and at its en- 37.) Thi-e diriotlOSojuo was a chamber which had
trance fonts (7rept pavr,'pia) were generally placed, its entrance in the back front of a temple, and served
that those who entered the sanctuary to plray or to as a place in which the treasures of the temple
offer sacrifices might first purify themselves. (Pol- were kept, and thus supplied the place of the
lax, i. 10; Ilerod. i. 51.) In the earliest tiiies e1CavUoP i which were attached to some temples.
the Greelk temples were either partly or wholly (Compare Mtiller, Archiiol. d. Kunst, ~ 288
made of wood (Paus. v. 20. ~ 3; 16. ~ 1, viii. 10. Stieglitz, 1s'ch/iol. der Bauksust, vol. ii. ~ 1;
~ 2), and the simplest of all appear to hlave been Itirt, Lehse der Gebiiude, ~ 1; Biickh, ad' Corp.
thle eq-1co, which were probably nothing but hlollow Itscri/pt. pp. 264, &c.)
trees il which the image of a god or a hero was We now proceed to describe the classification
placed as in a niche (HIesiod. Frascn. 54, ed. GCitt- of temples, both Greek and Roman, the latter being
ling; Schol. ad Sopgh. T ach. 1l169 ); for st temple chiefly imlitated from the former. They were either
was originally nlot illtended as a receptacle for wvor- quadrangular or circular.
shippers, but simply as an habitationl for tle deity. Quadranigsular Tesiples were described by the
The act of conisecration, by which it temple was followvilng terms, according to the nlumber and ardedicated to a god, was called'~puvorl. The cllha- rangement of the columns on the fronts and sides.
racter of the early Greek temples was dark and 1. AoervXos, astyle, without any columns. (Leo.
mysterious, for they had no wiildows, and they iidas Tarent. in, Brunck, Ainal. vol. i. p. 237; Plin.
received light through the door, which was very tI. N. xxxiv. 8.)
large, or from lamps burning in thlelm. Vitruvius 2.'Em 7rapaa'rdi(, ils antis, with two columns in
(iv. 5) states that the entrance of Greek temples front between the antae. (Pind. 01. vi. 1.)
was always towards the west, but most of the 3. nlpo'rvuAos, prostyle, with four columns in
temples still extant in Attica, Ionia, and Sicily front.
have their entrance towards the east. Architecture, 4.'Ayqrp'doTvAos, ai7)hisp/'ostyle, with four
however, in the construction of magnificent temples, columns at each end.
made great progress even at an earlier time than 5. fleplm'repo or dptflKtiJv (Sophi. Ant. 285),
either painting or statuary, and long before the peripieeral, with columns at- each end and along
Persian wars we hear of temples of extraordinary each side.
graindeur and beauty. All temples were built 6. Airrepos, dipteral, with two ranges of columns
either in an oblong or round form, and were mostly (srrepa) all round, the one within the other.
adorned with columns. Those of an oblong form 7. WTteuaforTrpos, pseudodipteral, with one range
had columns either in the front alone, in the fore only, but at the suame distance from the walls of
and back fronts, or on all the four sides. Ite- the cella as the outer range- of a 8t7rTrpos.
specting the original use of these porticoes see To these msust be added a sort of sham invented
PORTICUS. The classification of temples, according by the Roman architects, namely:
to the number and arrangement of their columns, 8.'TevouorepiSrrepos, pseuldoperipteral (Vitruv. iv.
will be described presently. Tile friezes and me- 7), where the sides had only half-columns (at the
topes were adorned with various sculptures, and no asngles three-quarter colunsrs), attached to the walls
expense was spared in embellishing the abodes of of the cella, the object being to have the cella large
the gods. The light which was formerly let in at without enlarging the whole building, and yet to
the door, was now frequently let in froim above keep up something of the splendour of a peripteral
through anl opening in the middle, which swas. temlple.
callled hrratOpov, and a temple tilus constructed was Names were also applied to the temples, as well
called 7sraiOpos. (Vitruv. i. c.) Many of tile great as to the porticoes themselves, according to the
temples consisted of three parts: 1. the irpJvaos or nulmber of columns in the portico at either end
-rpd3oguos, the vestibule; 2. the cella (Pa6s, rssltros); of the temple; namely, rerpdavuAos, tetra.qyle,
and 3. the doarie0eo'oos. The cellas was the most whel there were four columnsin front, d ude'rvXos,
important part, as it was, properly speakiing, the eeaxastyle, when there were six, OKTr'TVAOS, octa.
temple, or the habitation of the deity whose statue style, when there were aight, aetcersVxoP, decastyla,
it contained. In one and the same cella there when there were ten. There were never more
were sometimes the statues of two or more divini- than ten columns in the enld portico of a temple;
ties, as in the Erechtheum at Athens the statues of and when there were only two, they were always
Poseidon, Hephaestus, and Butas. The statues arranged in that peculiar form called.in antis (4e
alwvays faced the entrance, which was in the centre 7rapaer rtae). The number of columns iu the end
of the prostylus, or front portico. The place where the porticoes was never uneven, but the number along
statue stood was called 8Coe, and was surrounded by the sides of a temple was generally uneven. The
a balustrade or railings (YKpiea, iputlara, Pals. v. I I. number of the side columns varied: where the
~ 2). Some temples also had more than one cella, in end portico was tetrastyle, there wvere never any
which case the one was generally behind the other, as columns at the sides, except false ones, attached to
in the temple of Athena Polias at Athens. In tem- the walls, as in the temple of Fortuna V'iriis at
ples where oracles were given, or where the worship Rome, which has a tetrastyle portico, with a columni.
wtls connected with mysteries, the cella was called behind each cornler column, and then five false.'8suTOV, o E,,yapov, or dvadt'opom, and to it only the columns along each side of the cella: where it was
priests and the initiated had access. (Pollux, i. 9; hexastyle or octastyle, there were generally 13 or 1 7:l'a.Ls. ix. 8. ~ 1, viii. 62; 37. ~ 5; Herod. viii. columns at the sides,counting in the corner columns;
53, ix. 65; Plut. ArNmn. 13; Caes. de Bell. Civ. sometimes a hexastyle temple had only eleven co4 B