Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

TELOS. TEMENOS. 1103
prevent smuggling, or unlawful and clandestine by the subject states, thinking to raise by this
sales; brought a (pao's or other legal process means a larger income than by direct taxation.
against those whom he suspected of defrauding the [EIcosTE.]
revenue; or even seized their persons on some oc- A duty of ten per cent. (8eIdraT) on merchancasions, and took them before the magistrate. To dise passing into and from the Euxine Sea was
enable him to perform these duties, he was ex- established for a time by Alcibiades and other
empted from military service. Collectors (CX0oeyess) Athenian generals. [DECUMAE.] This may be
were sometimes employed by the farmers; but regarded as an isolated case. In general, where
frequently the farmer and the collector were the Fdcatra are mentioned among the Greeks, they
same person. (Biickh, Publ. Econ. of Athens, p. denote the tithes of land; such as the Persian
335, &c., 2d ed.): Satraps collected from conquered countries, or such
The taxes were let by the Commissioners, acting as tyrants exacted of their subjects for the use of
under the authority of the Senate. [POLETAE.] land held under them as lords of the whole country.
The payments (Karageohal r'eovs) were made by For instance, Peisistratus took a tithe of this kind,
the farmer on stated Prytaneias in the Senate- which was reduced by his sons to a twentieth.
house. There was usually one payment made in The state of Athens held the tithe of some lands;
advance, 7rpoclxaTaeoAj, and one or more afterwards, other tithes were assigned to the temples or service
called srpooreaercdGXmca. Upon any default of pay- of the Gods, having been dedicated by pious indiment, the farmer became rTLqtos, if a citizen, and viduals, or by reason of some conquest or vow,
he was liable to be imprisoned at the discretion of such as that recorded by Herodotus (vii. 132).
the court, upon an information laid against him. Other sources of revenue were derived by the
If the debt was not paid by the expiration of the Athenians from their mines and public lands,
nlinth Prytaneia, it was doubled; and if not then fines, and confiscations. The public demesne lands,
paid, his property became forfeited to the state, whether pasture or arable, houses or other buildings,
and proceedings to confiscation might be taken were usually let by auction to private persons.
forthwith. Upon this subject the reader should The conditions of the lease were engraven on stone.
consult the speech of Demosthenes against Timo- The rent was payable by Prytaneias. If not paid
crates. (Schuimann, Ant. Jur. publ. Gr. p. at the stipulated time, the lessee, if a citizen, be317.) [C. R. K.] came adri-os, and subject to the same consequences
TELOS (T'rxos), a tax. The taxes imposed by as any other state debtor. As to fines and confisthe Athenians and collected at home were either or- cations, see TeIMEMA.
dinary or extraordinary. The former constituted a These various sources of revenue produced, acregular or permanent source of income; the latter cording to Aristophanes, an annual income of two
were only raised in time of war or other emer- thousand talents in the most flourishing period of the
gency. The ordinary taxes were laid mostly upon Athenian empire. (Vesp. 660.) See the calculaproperty, and upon citizens indirectly in the shape tions of Bickh, Id. p. 433, &c.
of toll or customs; though the resident aliens paid TeAeV signifies "to settle, complete, or perfect,"
a poll-tax, called c[Teol'caoV, for the liberty of re- and hence "to settle an account," and generally
siding at Athens under protection of the state. " to pay." Thus Tehos comes to mean any pay[METOECI.] As to the customs and harbour dues, ment in the nature of a tax or duty. The words
see PENTECOSTE. An excise was paid on all sales are connected with zahlen in German, and the old
in the market, called 7rywvLa, though we know not sense of tale in English, and the modern word toll.
what the amount was. (Harpoc. s. v.'Ercrvia.) (Arnold, ad Thzuc. i. 58.) Though qerhos may
And a duty was imposed on aliens for permission signify any payment in the nature of a tax or
to sell their goods there. Slave-owners paid a duty, it is more commonly used of the ordinary
duty of three obols for every slave they kept; and taxes, as customs, &c. Te'Xos, reAeh7v is used with
slaves who had been emancipated paid the same. reference to the property-tax, in the sense of being
This was a very productive tax before the fortifi- rated in a certain proportion, or, which is the same
cation of Deceleia by the Lacedaemonians. (Xe- thing, belonging to a particular class of rate-payers.
noph. de Vectig. iv. 25.) There was also a 7ropVeLc0v Thus irrcidaa or i7rimroiv'eAEv, or Eis r7rcisda
rchos, and some others of minor importance, as to TeNev, means, to belong to the class of knights.
which the reader is referred to Bdckh (Publ. Econ. And the same expression is used metaphorically,
of Athens, p. 333, 2d ed.). The justice fees without any immediate reference to the payment
(HpvrTavea, riapdeciaasi, &c.) were.a lucrative tax of a tax.' Thus ses dvspas Tee7v, is to be classed
in time of peace. (Thucyd. vi. 91; Bdickh, Id. p. among adults. So Zs Bolcowoves reeLv, Herod. vi.
345, &c.) 108.'IoerhAela signifies the-right of being taxed
The extraordinary taxes were the property tax on the same footing, and having other privileges,
(E9ipeopdc), and the compulsory services called hEL- the same as the citizens; a right sometimes granted
~rovpylat. Some of these last were regular, and to resident aliens. [METOECI.]'ArTAheea signifies
recurred annually,; the most important, the'rpn7- an exemption from -taxes, or other duties and
papXpa, was a war-service, and performed as occasion services; an honour very rarely granted by the
required. As these services were all performed, Athenians. [ATE-iEIA.] As to the farming of
wholly or partly, at the expense of the individual, the taxes, see TELONES. For an epitome of the
they may be regarded as a species of tax. [EIs- whole subject, see Schumann, Ant. Jar. publ. Gr.
rHoaa; LaITOURGIaA; TRIERARCHIA.] p. 314,-&C. [C. R. K.]
The tribute (Op'pOL) paid by the allied states to TE'MENOS (TEer-EOS), a piece of land cut or
the Athenians formed, in the flourishing period of marked off from other -land. The name was partithe republic, a regular and most important source cularly applied to a piece of land cut off from the
of revenue. In B.C. 415 the Athenians sub- public land and appropriated to the support of a
stituted for the tribute a duty of five per cent. king in the heroic age (Hom. I1. vi. 193, vii. 313,
(elKoiTr) on all commodities exported or imported xx. 184, Od. vi. 293, xi. 183), and likewise to 9