Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

1098 TEGULA. TEGULA.
special signification, meaning probably a coverlet sede the old roofing material. (Plin. 11. N. xvi. 10.
made so large as to hang round the sides of the s. 36; Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. iii. p. 559.)
bed or couch. [J. Y.] Tiles were originally made perfectly flat, or with
TAPHUS (radqpos). [FUNUS, p. 556, a.] nothing more than the hook or nozle underneath
TARENTI'NI LUDI. [Luvn SAECULARES.] the upper border, which fulfilled the purpose of
TARRHUS (raao's). [NAVIS, p. 788, a.] fixing them upon the rafters. They were afterTAURII LUDI. [LuDI SAECULARES.] wards formed with a raised border on each side, as
TAXIARCHII ('raitapXoi),were military officers is shown in the annexed woodcut representing the
at Athens, who were next in rank to the Strategi. section of four of the tiles remaining at Pompeii.
[STRATEGUS.] They were ten in number like the
strategi, one for each tribe, and were elected in the
same way, namely by XeLporovia. (Dem. Philip. i. K A _ _ _ d
p. 47; Pollux, viii. 87.) In war each commanded
the infantry of his own tribe (Dem. ia Boeot. p.
999; Aesch. de Fals. Leg. p. 333), and theywere
frequently called to assist the Strategi with their.
advice at the war-council. (Thucyd. vii. 60.) In
peace they assisted the Strategi in levying and
and they seem to have also assisted the latter in
the discharge of many of their other duties.
The Taxiarchs were so called from their commanding rdeeIs, which were the principal divisions
of the hoplites in the Athenian army. Each tribe Io,wA Y l
(OtrhA) formed a TadLS,, whence we find PvXu, used
as synonymous with Tda'Ls. (Lys. in Agorat. pp. In order that the lower edge of any tile might
498, 501.) As there were ten tribes, there were overlap the upper edge of that which came next
consequently in a complete Athenian army ten below it, its two sides were made to converge
rd4EIS, but the number of men contained in each downwards. See the next woodcut representing
would of course vary according to the importance a tiled roof, from a part of which the joint-tiles are
of the war. Among the other Greeks the Trcidt removed in order to show the overlapping and the
was the name of a much smaller division of troops. convergence of the sides. It was evidently necesThe AhXos among the Athenians was a subdivision sary to cover the lines of junction between the
of the rdais, and the Aoxayoi were probably ap- rows of flat tiles, and this was done by the use of
pointed by the taxiarchs. (Sch/mann, Ant. Juo. semicylindrical tiles called imbrices. The above
pzubl. Graec. p. 253, &c.) woodcut shows the section of three imbrices found
TAXIS ( [ar4S). [TAXIA4RCII.] at Pompeii, and indicates their position relatively
TECTOR, TECTO'RIUM OPUS. [PARIES, to the flat tiles. This is also shown in the next
p. 870, a.] woodcut.'The roof, by the exact adaptation of
TEIGULA (tcepauos, dime. IEpads~, Xen. Hellen.
vi. 5. ~ 9), a roofing-tile. Roofing-tiles were originally made, like bricks, of baked clay (-yis 07'riTs).
Byzes of Naxos first introduced tiles of marble
about the year 620 B. c. (Pans. v. 10. ~ 2.) Besides the superior beauty and durability of the
material, these tiles could be made of a much
larger size than those of clay. Consequently, when 7,-.
they were employed in the construction of the
greatest temples, such as that of Jupiter at Olympia
(Paus. 1. c.), the Parthenon at Athens, and the
Serapeium at Puteoli, their dimensions were in
exact proportion to the other parts of the building ~
and the effect of the parallel rows of joint-tiles
descending from the ridge to the eaves, and terminated by ornamental frontons, with which the lions'heads (capita leonigza, Vitruv. iii. 5. ~ 15; XoNXpal, the broad tegulae and the narrow imbrices throughHorapoll. Hier. i. 21) over the cornice alternated, out its whole extent, became like one solid and
was exceedingly grand and beautiful. How highly compact frame-work. (Xen. eisem. iii. 1. ~ 7; conthis invention was prized by the ancients is proved fringit tegzulas imsbricesque, Plaut. Most. i. 2. 28
by the attempt of the Roman censor Q. Fulvius Plin. II. N. xxxvi. 22. s. 44.) The rows of jointFlaccus to despoil the temple of the Lacinian Juno tiles divided the roof into an equal number of
of some of its marble tiles (tegulae marmnoreae), in channels, down which the water descended into
order to adorn another temple which he had vowed the gutter (canalis) to be discharged through opento erect in Rome. (Liv. xlii. 4; Val. Max. i. 1. ings made in the lions'-heads, the position and ap~ 20.) A still more expensive and magnificent pearance of which are shown in the woodcuts,
method of roofing consisted in the use of tiles The rows of flat tiles termrinated in a variously
made of bronze and gilt. (Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 3. ornamented front, which, rose immediately above
a. 18.) the cornice, and of which four specimens are shown
At Rome the houses were originally roofed with in the first woodcut. The first and fourth patterns
shingles, and continued to be so down to the time are drawn from tiles found at Pompeii, and the
of the war with Pyrrhus, when tiles began to super- two internal from tiles preserved in the British