Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

1094 TAGUS. TALARIA.
same Scopas as the one mentioned by Aelian ( F. -I. in Thessaly. At Pherae a tyranny, probably arising
-xii. 1) as a contemporary of Cyrus the younger. from a democracy, was established by Lycophron,
When Thessaly was not united under the govern- who opposed the great aristocratical families, and
ment of a tagus the subject towns possessed more aimed at the dominion of all Thessaly. (Xenoph.
independence. (Xenoph. Hell. vi. I. ~ 9.) In later Hell. ii. 3. ~ 4;;Diod. xiv. 82.) The latter obtimes some states called their ordinary magistrates ject was accomplished by Jason, the successor and
~rayol (Bickh, Corp. LIascr. ii. 1770), which may probably the son of Lycophron, who effected an
have been done however, as Hermann suggests, alliance with Polydamas of Pharsalus, and caused
only out of affectation. himself to be elected tagus about B. c. 374. While
Thessaly however was hardly ever united under he lived the whole of Thessaly was united as one
one government. The different cities administered political power, but after his murder in a. c. 370
their own affairs independent of one another, his family was torn asunder by intestine discords
though the smaller towns seem to have frequently and did not long maintain its dominion. The
been under the influence of the more important office of tagus became a tyranny under his succesones (trc' 4 dIE 4Y ('cI, 4Papotaohwv) 7pT-rEYWeo sors, Polydorus, Polyphron, Alexander, Tisiphonus,
7r4Asewv, Xenoph. Hell. vi. 1. ~ 8). In almost all and Lycophron; till at length the old aristocratical
-the cities the form of government was aristocratical families called in the assistance of Philip of Mace(Svlaeoreva, iaov' 7) rCOVOeiea EXpcvT0'o T' EYXcPpitv donia, who deprived Lycophron of his power in
of ~OEeraXoi,'Thucyd. iv. 78), and it was chiefly B. c. 353, and restored the ancient government in
in the hands of a few great families, who were the different towns. At Pherae he is said to have
descended from the ancient kings. Thus Larissa restored popular or at least republican government.
was subject to the Aleuadae, whence Herodotus (Diod. xvi. 38.) The country however only changed
(vii. 6) calls them kings of Thessaly; Cranon or masters; for a few years later (B. C. 34.4) he made
Crannon to the Scopadae, and Pharsalus to the it completely subject to Macedonia by placing at
Creondae. (Compare Theocr. xvi. 34, &c.) These the head of the four divisions of the country, tenobles had vast estates cultivated by the Penestae; trarchies- or tetradarchlies, which he re-established,
they were celebrated for their hospitality and lived governors devoted to his interests and probably
in a princely manner (PLAuev0od ire eKal seyaNo- members of the ancient noble families, who had
7rpesrs7s'no' ~e-rraAtK3v Tpo7rov, Xenoph. Hell. vi. 1. now become little better than his vassals. (Demn.
~ 3), and they attracted to their courts many of Philip. ii. p. 71, iii. p. 117;. Harpocrat. s. v.)
the poets and artists of southern Greece. The Thessaly from this time remained in a state of de-:Thessalian- commonalty did not however submit pendence onf the Macedonian kings (Polyb. iv. 76),
quietly to the exclusive rule of the nobles. Con- till the victory of T. Flaminius at Cynoscephalae in
tests between the ttwo classes seem to have arisen B. C. 197 again gave them a show of independence
early, and the conjecture of Thirlwall (vol. i. p. under the protection of the Romans. (Liv. xxxiiio
438), that the election of a tagus, like that of a dic- 34, xxxiv. 51, Polyb. xviii. 30.)
tator at Rome, was sometimes used as an expedient (Buttmann, Mythologus, No. xxii. Von dem
for keeping the commonalty under, appears very Geschlecht der A leuaden; Voemel, de Thessaliae
probable. At Larissa the Aleuadae made some con- Incolis antiqu. Frankf. 1829; Horn, de Thlessalic
cessions to the popular party. Aristotle (Pol. v. 5) Macedonuen irnperio sul)jecta, Gryphiae, 1829;
speaks, though we do not know at what time he Tittmann, Darstellung d. Griech. Slaatsvesf: p. 713,
refers to, of certain magistrates at Larissa, who &c.; Schbmann, Antiq. Jieris publ. Graece. p. 401,
bore the name of 7oXLToquXaKesi, who exercised a &c.; Hermann, LehCrbzch d. giech. Staatsalt. ~ 178.)
superintendence over the admission of freemen, TALA'RIA, small wings, fixed to the ancles
and were elected themselves out of the body of the of Mercury and reckoned among his attributes.
people, whence they were led to court the people (zr3AtXa, Athen. xii. p. 537, f.; 7rr-lvo7re3LAoT, Orph.
in a way unfavourable to the interests of the aris- I/z/mn. xxvii. 4; Ovid. elt. ii. 736; Fulgent.
tocracy. There were also other magistrates at Mythol. i.) In many works of ancient art they
Larissa of a democratical kind, called AapLouaoorotoi. are represented growing from his ancles, as if they
(Aristot. Pol. iii. 1.) Besides the contests between were a part of his bodily frame; but more free
the oligarchical and democratical parties, there quently they are attached to him as a part of his
were feuds among the oligarchs themselves; and dress, agreeably to the description of the poets
such' was the state of parties at Larissa under the (Hom. II.- xxiv. 340, Od, v. 44; Virg. Aen. iv.
government of the Aleuadae two generations be- 239); and this is commonly done by representing
fore the Persian:war, that a magistrate was chosen him with sandals, which have wings fastened to
by mutual consent, perhaps from the commonalty, them on each side over the ancles. But there is a
to mediate between- the parties ("pxycev /e8Rios, most beautiful bronze statue of this divinity in the
Aristot. Pol. v. 5). At Pharsalus too at the close
of the Peloponnesian war the state was torn asunder by intestine commotions, and for the sake of
quiet and security the citizens entrusted the acropolis and the whole direction of the government to
Polydamas, who discharged his trust with the
strictest integrity. (Xenoph. Hell. vi. 1. ~ 2, 3.)
The power of the aristocratical families however 2
seenls to have continued with little diminution till
towards the close of the Peloponnesian war, when
decided democratical movements first begin to appear. At this time the Aleuadae and the Scopadae
h:ad lost much of their ancient influence. Pherae
and Pharsalus then became the two leading states