Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

1083 SYYNEGORUS. SY NGRAPHE.
and would in -short have the same rights -anld liabi- Aristotle (Polit. vi. 3) says the authorities to wliom
lities; the elder of the two only having priority in magistrates rendered their accounts were called in
certain matters of form,. such as the rpw-0roXoyea. some of the Greek states eiivvor, in others AoytiTral,
(Arguum. Or. Demn. c. Androt. 592.) In the pro- in others ruv~'yopoL or e'sTrearal, and the author
ceeding against the law of Leptines there were two of the Lexicon Rhetoricum, published by Bekker
prosecutors, Aphepsion and Ctesippus the son of (Alncd. i. 301), says that the Synegori were
Chabrias; each addressed the court, Aphepsion 6pxoeVr7S KX77PWTOl ol E~o6OUv,'ro7s AoytaUaTCe
first, as being the elder; each had his advocate, 7rpbrT s&S ebOVvas. But what sort of assistance did
the one Phorniio, the other Demosthenes, who tells they render? Is it not probable that they perus in the exordium that he had undertaken to formed the duty which their name imports, viz.,speak, partly from a conviction of the impolicy of that of prosecuting such magistrates as, in the opithe law, and partly to oblige the son of Chabrias, nion of the Logistae, had rendered an unsatisfactory
who would have been deprived of certain privileges account? Any individual, indeed, might prefer
inherited from his father, if the law had taken ef- charges against a magistrate when the time for
fect. (See Argum. 453.) - rendering his account had arrived; but the proseThere seems to have been no law which limited cution by a avvouyopos would be an ex oficio
the number of persons who nsight appear as advo- proceeding, such as the Logistae were bound to
cates, either in public or private causes. There institute, if they had any reason to suspect the
was however this practical limitation, that as the accounting party of malversation or misconduct.
time allowed for speaking to either party was mea- If this conjecture be well-founded, it is not unreasured by the clepsydra, if either chose to en- sonable to suppose that these ten UovviyopoL were
ploy a friend to speak for him, he subtracted so no other than the public advocates who were emmuch from the length of his own speech as he ployed to conduct state prosecutions of a different
meant to leave for that of his friend, and the whole kind. They might be appointed annually, either
time allowed was precisely the same, whatever the by lot or by election (according to Harpocration,
number of persons who spoke on one side. Both s. v. 2vvrjyopos). Their duties would be only
parties were usually allowed to make two speeches, occasional, and they would receive a drachm. as
the plaintiff beginning, the defendant following, their fee whenever they were employed. BMckh's
then the plaintiff replying, and lastly the defendant conjecture, that they received a drachm a day for
again. These are often called Xdoyoi 7rporepot and every day of business, is without much foundavilrepoe respectively, but are not to be confounded tion. [C. R. K.]
with the arvvqyoplat or 6EvrepoXoyiai, which might, SYNGENEIA (ovyyelta). [HERES, p. 595,
and usually did, imnlediately follow the speech of b.]
the party in whose favour they were made, though SYNGRAPHE (/vyypao7p), signifies a written
as a matter of arrangement it might be convenient contract; whereas ouvvOjr6lc and eov/ds'Aatov do not
sometimes to reserve the speech of the advocate for necessarily import that the contract is in writing;
the reply, in which case the wmvv'yopucbs Aodyos and and JcoXAoyila is, strictly speaking, a verbal agreethe'-r-repos Adyos would be the same. (Schbmann, ment. Pollux explains the word, rrv'Oi n 7Alt. Proc. pp. 707-712, 715; Platner, Proc. und ypaepos, uoyjoXoRya fyypacpos (viii. 140).
Klagf. vol. i. p. 91.) At Athens important contracts were usually reWith respect to the custom of producing friends duced to writing; such as leases (tlo0oeOsmS), loans
to speak in mitigation of damages or punishment, of money, and all executory agreements, where cersee TIaEr A. As to the public advocates ap. train conditions were to be performed. The rent,
pointed to defend the old laws before the Court of the rate of interest, with other conditions, and also
Heliasts, see SYNDICUS, NOMlOTHETES. the penalties for breach of contract ( ErrrlL,ua Ea- EK
The fee of a drachm (T' ouvvryopucd'V) mentioned Trs rvyypaeips) were particularly mentioned. The
by Aristophanes ( espae, 691) was probably the names of the witnesses and the sureties (if any)
sumn paid to the public advocate whenever he was were specified. The whole was contained in a
employed on behalf of the state. It has been little tablet of wax or wood (flth.io'or'ypau/uarev7om',
shown clearly by Schomann, that Petit was wrong sometimes double, SrPirvxov ), which was sealed,
in supposing that the orators or statesmen who and deposited with some third person, mutually
spoke in the assembly are called aovv',opot. They agreed on between the parties. (Isocrat. Trapez.
are always distinguished by the title of p)ropEs or 362, ed. Steph.; Demos. c. Apat. 903, 904, c.
8y]-yyopot, or if they possessed much influence with Dionysod. 1283.) An example of a contract on a
the people, &r7taycv-yot: and it is not to be sup- bottomry loan (vaurl7Km ovuyTpaCP7) will be found
posed that they constituted a distinct class of in Demosth. c. Lacrit. 926, where the terms are
persons, inasmuch as any Athenian citizen was at carefully drawn up, and there is a declaration at
liberty to address the assembly when he pleased; the end, IKvpLrTepo'V d. irep} TOVTn &AT b XaAo /7d
though, as it was found ill practice that the posses- evam 7i's - uyypaq7ys, " which agreement shall be
sion of the Ol~/a was confined to a few persons who valid, anything to the contrary notwithstanding."
were best fitted for it by their talent and experi- Anything might form the subject of a written
ence, such persons acquired the title of iGrtopes, &c. contract - a release (~&peirs), a settlement of dis(De Comsit. pp. 107-109, 210.) There appears putes (3idAvrIs), the giving up of a slave to be exhowever to have been (at least at one period) a amined by torture, or any other accepted challenge
regular appointment of avv'-yopot, ten in number, (7rpoAXrlo's); in short, any matter wherein the
with whom the Scholiast on Aristophanes (I. c.) contracting parties thought it safer to have docuconfounded the PiTropes or orators. For what pur- mentary evidence of the terms.'EKcdmdmvaet depose such ten awv-tyopoi were appointed, is a matter 8piarTa Kard T-uyypaebj is, to give an order for:about which we have no certain information. Solme the makling of a statue of certainl dimensions, of a
think they were officers connected with the board certain fashion, at a certain price, &c., as specified
of Scrutators who audited magistrates' accounts. in the agreement. (Demosth. dle Co. 268.) No