Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

1080 SYLAE. SYMBOLAEON.
Steph.; Dem. de Cor. 291; Xenoph. M1enm. ii. 9. against Athenians." The people of Athens passed
~ 4, de Rep. Ath. i. 4.) That the increase of liti- a special decree to authorise privateering; and
gation and perjury was in some measure owing to when any booty was taken by Athenian subjects,
the establishment of clubs and political associations they reserved to themselves the right of determinand the violence of party spirit, may be gathered ing whether it was lawfully taken, whether it
from various passages of the Attic writers. (Thu- ought to be kept or restored, and what should be
cyd. viii. 54; Demosth. c. Boeot. de dote, 1010, c. done with it. (Demosth. c. Timocr. 703; Argum.
Pantaen. 978, c. Zenot/h. 885.) 694, 695.) The ancient practice may be compared
The Athenian law did indeed provide a remedy with the modern one of granting letters of marque
against this mischievous class of men. There was and reprisal. (Harpocr. s.. v hvas: Schdmann, de
a?ypap ovvoq0paTrieas tried before the Thesmothe- Conzit. p. 284, Ant. Jur. Pub. Gr. p. 367.) [C.R.K.]
tae. Any person who brought a false charge SYLLOGEIS (owAXoyeiYs), usually called vuAagainst another, or extorted money by threat of Xoyse-s TroD a/ov, or the Collectors of the People,
legal proceedings, or suborned false witnesses, or were special commissioners atAthens, who made out
engaged in a conspiracy to ruin the character of an a list of the property of the oligarcbs previously to
innocent man, was liable to this ypatqO. He might its confiscation. (Leax Rlct. p. 304, Bekker.) They
also. be proceeded against by (paULs, 66'eaLSos, formed an &PX/ (Harpocr. s. v. vAXXo'7y), and
a7raoywyi, srpoeoXA or EsiraayyeXa. (See articles seem to have been introduced after the donminion of
PmHASIS, &c.; Aesch. de Fals. Leg. 47, ed. Steph.; the Thirty Tyrants. It appears from an inscripIDem. c. Theocr. 1325.) The trial was an &ayui, tion that the Syllogeis had to attend to the sacred
~-rrLTrdts. The heaviest punishment might be in- rites connected with the worship of Athena and the
flicted, together with &-rLuia and confiscation of Olympian Zeus, whence Bbckh conjectures that
property. Besides this, if any man brought a cri- they collected or summoned the citizens to certain
minal charge against another, and neglected to sacred rites, in which the people were feasted, and
prosecute it (&7reSeXOEiy), he was liable to a pe- that from this circumstance they derived their
nalty of 1000 drachmas, and lost the privilege of name: the property of the oligarchs, of which they
instituting a similar proceeding in future, which are said to have made out a list for the purpose of
was considered to be a species of &r,/pia. (Dem. confiscation, may have been applied to these public
c. Mid. 548, c. T/teocr. 1323.) The same conse- banquets, since confiscated property was not unfirequence followed, if he failed to obtain a fifth part quently divided airiong the citizens. (Corpus Instr.
of the votes at the trial. The'7rwogeAfa in civil Graec. No. 99. pp. 137, 138, No. 157. p. 250.)
actions was a penalty of the same kind and having SY/MBOLA. [COENA, p. 304, b; DICAS'ES.]
the same object: viz., to prevent the abuse of SYMBOLAEON, SYNALLAGMA, SYNlegal process, and check frivolous and unjust ac- THE'CE (vluo xeaior,, ovvacAAa'yla, orvO/tr), are
tions. Such were the remedies provided by law, all words used to signify a contract, but are disbut they were found inefficacious in practice; and tinguishable from one another. Yv/u/LGAaoov is
the words of Aristophanes (Plutus, 885) were not used of contracts and bargains between private
more severe than true: "there is no charm against persons, and peculiarly of loans of money. Thus,
the bite of a Sycophantes." (See Platner, Proc. orvGaXEV EL, es ar3p&7roaov, is, to lend upon the
und Klag. vol. ii. p. 164; Meier, Att. Proc. p. 335; security of a slave. (Demosth. c. Aphob. 822, c.
Schlimann, Ant. Jut2. pub. G6r. pp. 101, 185; Pol- Zenot/. 884, c. Plhom. 907, c. Timoth. 1185, c.
lux, viii. 31, 46, 47, 88.) [C. R. K.] Dionys. 1284.):vvuAXayua, signifies any matter
SYLAE (vOhXaL). When a Greek state, or negotiated or transacted between two or more perany of its members, had received an injury or sons, whether a contract or anything else. (Deinsult from some other state or some of its mem- mosth. c. Onet. 867, 869, c. Timnocr. 760.),vvbers, and the former was unwilling, or not in a 071K77 is used of more solemn and important concondition, to declare open war, it was not unusual tracts, not only of those made between private
to give a commission, or grant public authority to individuals, but also of treaties and conventions
individuals to make reprisals. This was called between kings and states. (Thucyd. i. 40, v. 18,
SAXas, or oara, b'Sdvae. (Demosth. c. Lacsit. 931; viii. 37; Xenoph. Hell. vii. 1. ~ 2; Demosth. de
Lysias, c. Nicome. 185, ed. Steph.) Polybius (iv. Rl/od. 199. de Coron. 251, c. Aristog. 774; Di26, 36, 53) calls it AXdpvpov or HlJOLa tarayyAX- narch. c. Denzosth. 101, ed. Steph.)
AEu'. Thus, when the Lacedaemonians thought As to the necessity or advantage of having
the Athenians had broken the treaty with them written agreements between individuals, see SYNby making incursions from Pylus, they issued a GRAPHE. National compacts, on account of their
proclamation that any of their subjects might great importance, and the impossibility of othercommit depredations on the Athenians (X4LCr'-Oam wise preserving evidence of them, were almost
roes'AOniva'ovT, Thucyd. v. 115). Demosthenes always committed to writing, and commonly in(de Coron. Trierarch. 1232) declares that the scribed on pillars or tablets of some durable matedeputy captains of triremes so misbehaved them- rial. (Thucyd. v. 23, 47; see Aristoph. Aclzarn.
selves in foreign countries, plundering everybody 727.) Upon a breach, or on the expiration, of
they came near, that no Athenian could travel safely the treaty, the pillars were taken down. (Demosth.
&'7a's ivrb o'muCrO &avpohsltfar cal om'Xlas carTE — pro Mllegalopol. 209.)
IKCvaonl/Eas, where a&SponAitias refers to the arrest For breaches of contract actions were maintainof the person, oiAas to the seizure of goods. able at Athens, called ~-v/gonXalcov (or o-vvmOlcKv)
Snidas explains or-Xat by the synonym vhhAX-/4Ees. reapaCdoEwos itKal. (Pollux, vi. 153, viii. 31.)
As to sav8poXrqkiaL for another purpose, see PHONOS. Such actions, it is apprehended, applied only to exIn the m'avtUc ovuyypaqpj in the speech of Demos- press contracts, not to obligations ex delicto, or the
thenes (c. Lacr. 927), one of the conditions is that d&coenia uvahXd-yaeca of Aristotle. (Etlhic. Nicom.
goods may be landed only 07rov a&v /ux oAai otvo v. 4.) Thus, if I had promised to pay a sum of'AOmnvalois, "where no hostilities are exercised money by a certain day, and failed to perform that