Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

1074 STRATEGUS. STRATORES.
the people, or from tihe malevolence of personal the orator or minister was lessened, and it was in
enmity. (c. M(id. 535, c. Aristfoe. 676.) Even most cases easy for a general to purchase an appaPericles himself (Thucyd. ii. 65) was fined by the rently disinterested advocacy of his conduct. There
people for imputed mismanagement, but really be- was this further abuse connected with the system,
cause the Athenians were disappointed in their that according to Isocrates (de Pace, 168), military
expectations. command was so much coveted, that the election
In the times of Chabrias and Phocion, however, of generals was often determined by the most prothe greater part of the generals regularly remained fligate bribery.
at home to conduct the processions, &c., as the The most eminent generals of the time of Decitizens did to enjoy them, leaving their wars to mosthenes were Timotheus, Chabrias, Iphicrates,
be conducted by mercenaries and their leaders. and Diopithes: Chares and Lysicles were inferior
(Demosth. Phil. i. 47. 12.) Some of them too were to them both in loyalty and skill, but the former
not commanders of all the troops, but only of the and the mercenary Charidemus were frequently
horse and foot of separate armies (orfpar7-yos O6 erl employed. Towards the decline of the Roman
rCv i7rAcrwv or O67rAirXcv, and o6 erl iCv i7r7rEov): empire the chief magistrate at Athens was called
and one of them, the general of the administration Tpuasr-'wYs, or the Duke: Constantine bestowed
(65 erl T's 6o101c1ews), performed part of the judi- on him the title of Meyas STraTlu7yo s or the GCrand
cial labours of the strategi, and other civil services, Duke. (Julian. Or at. i.) The military chiefs of
such as that of giving out the pay of the troops. the Aetolian and Achaean leagues were also called
(Bdckh, Pulbl. Econ. of Athlens, p. 181, 2d ed.; Strategi. The Achaean Strategi had the power
Dem. pro Colron. 265. 1].) We must also re- of convening a general assembly of the league on
member that the Athenian navy as well as the extraordinary occasions. [ACImAIcus FOEDTS,
army was commanded by the Strategi, whence the p. 5, b.] [R. W.]' "praetoria navis " or flag-ship is called urparVsyis STRATO'RES. 1. Imperial Equerries subject
vais. (Hermann, Lehrbuchl der griech. Stlatcsalt. to the Tribunus Stabuli. Their proper duty, as
~ 152.) the name imports, was to saddle the horses; they
The strategi at Athens were perhaps the most also led them from the stable and assisted the
important officers of the republic, especially during emperor to mount. Hence they were termed in
war; and amongst them are numbered some of her Greek &vagoXeZs. From the addition of miles to
most distinguished citizens, Miltiades, Themistocles, their title it appears that they were considered as
Pericles, Phocion, &c. But the generals of the part of the military establishment. (Spartian.
early times differed in many respects from the con- Characall. 7; Amm. Marc. xxx. 5; see Ducange,
temporaries of Demosthenes. Formerly the general s. v.) Consuls and praetors had their stratores
and the statesman were united in one person; the as we learn from inscriptions (Orell. lserC. n. 798,
leader in the field was the leader in the assembly, 3250, 3523), and perhaps aediles also. (Orell.
and thus acquired a double influence, accompanied n. 1584.)
with a double responsibility. But in later times, 2. Officers sent into the provinces to select
the general and the professed orator or statesman horses for the stud of the prince or for the general
were generally perfectly distinct (Isocr. de Pace, service of the state. (Atmm. Marc. xxix. 3; Cod.
173), and the latter, as ought always to be the case Theod. 8. tit. 8. s. 4; Cod. 12. tit. 25; Salmas.
in free states, had by fir the greater influence. ad Capitolinz. 11!. Antonzin. 8, ad Trebell. Poll. VaThe last of the Athenian generals who was con- lerian. 3.) These in all probability belonged to
sidered to unite the two characters, was Phocion, the same body with those mentioned above; the
who was general no less than forty-five times. title statores a puzblicis rationibcs, by which they
(Plut. Pihoc. 5.) Accordingly the various parties are usually distinguished in works upon Roman
into which the state was then divided had each antiquities, rests upon no authority except the
their orator and general, the former acting as a letters STR. A.P.R. in an inscription (Gruter, p.
recognized leader (Demosth. Olyn. ii. 26); and a ODLIx. n. 8), the interpretation of which is very
general, when absent on foreign expeditions, was doubtful.
liable to be maligned or misrepresented to the 3. Jailors under the orders of the Cosmmen2apeople by an unfriendly and influential demagogue. riensis or Chief Inspector of Prisons. (Cod. Theod.
(Demosth. de 6Clerson. 97. 12.) Hencewe cannot 9. tit. 3. s. 1.) To these Ulpian refers (Dig. 1.
wonder that the generals of the age of Demosthenes tit. 16. s. 4), " nemo proconsulum stratores suos
were neither so patriotic nor so distinguished as habere potest, sed vice eorum milites ministerio
those of former times, more especially when we in provinciis funguntur," although the passage is
call to mind, that they were often the commanders quoted in most dictionaries as bearing upon the
of mercenary troops, and not of citizens, whose stratores of the stable. (Compare the Notitia Digpresence might have checked or animated them. nitaltmoe Ismperii Orientis, c. 13 and c. 101 in GraeMoreover, they suffered in moral character by the vii Thes. Rom. Antiq. vol. vii. p. 1375 and p. 1606.)
contamination of the mercenary leaders with whom 4. In the later Latin writers and especially in
they were associated. The necessity they were the monkish historians of the middle ages, stratorcs
under of providing their hired soldiers with pay, denote a chosen body of soldiers sent in advance of
habituated them to the practice of levying exac- an army to explore the country, to determine the
tions from the allies; the sums thus levied were proper line of march, to select the spots best fitted
not strictly accounted for, and what should have for encamping, and to make all the arrangements
been applied to the service of the state was fre- necessary for the safety and comfort of the troops
quently spent by men like Chares upon their own when they halted, their duties being in some repleasures, or in the purchase of a powerful orator. spects analogous to those of the classical metatoncs,
(Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, vol. v. p. 214.) An- and in others to those of a modern coups-de-guides.
other effect of the separation of the two characters, (Synmmach. Epist. ad Theod. et Valent. 1; Duwas that the responsibility of the general and of cange, s. v.)