Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

STIIATEGUS. STRATEGUS. 1073
STIPULA'TIO, STIPULA'TOR. [OBLIGA- to submit to a aowcuaarila, or examination of their
TIONES, pp. 817, b, 818, a.] character (Lysias, c. Alcib. 144); and no one was
STIVA. [ARATRUM.] eligible to the office unless he had legitimate cllilSTOA. [PORTICUS.] dren, and was possessed of landed property in AtSTOICHEION. [HOROLOGIUM.] tica. (Dinarch. c. Deimosth. 99.) They were, as
STOLA, was a female dress worn over the their name denotes, entrusted with the command
tunic; it came as low as the ankles or feet (ad talos on military expeditions, with the superintendence
stole demlissa, Hoer. Sat. i. 2. 99), and was fastened of all warlike preparations, and with the regulation
round the body by a girdle, leaving above the of all matters in any way connected with the war
breast broad folds (rugosiorem stolafriontemz, Mart. department of the state. They levied and enlisted
iii. 93. 4). The tunic did not reach much below the soldiers (Kcae'Acsav), either personally or with
the knee, but the essential distinction between the the assistance of the Taxiarchs. (Lysias, c. Alcib.
tunic and stola seems to have been, that the latter 140, pro Milit. 114.) They were entrusted with
always had an INSTITA or flounce sewed to the the collection and management of the Esoecopao, or
bottom and reaching to the instep. (Hor. Sat. i. 2. property taxes raised for the purposes of war; aund
29; Ovid. Ar. Amat. i. 32.) Over the Stola the also presided over, or officiated as Ecoa-yweoye1s in
Palla or Pallium was worn [PALLIUM], as we see the courts of justice in which any disputes conin the cut annexed. (21lus. Borbon. iii. tav. 37.) rected with this subject or the trierarchy were decided. (Wolf, ad Lept. p. 94; Dem. c. Lacr. 940.
16.) They also nominated from year to year persons to serve as trierarchs (Dem. c. Boeot. i. 997;
Xenoph. de Rep. Atlhen. 3), and took cognizance
of the cases of ANTIDOSIS arising out of the trierarchy and property taxes ('roolovv Tras &,l-3o'els,
c. Phaenip. 1040.) They also presided at courtsmartial and at the trials in cases of accusation for
non-performance of military and naval duties.
[ASTRATEIAS and ANAUMACHIOU GRAPHAE.]
They likewise had the power of convening extraordinary assemblies of the people in cases of emergency [ECCLESIA, pp. 440, b, 441,a], and from, the instance of Pericles it would always seem that
in critical times they had the power of preventing
an assembly being holden. (Thucyd. ii. 22.) But
their most important trust was the command in
war, and it depended upon circumstances to how
many of the number it was given. At Marathon
The stola seems to have been usually fastened all the ten were present, and the chief command
over the shoulder by a FIBULA or clasp, and gene- came to each of them in turn. The Archon Polerally had sleeves, but not always. marchus also was there associated with them, and
The Stola was the characteristic dress of the according to the ancient custom, his vote in a
Roman matrons as the toga was of the Roman council of war was equal to that of any of the
men. (Cic. Phlil. ii. 18.) Hence the meretrices generals. (Herod. vi. 109.) In the expedition
were not allowed to wear it, but only a dark- against Samos, also, all the ten generals were encoloured toga (Tibull. iv. 10. 3; Mart. i. 36. 8); gaged (Thucyd. i. 116), the poet Sophocles being
and accordingly Horace (Sat. i. 2. 63) speaks of one of the number (MUller, Literature of Ancient
the matrona in contradistinction to the togata.. For Greece, p. 338); but it was obvious that in most
the same reason women, who had been divorced cases it would be neither convenient nor useful to
from their husbands on account of adultery, were send'out the whole number on the same undernot allowed to wear the Stole, but only the toga taking, and during the cotrse of a protracted war
(Schol. ad Ilor. 1. c.): to which Martial alludes. it would be necessary for some of them to be left
(ii. 39, vi. 64. 4). See Becker, Gallus, vol. i. p. at home, in charge of the war department there.
321, &c. Accordingly, in the best times of Athens, three
STRA'GULUM. [TAPES.] only were for the most part sent out; one of these
STRATE'GUS (oarp'aTyo's). The office and (rpTros abi'rs) was considered as the comrmandertitle of Strategus, or General, seem to have been in-chief, but his colleagues had an equal voice in
more especially peculiar to the democratic states of a council of war. Sometimes a strategus, as
ancient Greece: we read of them, for instance, at Pericles, was vested with extraordinary powers
Athens, Tarentum, Syracuse, Argos, and Thurii; (Thucyd. ii. 65): in like manner, the three geand when the tyrants of the Ionian cities in Asia nerals engaged in the Sicilian expedition, Nicias,
Minor were deposed by Aristagoras, he established Alcibiades, and Lamarchus, were made ai'otcpdStrategi in their room, to act as chief magistrates. ropes, or supreme and independent in all matters
(IHerod. v. 38.) connected with it. (Thucyd. vi. 8, 26.) So also
The Strategi at Athens were instituted after the was Aristides in his command at Plataeae. But
remodelling of the constitution by Cleisthenes, to even in ordinary cases the Athenian generals were
discharge the duties which had in former times not fettered in the conduct of a campaign by any
been performed either by the king or the Archon council of war, or other controlling authority, as
Polemarchus. They were ten in number, one for the Spartan kings sometimes were; still they were
each of the ten tribes, and chosen by the suffrages responsible for it, and in the time of Demosthenes
(Xetporoevia) of the people. (Pollux, viii. 87.) (Philip. i. 53) exposed on the termination of their
Before entering on their duties, they were required command to capital indictment at the caprice of
3z