Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

STILUS. STIPENDIUM. 1071
inscription, in silver letters. They are inserted from a picture found in Herculaneum. (Mus.
into the left foot. The Museo Borbonico possesses Borbon. vol. vi. tav. 35.)
some examples of inlaid silver work. There are 2. A sharp stake or spike placed in pitfalls be-.also instances of it in the collection of bronzes in fore an entrenchment to embarrass the progress of
the British Museum. Many of the examples of an attacking enemy. (Bell. African. 31; Sil. Ital.
bronze works that have reached us exhibit signs x. 415.) It was intended to answer the same
of having been gilt, and the writers of antiquity purpose as the contrivances called cippi, lilia, and
refer'occasionally to the practice. It does not stimzli by Caesar (B. G. vii. 73).
seem to have been employed till taste had much 3. A bronze needle or rod for picking worms off
deteriorated; probably when the value and rich- fruit-trees (Pallad. iv. 10. ~ 20), also a wooden
ness of the material were more highly estimated probe employed in gardening operations. (Coluthan the excellence of the workmanship. Nero mell. xi. 3. ~ 53.)
commanded a statue of Alexander, the work of It bears also the meaning of the stem of a tree
Lysippus, to be gilt; but Pliny (H. N. xxxiv. 19. or vegetable (Colunell. v. 10. ~ 21, xi. 3. ~ 46),
~ 6) tells us it was found to injure' the beauty which is perhaps the primary signification of
and effect of the work, and the gold was removed. o'-ruAos. [W. R.]
(Winckelmann, Geseh. der Kunst; Meyer, Gesch. STIPEND IA'RII. The Stipendiariae urbes of
der bildenden Kiibste bei den Grieeein; F. Thiersch, the Roman provinces were so denominated, as being
LVeber. die Epochen der bildenden IKuRst unter den subject to the payment of a fixed money tribute,
Griechen; K. O. Miller, tlandbuch desr Archaeo- " stipendium," in contradistinction to the vectilogie der Kunst, 2nd ed. 1835, 3d ed. with notes gales, who paid a certain portion, as a tenth or
by Welcker, 1848.) [L. S.] twentieth of the produce of their lands, their
STELAE (o-aTrAat). [FUNUS, p. 556, b.] cattle, or customs. The word " stipendinum" was
STELLATU'RAE. [ExERCITUS, p. 505, a.] used to signify the tribute paid, as it was originSTHE'NIA (e'inaa), a festival with contests ally imposed for and afterwards appropriated to the
celebrated by the Argives in honour of Zeus sur- purpose of furnishing the Roman soldiers with pay
named Sthenius, who had an altar consisting of a (stipendiumz, Liv. iv. 60; Tacit. Hlist. iv. 74). The
large rock in the neighbourhood of Hermione. condition of the urbes stipendiariae is generally
(Hesych. s. v. 40eva: compare Pans. ii. 32. ~ 7, thought to have been more honourable than that of
34. ~ 6.) Plutarch (de Mies. p. 1140, c.) states the vectigales, but the distinction between the two
that the 7rdxi. or wrestling, which formed a part of terms was not always observed. (Liv. xxxvii. 35.)
the contests at this festival, was accompanied by The word stipendiarins is also applied to a person
the flute; and he also mentions a tradition ac- who receives a fixed salary or pay, as a "stipencording to which the festival had originally been diarius miles" (Hirtius, de Bell. Afr'ic. 43), a phrase
held in honour of Danaus, and that it was after- which is sometimes used to denote a veteran who
wards consecrated to Zeus Sthenius. [L. S.] has received pay for many years, or served in many
STIBA'DIUM. [MENSA.] campaigns. (Veget. de Re M1ilit. i. 18.) Some
STILLICI'DIUM. [SERVITUTES, p. 1031, b.] MSS. have stipendiosus in the passage last quoted,
STILUS or STYLUS is in all probability the which is perhaps a better reading. (Ghttling, GescA.
same word with the Greek O'rVhAos, and conveys der Roma. Staatsvesf p. 418.) [R. W.]
the general idea of an object tapering like an STI'PEINDIUM, a pension or pay, from stipent
architectural column. It signifies, and pendo, because before silver was coined at
1. An iron instrument (Ovid. Alet. ix. 521; Rome the copper money in use was paid by weight
Mlartial, xiv. 21), resembling a pencil in size and and not by tale. (Varro, L. L. v. 182, ed. Miller;
shape, used for writinlg upon waxed tablets. (Plant. Plin. H. N. xxx. 3.) According to Livy the pracBecch. iv. 4. 63; Plin. HI. N. xxxiv. 14.) At one tice of giving pay to the Roman soldiers (ut sti1pezend it was sharpened to a point for scratching the diumu miles de piullico acciperet) was not introduced
characters upon the wax (Quintil. i. 1. ~ 27), while till a. c. 405, on the occasion of the taking of
the other end being flat and circular served to Tarracina or Anxur. He represents the change as
render the surface of the tablets smooth again, and the spontaneous and unsolicited act of the senate,
so to obliterate what had been written. Thus, but from another passage (iv. 36) we learn that in
vetfere stilumn means to erase, and hence to correct, the year 421 B. c. the tribunes had proposed that
as in the well-known precept saepe stilzu vertas. the occupiers of the public land should pay their
(Hor. Sat. i. 10. 72; Cic. VTer'. ii. 41.) The vectigal regularly, and that it should be devoted to
stylus was also termed greaphiuz, (Ovid. Asmors'. i. the payment of the troops. The concession was
11. 23; Suet. Jul. 82), and the case in which it probably accelerated by the prospect of the last
was kept gracphiariume (Martial. xiv. 21) or graphi- war with Veii, and made with a view of conciliating
aria theca. (Suet. Claud. 35.) The annexed cut is the plebs, who without scme such favour would in
their then humour have refused to vote for the war.
Livy also represents the funds for the payment to
- have been raised by a tributum or general tax, but
as Arnold observes (Hist. of Rome, vol. i. p. 369;
compare Niebuhr, vol. ii. p. 440), "The vectigal, or
tithe, due from the occupiers of the public land,
Ire x was to provide pay for the soldiers; and if this
were not sufficient, it was to be made good by a
tax or tribute levied upon the whole people. This
tithe, however, was probably paid very irregularly,
and hence the pay of the soldiers would in point
of fact be provided chiefly out of the tributum.'
Z LA _ Lo g i Mad/ 2i ( ZA few years after this concession (B. c. 403), and