Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

STATUARIA ARS. STATUARIA ARS. 1069:sentations of the bodies were likewise neglected. tiful statua thoracata of Trajan, and several fine
C)ccasionally, however, excellent and gifted sculp- busts of the same emperor.
tors still arose, and adorned the palaces of the em- Down to the reign of Hadrian statuary had beperors with beautiful groups. Pliny (H. N. xxxvi. come more and more confined to the representation
4. ~ 11) mentions as such Craterus, Pythodorus, of subjects of a common nature, so that at length
Polydectes, Hermolaus, a second Pythodorus, Ar- we scarcely find anything else but the records of
temon, and Aphrodisius of Tralles. (See the arti- victories in the reliefs on the public monuments,
cles in the 1Dict. of Biog.) In the time of Nero, and the various kinds of statues of the emperors
who did much for the arts, we meet with Zeno- and the members of their families. But in the
dorus, a founder of metal statues, who was conm- reign of Hadrian the arts seemed to begin a new
missioned by the emperor to execute a colossal aera. He himself was undoubtedly a real lover
statue of 110 feet high, representing Nero as the and connoisseur of art, and he encouraged it not
Sun. The work was not completely executed, as only at Rome, but in Greece and Asia AMinor.
the art of using the metal had fallen into oblivion. The great Villa of Hadrian below Tivoli, the ruins
In A. D. 75 the statue was consecrated as a Sol, of which cover an extent of tell Roman miles in
and was afterwards changed into a statue of Corn- circumference, was richer in works of art than any
modus by altering the head. (Plin..Ih Ar. xxxiv. other place in Italy. Here more works of art have
18; Herodian, i. 15.) The principal sculptured been dug out of the ground than anywhere else
works that were produced during the empire, were, within the same compass., Hadrian was fond of
1. Reliefs on public monuments, such as those the ancient forms in art as well as in language, and
adorning the triumphal arch of Titus, which repre- many works in the archaic style still extant may
seated the apotheosis of the emperor, and his tri- have been executed at this time. Some statues
umph over Judaea. The invention and grouping made at this time combine Egyptian stiffness with
of the figures are good and tasteful, but the exe- Grecian elegance; and, especially, the representacution is careless. The same may be said of the tions of Egyptian deities, such as that of Isis, are
reliefs of the temple of Minerva in the Forum of half Greek and half Egyptian. But, by the side of
Domitian, in which the drapery in particular is this strange school, there existed another, in which
very bad. 2. Statues and busts of the emperors. the pure Greek style was cultivated, and which has
These may again be divided into classes, and are produced works worthy of the highest admiration.
easiest distinguished by the costumes in which they Foremost among these stand the statues and busts
are represented. Theyr e e (a) faithful portraits in of Antinous, for whom the emperor entertained a
the costume of ordinary life (toga), or in the attire passionate partiality, and who was represented in
of warriors (statzae thowsacatae) generally in an at- innumerable works of art. Tile colossal bust of
titude as if they were addressing a body of men, as, Antinous inll the Louvre is reckoned one of the
e. g. the colossal statue of Augustus in the palace finest works of ancient art, and is placed by some
Grimani. To this class also belong the equestrian critics on an equality with the best works that
statues, and the statues upon triumphal cars with Greece has produced. The two centaurs of black
from two to six horses, and sometimes even with marble on the Capitol probably belong to the reignl
elephants, which were frequently made for emperors of Hadrian: one of them is executed in an old
outt of mere vanity, and without there having been and noble style, and is managed by a little Eros
ally real triumph to occasion such a work. (Dion riding on his back; the other looks more like an
Cass. liii. 22; Stat. Silv. i. 1; Mart. ix. 69; Tacit. intoxicated Satyr. There are also some very
de Osat. 8. 11; Juv. vii. 126; Plin. H. N. xxxiv. good works il red marble which are referred to
10.) b. Such statues as were intended to show this period, as that material is not knowni to have
tile individual in an exalted, heroic or deified been used before the age of Hadrian.
character. Among those were reckoned the so- As the arts had received such encouragement
called Achillean statues, which were first made in and brought forth such fruits in the reign of Hathe time of Augustus; they were niaked, and bore drian, the effects remained visible for some time
a hasta in one hand (Plin. H. AV. xxxiv. 10): and during the reigns of the Antonines. Antoninus
secondly, statues in a sitting position, with the Pius built the great villa at Lanuvium, of which
upper part of the body naked, and a palliumn co- ruins are still extant, and where many excellent
vering the loins. These statues were intended to works of art have been discovered. But sophistry
represent an emperor as Jupiter, but sometimes and pedantic learning now began to regard the arts
also as an Apollo. (Muller, As-clh. ~ 199.) This with the same contempt as the ignorance of the
method of representing an emperor as a god was Romans had formerly done. Tile frieze of a temnat first practised with much good taste. The pie, which the senate caused to be erected to
statues of the ladies of the imperial families are Antoninus Pius and Faustina, is adorned with
likewise either simple and faithful portraits, or they griffins and vessels of very exquisite workmanship;
are idealized as goddesses: specimens of each kind but the busts and statues of the emperors show in
are still extant. The custom adopted in the Mace- many parts an affected elegance, while the features
donian time, of conlbining allegorical representa- of the countenance are tasteless and trivial copies
tions of towns and provinces with the monuments of nature. The best among the extant works of
erected in honour of the sovereigns, was sometimes this time are the equestrian statue of M. Aurelius
followed by the Romans also, and some of them of gilt bronze, which stands onI the Capitol, and
were made by very distinguished artists. (Strab. the column of M. Aurelius with reliefs representiv. p. 192; Muller, 1. c.) In the reign of Trajan ing scenes of his war against the Marcomanni.
were executed the column of Trajan, with sculp- The busts which we possess of Ml. Aurelius, Faustures representing the victories of this emperor tina, and Lucius Verus, are executed with very
over the Dacians, and other similar works. We great care, especially as regards the hair. The
also possess a beautiful colossal statue of Nerva number of extant busts of the Antonines amounts
in the Vatican, and in the Louvre there is a beau- to above one hundred; and the rate at which busts