Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

SOCII. SORTES. ]03
xlv. 43; xlii. 4.) The Socii were also sometimes nothing but a. name. (W5alter, 6esci. d. Riml
sent out-as colonists withl the Romans. (Appian, Reclits, p. 192, &c.; compare FOERIERATAE Ci'vtre Bell. Civ. i. 24.) They were never allowed to ArTES.) [L. S.]
take up arms of their own accord, and disputes SO'CIO, PRO, ACTIO. [SocIET4As.]
among them were settled by the senate. Notwith- SO'CIUS. [SOCIETAS.]
standing all this, the socii fell gradually under the SODA'LES. [COx LEGIUAl.]
arbitrary rule of the senate and the magistrates of SOI)A'LES AUGUSTA'LES.[Aua us'TALrEs.]
Rome; mand after the year B. c. 173, it even be- SODA'LES TI'TII. [TITII.]
came customary for magistrates, when they travelled SODALI'TIUM. [AIBIT (TS.]
through Italy, to require the authorities of allied SOLA'RIUAM. [HoRoLoGIoIsr, p. 616, b:
towns to pay homage to them, to provide them DomIus, p. 429, b.]
with a residence, and to furnish them with beasts SO'LEA was the simplest kind of sandal [SANof burdenl when they continued their journey. DaLIUal], consisting of a sole with little mnore to
(Liv. xlii. i.) Gellius (x. 3) mentions a number fasten it to the foot than a strap across the instep.
of other. vexations, which the Roman magistrates (Gellius, iii. 14, xiii. 21.) It was sometimes
inflicted upon the Socii, who could not venture to made of wood (Isid. Oviig. xix. 33),. and worn by
seek aliy redress against them. The only way rustics (icahoyriiXa, Theocrit. xxv. 102, 103), refbr the allies to obtain protection against such isembling probably the wooden sandals which now
arbitrary proceedings, was to enter into a kind of form part of the dress of the Capuchins., The
clientela with some influential and po-werfil Ro- solea, as worn by the upper classes, was adapted
man, as the Samnites were in the clientela of chiefly for wearing in the hlouse, so that when.
Fabricius Luscinus (Val. Max. iv. 3. ~ 6), and man iwent out to dinner, lie wsalked in slhoes
the senate, which was at all times regarded as the [CALcEus], taking with him slippers [Soccvs] or
chief protector of the Socii, not only recognised -soleae, which li he put on when he entered' the
such a relation of clientela between Socii and a house. Before reclining at table, these were taken
Roman citizen, but even referred to such patrons away by a servant (see woodcut, p. 308; Plalt.
cases for decision which otherwise it might have Te2lc. ii. 4. 106; Ovid. Ar. As. ii. 212;lart. viii.
decided itself. (Dionys. ii. 11; Liv. ix. 20; Cic. 59. 14); consequently when dinner was ovei it
Pro Seill. 21.) Socii who revolted against Rome were was necessary to call for them. (Plant. liec. ii.
frequently punished with the loss of their freedom, 4. 12, Mlost. ii. 1. 37; Ier. Sat. ii. 8. 77.) But,
or of the honour of serving, in the Roman armies. according to the state of the roads or of the wea(Gell. I. c.; Appian, (le Bell. ilannib. 61; Strab. v. ther, the shoes or boots were again put on in order
p. 385, vi. p. 389; Fest. s. v.- Brntitai.) Such to return home, the soleae being carried, as before,
punishmeilts however varied according to circum- under the arm. (Hor. ~Epist. i. 13. 1.5.) When
stances. After repeated and fruitless attemlpts to circumstances were favourable, this change of the
obtain the full Iloman franchise by legal means, shoes for slippers or soleae was not considered
the. Italian allies broke out in open war against necessary, the latter beinlg worn in the streets,
itome, the result of wshich was that she was com- (Mart. xii. 88.)
pelled to grant what she had before obstinately re. Solecue iqzeae, soles or shoes of wood, were put
ilsed. on, under the authority of the Roman law, either
After the civitas had been obtained by all the for the purpose of torture, or perhaps merely to ill —
Italians. by the Lex- Julia de Civitate, the relation dicate the condition of a criminal, or to prevent
of the Italian Socii to -Rome ceased. But Rome his escape. (Cic. nezlent. ii. 50, ad lerean. i. 13.)
had long before this event applied the name Socii In domestic life the sandal commonly worh by
to.foreign nations also which -were allied with females vwas often used to chastise a husband a'nd
Rome,. though the meaning of the w ord in this to bring him into subjection. (Menander, p. 68.
case differed- from that of the Socii Italici. Livy 186, ed. Meineke: solea ojusgyabei'e atbra, Pers. v.
(xxxiv.: 57; comp. xxxv. 46) distinguishes two 169; salddlio, Ter. Eunuch. v. 8. 4; Juv. vi. 516.)
principal kinds of alliances with foreirn nations: Iron shoes (soleaefe-reae) were put oi the feet of
I.foedus aequani, such as might be concluded mules (Catull. xvii. 26); but instead of this, Nero
either after a war in which neither party had had his mules shod with silver (Sueton. Nero, 30),
gained a decisive victory:, or with a nlationl with and his empress Poppaea her's with g'old. (Plin.
-which Rome had never been at war; 2. a foedus II. N. xxxiii. 11. s. 49.) [J. Y.]
iiniqlium, when a foreign nation conquered by the SO'LIDUS. [AuRuva, p. 182,.b.J
Romans was obliged to enter the-alliance on any SOLITAURI'LIA. [SACRIFICIUma, p. 1000, a;
terms proposed by the conquerors. In. the latter LUSTRATIO, p. 719, b; and woodcut onl p. 1046.
case the foreign -nation was subject to Rome, and SO'LIUM. [BALNEAE, p. 191 TH HRONU]
obliged to comply with anything that- Rome might SOPHRONISTAE. [GYMNASIUM, p. 581, b.]
demand. But all foreign Socii, whether they SORTES,'lots. It was a frequent practice
had an equal or unequal alliance, were obliged among the Italian nations to endeavour to ascertain
to send subsidies in troops when Rome demanded a knowledge of, filture events by drawing lots
them; these troops, however, did not; like those (sortes): in many of the ancient Italian temples
of the Italian Socii, serve in the line, but were the will of the gods was consulted in this way, as
employed as light-armed soldiers, and were called at Praeneste, Caere, &c. [ORACULuM, p. 843, l.]
mdites auxiliares, auxrilia-ii, auxilia, or sometimes Respecting the meaning of Sors see Cic. de- Div.
nuxilia externa. (Polyb. ii. 32; Liv. xxi. 46, &c., ii. 41.
xxii. 22, xxvii. 37, xxxv. 11, xlii. 29, 35.) To- These sortes or lots were usually little tablets or
wards the end of the republic all the Roman a-llie, counters, made of wood or other materials, and
whether they were nations or kings, sank down to were commonly thrown into a sitella or urn, filled
the condition of mere subjects or vassals of Rome, with water, as is explained under SITULA. The
whose freedom and independence consisted in lots were sometimes thrown like dice. (Suet. Tib,