Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

1034 SERVUS. SERVUS.
mutual interests as they pleased, and accordingly a TAR], the Bithynians at Byzantium, the Callicyrli
man could agree to allow a neighbour to derive at Syracuse, the Mariandyni at Heraclea in Pona certain benefit from his land which their proxi.. tus, the Aphamiotae in Crete. [CosamI.] The
mity rendered desirable to him, or he could agree other species of slavery consisted of domestic slaves
to abstain from certain acts on his land for the acquired by purchase (a&pvpl6yVsro or XpUvoY'.VToi,
benefit of his neighbour's land. The law gave see Isocr. Platae. p. 300, ed. Steph.), who were
force to these agreements under the name of Servi- entirely the property of their masters, and could
tutes, and assimilated the benefits of them to the be disposed of like any other goods and chattels:
right of ownership by attaching to them a right of these were the 8oOAoi properly so called, and were
action like that which an owner enjoyed. the kind of slaves that existed at Athens and
This view of the limitation of ownership Corinth. In commercial cities slaves were very
among the Romans by positive enactment is from numerous, as they perforsned the work of the artia vallluable essay by Dirksen, Ueber die gesetzlichen zans and manufacturers of modern towns. In
besclriinkzunen dessEi/en thluns, &c. Zeitschrift, vol. ii. poorer republics, which had little or no capital, and
(Gaius, ii. 28-33; Inst. 2. tit. 3-5; Dig. 7 which subsisted wholly by agriculture, they would
and 8; Cod. 3. tit. 33, 34.) be few: thus in Phocis and Locris there are said
This sketch may be completed by reference to to have been originallyno domestic slaves. (Athen.
the following works and the authorities quoted in vi. p. 264, c; Clinton, F. H. vol. ii. pp. 411, 412.)
them: Mackeldey, Lehrbuch, &c. 12th ed.; Miih- The majority of slaves was purchased; few colllenbruch, Doctrina Pandectiar-sm, p. 268, &c.; paratively were born in the family of the master,
Savigny, Das Reht des Besitzes, Juris Quasi Pos- partly because the number of female slaves was
sessio, p. 525, 5th ed.; Von der Bestelluzqs der very small in comparison with the male, and partly
Se'rvituten durch simple Vertracy nd Stipulation, because the cohabitation of slaves was discouraged,
von Hasse, Rhein. Mus. fbir Jurisprudenz, Erster as it was considered cheaper to purchase than to,Jcahlysezq; Von dens Verhltlniss des Eigenthums rear slaves. A slave born in the house of a master
ze den Servituten, von Puchta, Rhein. Angs. Erst. was called ohIcI'TpL, in contradistinction to one
Jahr'.; Scheurl, Beneskusngen zss lehre von dn den purchased, who was called oieE-i7S. (Ammon. and
ServitZten, Zeitschrk}f, &e., xii. p. 237; Puchta, Suid. s.v.) If both the father and mother were
inst. ii. ~ 252. [G. L.] slaves, the offspring was called a&i)lovUXos (EnsSERVUS (GREEK). The Greek BoOXos, like tath. ad Od. ii. 290): if the parents were olthe Latin serves, corresponds to the usual meaning ICdTpLeES, the offspring was called ohlCOTpi'gmos.
of our word slave. Slavery existed almost through- (Pollux. iii. 76.)
out the whole of Greece; and Aristotle (Polil. i. 3) It was a recognized rule of Greek national law
says that a complete household is that which con- that the persons of those who were taken prisoners
sists of slaves and freemen (oeldea E- TEAXeos iec in war became the property of the conqueror (XenaoiAwuC Kal iXevOEpVoa), and he defines a slave to Cyr. vii. 5. ~ 73), but it was the. practice for
be a living working-tool and possession. ('O 8o&Xos Greeks to give liberty to those of their own nation
gE/uvXov OpTyavo', Etlhic. Nicom1. viii. 13; o boDXos on payment of a ransom. Consequently almost all
IC~Trd T' f$/usXoV, Polit. i. 4.) None of the Greek slaves in Greece, with the exception of the serfs
philosophers ever seem to have objected to slavery abovementioned, were barbarians. It appears to
as a thing morally wrong; Plato in his perfect follow from a passage in Timaeus (ap. AtI/enz. vi.
state only desires that no Greeks should be made p. 265, b) that the Chians were the first who carslaves by Greeks (de Rep. v. p. 469), and Aristotle ried on the slave trade, where the slaves were more
defends the justice of the institution on the ground numerous than in any other place, except Sparta,
of a diversity of race, and divides mankind into that is in comparison with the free inhabitants.
the free (XemV0epol) and those who are slaves by (Thuc. viii. 40.) In the early ages of Greece, a
nature (ol D5'uet &ouAoho: under the latter de- great number of slaves was obtained by pirates,
scription he appears to have regarded all barba- who kidnapped persons on the coasts, but the chief
rians in the Greek sense of the word, and there- supply seems to have come from the Greek colonies
fore considers their slavery justifiable. in Asia Minor, who had abundant opportunities of
In the most ancient times there are said to have obtaining them from their own neighbourhood and
lbeen no slaves in Greece (Herod. vi. 137; Phere- the interior of Asia. A considerable number of
crat. cp. Athen. vi. p. 263, b), but we find them in slaves also came from Thrace, where the parents
the Homeric poems, though by no means so gene- frequently sold their children. (Herod. v. 6.)
rally as in later times. They are usually prisoners At Athens, as well as in other states, there was
taken in war (soptCaAwTro), who serve their con- a regular slave market, called the KcilXos (Harpoquerors: but we also read as well of the purchase crat. s. v.), because the slaves stood round in a
and sale of slaves (Od. xv. 483). They were how- circle. They were also sometimes sold by auction,
ever at that time mostly confined to the houses of and appear then to have been placed on a stone
the wealthy. called the arpar'p moeos (Pollux, iii. 78), as is also
There were two kinds of slavery among the done when slaves are sold in the United States of
Greeks. One species arose when the inhabitants North America: the same was also the practice in
of a country were subdued by an invading tribe and Rome, whence the phrase lshozo de lacide eostzes.
reduced to the condition of serfs or bondsmnen: they [AUCTIO.] The slave market at Athens seems to
lived upon and cultivated the land which their have been held on certain fixed days, usually the
masters had appropriated to themselves, and paid last day of the month (the Egvq al vEa or'ovsu/'v-ia,
them a certain rent. They also attended their Aristoph. Equit. 43, with Schol.). The price of
mnasters inl war. Theyv could not be sold out of the slaves naturally differed according to their age,
country or separated fromn their families, and could strength, and acquirenlents. Some slaves," says
acquire property. Such were the Helots of Sparta Xenophon (Aloe. ii. 5. S 2) " are well worth two
[1HElro1 TES], the Penestae of Thessaly [PENSz- minls, others hardly half a minai; some sell for