A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

116 ALEXANDER.
musicians is mentioned by Plutarch (De iiMus. 5),
and there is every probability that Alexander Polyhistor is also the author of the work AtaSoyaai
ieMorod6pcv, which seems to be the groundwork of
Diogenes Laertius. [ALEXANDER LYCHNUS.] A
work on the symbols of the Pythagoreans is mentioned by Clemens Alexandrinus (Slroni. i. p. 131)
and Cyrillus (adv. Julian. ix. p. 133). He also
wrote a history of Judaea, of which a considerable
fragment is preserved in Eusebius. (Praep. Evang.
ix. 17; comp. Clem. Alexand. Strom. i. p 143;
Steph. Byz. s. v. 'lovIal.) A history of Rome in five
books is mentioned by Suidas, and a few fragments
of it are preserved in Servius. (YAd Aen. viii. 330,
x. 388.) A complete list of all the known titles
of the works of Alexander Polyhistor is given in
Vossius, De Hist. Graec. p. 187, &c., ed. Westermann. [L. S.]
ALEXANDER I. II., kings of Egypt. [PToLEMAEUS.]
ALEXANDER ('Ae'avypos) I., king of EPIRus, was the son of Neoptolemus and brother of
Olympias, the mother of Alexander the Great.
He came at an early age to the court of Philip of
Macedonia, and after the Grecian fashion became
the object of his attachment. Philip in requital
made him king of Epirus, after dethroning his cousin Aeacides. When Olympias was repudiated
by her husband, she went to her brother, and endeavoured to induce him to make war,on Philip.
Philip, however, declined the contest, and formed
a second alliance with him by giving him his
daughter Cleopatra in marriage. (a. c. 336.) At
the wedding Philip was assassinated by Pausanias.
In B. c. 332, Alexander, at the request of the
Tarentines, crossed over into Italy, to aid them
against the Lucanians and Bruttii. After a victory
over the Samnites and Lucanians near Paestum
he made a treaty with the Romans. Success still
followed his arms. He took HIeraclea and Consentia from the Lucanians, and Terina and Sipontum
from the Bruttii. But in B. c. 326, through the
treachery of some Lucanian exiles, he was compelled to engage under unfavourable circumstances
near Pandosia, on the banks of the Acheron, and
fell by the hand of one of the exiles, as he was
crossing the river; thus accomplishing the prophecy
of the oracle of Dodona, which had bidden him beware of Pandosia and the Acheron. He left a son,
Neoptolemus, and a daughter, Cadmea. (Justin,
viii. 6, ix. 6, 7, xii. 2, xvii. 3, xviii. 1, xxiii. 1;
Liv. viii. 3, 17, 24; Died. xvi. 72.) The head on
the annexed coin of Alexander I. represents that
of Jupiter. [C. P. M.]
ALEXANDER II., king of EPIRus, was the
son of Pyrrhus and Lanassa, the daughter of the
Sicilian tyrant Agathocles. He succeeded his father in B. c. 272, and continued the war which his
father had begun with Antigonus Gonatas, whom
he succeeded in driving from the kingdom of
Macedon. He was, however, dispossessed of both

ALEXANDER.
Macedon and Epirus by Demetrius, the son of
Antigonus; upon which he took refuge amongst
the Acarnanians. By their assistance and that of
his own subjects, who entertained a great attachment for him, he recovered Epirus. It appears
that he was in alliance with the Aetolians. He
married his sister Olympias, by whom he had two
sons, Pyrrhus and Ptolemaeus, and a daughter,
Phthia. On the death of Alexander, Olympias
assumed the regency on behalf of her sons, and
married Phthia to Demetrius. There are extant
silver and copper coins of this king. The former
bear a youthful head covered with the skin of an
elephant's head, as appears in the one figured below. The reverse represents Pallas holding a spear
in one hand and a shield in the other, and before
her stands an eagle on a thunderbolt. (Justin, xvii.
1, xxvi. 2, 3, xxviii. 1; Polyb. ii. 45, ix. 34;
Plut. Pyrrh. 9.) [C. P. M.]

ALEXANDER ('AVlav1 pos), a Greek GRAMMARIAN, who is mentioned among the instructors
of the emperor M. Antoninus. (Capitol. M. Ant. 2;
M. Antonin. i. ~ 10.) We still possess a Adyos
'rvIrdnros pronounced upon him by the rhetorician
Aristeides. (Vol. i. Orat. xii. p. 142, &c.) [L. S.]
ALEXANDER, son of Herod. [HERODES.]
ALEXANDER ('Ai(savspos). 1. Bishop of
HIERAPOLIS in Phrygia, flourished A. D. 253. He
was the author of a book entitled, On the new things
introduced by Christ into the world Ti KaLwdv eoi-jveyKe XPIro'rs els -i K-'PCopOV. Ke >. 0'; not extant.
(Suid.)
2. Bishop of Hierapolis, A. n. 431. He was
sent by John, bishop of Antioch, to advocate the
cause of Nestorius at the Council of Ephesus. His
hostility to St. Cyril was such, that he openly
charged him with Apollinaranism, and rejected
the communion of John, Theodoret, and the other
Eastern bishops, on their reconciliation with him.
He appealed to the pope, but was rejected, and
was at last banished by the emperor to Famothis
in Egypt. Twenty-three letters of his are extant in
Latin in the Synodicon adversuss Tragyoediam Irenaei
ap. Novem Collectionem Conciliorum a Baluzio, p.
670, &c. Paris, 1683. [A. J. C.]
ALEXANDER ('AXE'avapos), ST., HIEROSOLYMITANUS, a disciple, first, of Pantaenus,
then of St. Clement, at Alexandria, where lie became acquainted with Origen, (Euseb. Hist. Eccl. vi.
14,) was bishop of Flaviopolis, (Tillemont, Hist.
Eccl. iii. 415,) in Cappadocia. (S. Hier. Vir. Ill.
~ 62.) In the persecution under Severrs he was
thrown into prison, (circ. A.D. 204, Euseb. vi. 11,)
where he remained till Asclepiades succeeded
Serapion at Antioch, A. D. 211, the beginning of
Caracalla's reign. (See [a] the Epistle St. Alexander sent to the Antiochenes by St. Clement of
Alexandria. Euseb. HI. E. vi. 11.) Eusebius re