What I saw on the west coast of South and North America, and at the Hawaiian Islands.: By H. Willis Baxley, M.D.

ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.
good conduct. Each province has one judge; some have two or
more, according to population. His jurisdiction is generally
both criminal and civil, except in Lima and Arequipa, where is
a special judge for each class of cases, because of the greater
amount of duty. 3. Superior Court. In this court the judge
must have served as judge of an inferior court, as prosecuting
attorney, or as reporter, at least for four years. There are not
less than three judges in the Superior Court, with one prosecuting attorney, and one reporter; but the number may be
increased according to population. In Lima there are as many
as ten. In civil cases not less than three judges, and in criminal cases not less than five, must sit. There are seven Superior
Courts in Peru, the judges being appointed by the President,
by selection from two lists of nomination presented by the
Supreme Court. The other officers of this court are also appointed during good conduct. 4. A Supreme Court, composed
of seven judges and one attorney-general, who are nominated
by the President to a joint convention of the Senate and Chamber of Deputies. To be eligible to this court the candidate
must have been a member of the Superior Courtm eight years, or
have been engaged in the practice of law during twenty years,
thus securing the greatest legal experience of the counter. This
court in Peru, as said by Guizot, "is like the Areopagus." It
is the protector of the citizen in all revolutions commonly endangering the liberty of the weaker party. The executive
power may, and often does oppress, but this court never. The
appointment is for life. The mode of appointing the judiciary
in Peru gives greater assurance of capacity and impartiality
than does the popular election of judges prevalent in many of
the United States; in which partisan prostitution however
debased, and conventional intrigues however unprincipled, are
too commonly the passports to place and preferment, though
ignorance and corruption thereby occupy stations where knowledge and virtue alone should be found, though violated law
remains unvindicated, and crime stalks abroad " unwhipp'd of
justice."
Besides this portion of the machinery of law, there are in
Lima as many as two hundred and sixty-six counsellors, attor
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