Middle English Dictionary Entry
signifīen v.
Entry Info
Forms | signifīen v. Also signifi(e, signefi(e(n, signefiȝe(n, signefẹ̄, singnifie(n, singnefie(n, sinifie(n, senfie, (error) gignyfy; sg.2 signefiest, etc. & signifise; sg.3 signifieth, etc. & signefiet, -ied, singnifith, sinifiet, (error in rime) signifie. |
Etymology | OF senefiier, signifier, signefier, sinifier. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) To be a symbol of (sb. or sth.), be an emblem of, symbolize; represent symbolically (that sth. is so); ~ ayenes, have symbolic force against (a sin); (b) to be symbolized by (sth.); ben signified to, be compared to (sth.); be symbolized by (sth.); (c) to furnish (sb. with insignia of office), invest.
Associated quotations
a
- c1275 Ken.Serm.(LdMisc 471)215/50 : Þet Stor signefied [F senefie] gode werkes.
- c1275 Ken.Serm.(LdMisc 471)216/57 : Si Mirre signefiet uastinge.
- c1275 Ken.Serm.(LdMisc 471)218/142 : Se leprus signefiez þo senuulle men..þet scab bitokned þo litle sennen.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.767 : The swerd that men yeuen first to a knyght whan he is newe dubbed signifieth that he sholde deffenden holy chirche.
- (c1395) WBible(2) Prol.Is.(Roy 1.C.8)3.226 : The profetis speken sum tyme bi figuratif speche..sum tyme a lioun signefieth Crist for his power, and sum tyme a lioun signefieth the deuel for tirauntrie and raueyn.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)10131 : Þou seest þe vble ys þynne..And þat wyl weyl sygnyfye Aȝens þe synne of glotonye.
- a1400 Newberry Lapid.(Nwb Case 32.9)5/26-7 : We shullen rehercen..þe vertue of othere stones..what they signifieden atte aarons necke and what they signifieden as to þe grete kyngdom.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)221 : Mercurye..ȝaf..Vnto this kyng..that he shuld be Most excellent be craft of Rethorik..Which signyfieth..the harpe..yove to this kynge be Mercurius.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.pr.1.33 : In the nethereste hem..men redden ywoven in a Grekissch P -- that signifieth the lif actif.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)105/8 : Eccho may signifie a persone þe which of gret necessite requireth þe vois þat is yoven to a-nothir.
- a1450(1413) Glade in god call (Dgb 102)17 : A kynges crowne..What signyfyeþ þe stones aboute?..Oure townes and castels..are oure stones.
- a1450(?1419-20) Topias (Dgb 41)78/183 : Þat ȝe ben lyke scorpions signefieþ..þat ȝe flateren aforn & venym casten bihinde.
- (?1468) Doc.in Bentley Excerpta Hist.237 : xxxti taragges..the whiche treez sinyfied xxx Abbayez under the Duckis obeisaunce.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)89/30 : The olde auncientis peyntid the goddesse of lordeship..like a lady..she hylde a naked swerde, whiche signyfied that in lordeshippe ought to be..iustyce and myght.
- c1475 Mankind (Folg V.a.354)886 : Titiuillus syngnyfyth the Fend of helle.
- a1500(?c1450) Florence (Cmb Ff.2.38)1227 : Syr Garcy came..wyth a keye of golde clere And ȝyldyd vnto Syr Emere; Hyt sygnyfyed all the lande.
- a1500 Mirk Fest.Revis.(Hrl 2247)69/80 : Bi vere, þat is, whan levis springe, it signifieth yonge age.
- 1532(?a1400) RRose (Thynne)7392 : That salowe horse of hewe, That in the Apocalips is shewed..signifyeth t[h]o folke beshrewed, That ben..pale through hypocrisye.
b
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)8239 : Þou signefiest [vr. signifise] þe rede dragoun.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)930/12 : The ninth knyght..was signyfyed to a lyon, for he sholde passe all maner of erthely knyghtes.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)999/28 : Well ought oure Lorde be signifyed to an harte.
c
- 1543(1464) Hardyng Chron.B (Grafton)p.150 : Constantine..In trone royall was set..With diademe on his hed sygnifyed At Troynouaunt where no wight it replyed.
2.
(a) To be a sign or an omen of (sb. or sth.), presage, augur; be a sign or omen (that sth. occurs or will occur); also, be a sign [quot.: Yk.Pl.]; ~ bi, have significance as a sign in regard to (sb.); ~ for, be a sign of (sth.); [some quots. difficult to distinguish from those in 1.(a)]; (b) of a prophetic statement or dream: to foreshadow (sth.); also, of a person: prophesy (sth.); (c) of a dream, etc.: to mean (sth.); also, have significance [last quot.]; (d) of a political phenomenon: to indicate (sth.) in the future; (e) theol. to prefigure (sth.).
Associated quotations
a
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)1645 : Þe white dragoun signifie [vr. signefyȝeþ] Þe riȝt air þat haþ envie To þe.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Zech.3.8 : Thei ben men signyfyinge [L portendentes] thing to cummynge.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.NP.(Manly-Rickert)B.4330 : Cresus..Mette..that he sat vp on a tree, Which signified [vr. signyfide] he sholde an hanged be.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.814 : A Raven..whan he crieth..som mishapp it signefieth.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)595 : Þe eye rounde shal signifie Þat he shal habbe seignourye Of þis rounde myddellerd.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)16.451 : Thaungel with a spere, he dide him stinge..And there lefte he..þe hed Stille In his hype..this is to Signefie For hem thou leftest Oncristened.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Merlin (Corp-C 80)2869 : Of merlyne often axede þe kyng what of the dragouns was þe signefyeng; 'Sire kyng, it is forto Signefye thynges þat han ben & scholen ben.'
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)118/15 : Or he be borne in burgh hereby..A sterne shulde schyne and signifie.
- c1450 Metham Palm.(Gar 141)88/8 : Yff..the lefte be lenger..yt sygnyffyith a dysworchypful ende.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)930/10 : By the, sir Launcelot, hit signyfieth that the angels seyde thou were none of the seven felysship.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.149 : What seyn clerkes of sweche cometis and sterres?..it signefieth moreyn or chaungyng of som gret prince.
- a1500 Mirk Fest.Revis.(Hrl 2247)90/235 : All iij turned into oon..which signyfyed that the soule, the body, and Godhede [were] knytte all iij in oon parsone.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)11470,11474 : Telle me now, I preye the, What þilke tokenes shal signefe..Þe sterre þat shal shewe on þe sky His Godhed hit shal signefy.
- c1600(c1350) Alex.Maced.(Grv 60)853 : Þe sonne-coures of þe sell sinifieth also Þat..right too þe sonnerist his raigne shall last.
b
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3939 : He bad hire telle hym what it signyfide, And she his dreem bigan right thus expounde.
- ?a1425(?c1350) NHom.(3) Pass.(RwlPoet 175)80 : 'A man bus vn-to ded be broght So þat all folk perysch noght'; þus he sayd thurgh prophecy þe ded of Crist to signify.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))John 12.33 : 'If I schal be enhaunsid fro the erthe, I schal drawe alle thingis to my silf'; Sothli he seide this thing, signifiynge [L significans] bi what deeth he was to deiynge.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Deeds 11.28 : Prophetis camen ouer..oon of hem..signyfiede bi the spirit a greet hungir to comynge.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.3034 : He..gan to mvse in his fantasie What þing þis dreme myȝt sygnyfie.
- a1425 Siege Troy(1) (LinI 150)20/250 : Heo..bad heom say what scholde by-falle And bad heom say..What hire drem scholde signefye.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)1272 : His dreme he told..Bott non cowd wytt what werkes that syght suld sygnyfye.
c
- ?a1425(?c1350) NHom.(3) Pass.(RwlPoet 175)2026 : Þe aungell..said what it suld signify, 'þe child..þe son of God for-soth es he.'
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)5.371 : Prestes..tellen this, That dremes ben the revelaciouns Of goddes, and as wel..infernals illusiouns; And leches seyn that of complexiouns Proceden they..Who woot in soth thus what thei signifie?
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)5.1283 : Peraunter, ther thow dremest of this boor, It may so be that it may signifie Hire fader, which that old is..Ayeyn the sonne lith, o poynt to dye.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)95/11 : Dremes is a troubelous þing and a derke, and some tyme be-tokeneth noþing, and some tyme it may signifie the contrarie of þe dreme.
- c1450 NPass.(Add 31042)152/127* : He..prayede hym þat he wolde saye..what þat ilke childe myghte Senfye that he saughe hynge so hye; The angelle sayd..'that es goddes sone.'
- ?c1450 Knt.Tour-L.(Hrl 1764)11/27 : Y wille shewe you what youre auision signifiethe.
- ?a1500 Othea (Hrl 838)118/3 : Dremes..sumtyme signifye & sumtyme not.
d
- a1500 Chartier Quad.(2) (Rwl A.338)196/32 : So is the voice of the people like as the voice of tyteleris, which by their crye denouncen the comyng of the see floode; For our talis, which thow callist murmurs, signified at that tyme the myschevis that war for to come.
e
- 1607 Chester Pl.(Hrl 2124)478/353 : What this may signifie Christ expoundes..Right as Jonas was dayes three in wombe of whall, so shall he be in earth lyinge.
3.
(a) To be an indication or symptom of (sth.), indicate; indicate (sth. to be sth., that sth. is so); ~ to (upon), indicate (sth.); ~ of, astrol. influence the predominance of (black humor, black bile); signified thing, medical diagnosis; (b) of a token, a metal disk: to stand for (a monetary amount).
Associated quotations
a
- ?c1400 Sloane SSecr.(Sln 213)11/28 : Many heres and softe signyfies buxomnes and coldnes of braynes.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)103b/a : Dislocacioun of þis iuncture is signified..bi comon signez, þat ar eminence & profounditee.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)79/24 : Vnuerreye apostemes ben signified, i. tokened, by swellynge.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)184/8 : Woundes in þe hedes of brawnes..ben neþer after þe þridde signified þing.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)33.404 : He ne wolde..that so to forn him he Come there In..swich Aray that signefieth to pride.
- ?a1450 Macer (Stockh Med.10.91)167 : Sith he comaunded for to ȝeue a dragme..of þe blake ellebore..me semyþ þat he wolde signifie þat we shulde ȝeve þe half weight of þe white ellebore.
- c1450 Metham Palm.(Gar 141)88/16 : Yff this lyne be smalle, yt sygnyfyith wysdam.
- c1484(a1475) Caritate SSecr.(Tak 38)201/22 : Smale leggis signyfye ignoranz and gret leggis betokyn manhod.
- a1500(a1400) Libeaus (Lamb 306)141 : Off gold his shone were dight..That signyfied no povert.
- a1500(a1450) Ashmole SSecr.(Ashm 396)91/18 : Whos cheres sheweth rede and clere, it signyfieth þat he is shamfast.
- a1500(a1450) Ashmole SSecr.(Ashm 396)112/21 : Litell fete and light signyfieth vpon hardnesse.
- a1500(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Add 10302)2111 : Sharpe taste, vnctuous, and sowre..do subtile mater sygnifye; And other iij do Meen mater testifye.
- a1500 Horse(5) (Sln 1764)167 : So yt hyss lyppis be full of rybbys, for that sinifijt the hors fersse hertyd.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)8500 : Libra, Scorpio, and Sagittarius..of blak colour do signifie.
b
- a1500 12 PTrib.(2) (Rwl C.894)401 : A lordis auditor somtyme in the ende of acompte leyth a cownter of brasse..to be worth or sygnifieth an hundriþe pound of gold.
4.
(a) To have verbal meaning; mean (sth.), denote; of a word in one language: translate (a word in another language); ben signified under, be denoted by (a name or term); (b) of a nonverbal utterance: to have a significance; (c) of a spoken or written word, etc.: to refer to (sb. or sth.); also, have reference to something [quot.: c1449, 2nd occurrence]; ppl. signifiinge as adj.: having reference to something; (d) of a numerical figure: to represent (a number); of a number: stand for (another number).
Associated quotations
a
- (a1382) WBible(1) Pref.Jer.(Bod 959)4.34 : Logos in grece many þinges signifieþ.
- c1390 Susan.(Vrn)287 : 'Whi spille ȝe Innocens blode?'..'What signefyes, gode sone, þese sawus þat þou seis?'
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)22988 : Ierom sais o þat propheci þat Iosaphat mai signifi Vr lauerd dome.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.5553 : Belȝebub..is made of wordis two, Of Bel & ȝebub, þat þus signefie, For Bel is god and ȝebub is a flye, Þan Belȝebub to-gidre specefies..þe grete god of flyes.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)7165 : Thus mych wole oure book signifie, That while petre hath maistrie, May neuer Iohn shewe well his myght; Now haue I you declared right The menyng of the bark.
- a1425 Ben.Rule(1) (Lnsd 378)5/6 : Þe abot ah fo[r] to wite what his name singnefiis..Þe name of þe abot bitakins fadir of maine.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)20b/b : Bolnyng, aposteme, inflacioun, ingrossacioun..bene namez synonemez, as it war signifying þe same þing.
- c1425 Wycl.Concord.in Spec.43 (Roy 17.B.1)272 : Þe Englisch word which þis Latyn word 'heres' signyfieþ..summe writen wiþ h, þus: 'here', & summe þus: 'eir' wiþouten h.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)253 : Þerfore of þe general and of his special may not be maad to gidere a noumbre, if þei be takun and signified vnder her propre names, as þat we mowe not treuly seie þat petir and mankinde ben two men.
- ?a1475(?a1425) Higd.(2) (Hrl 2261)2.151 : Of whiche duke, Reuda..the Scottes were callede Dalreudini; for 'dal' in the langage of theyme signifiethe 'parte'.
- a1500(1439) Lydg.Sts.AA (Lnsd 699)899 : Of his name [John Whethamstede] the ethymologie, Sayde of an hom or a stede of whete, Of god providid doth clerkly sygnyfie Whete gleenes of many old poete.
- a1500(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Add 10302)454 : In borders of theire clothinge litteris did appere, Signifiyng in sentence as it shewith here: 'Of olde hors-shoys,' said one, 'I was Ire.'
b
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)333b/b : Som vois signifieþ and tokeneþ by kynde, as chiteryng of briddes and gronynge of sike men; and some tokeneþ at wille, as þe voice of a man.
c
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.914 : Mars..The god was cleped of bataille..And yit a Sterre upon the Sky He hath unto his name applied, In which that he is signified.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.pr.4.72-3 : For every signe scheweth and signifieth oonly what the thing is, but it ne makith nat the thing that it signifieth.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)253 : Sacramenting..muste be vndirstondun for outward worschiping bi open, outward, felable, and sensible þingis diuerse fro signifiyng voice.
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)163 : The likenes of a signe to his significat, that is to seie, to the thing signified bi him, wole helpe the signe forto signifie and forto make remembraunce the bettir upon the thing signified.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)153/27 : Þe þing signified bi noes schip is not þe hool schip in it silf.
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)113/93 : If love is put to be, it is said of necessite to be..for it is put nat to be, it is affirmed nat to be of necessite..Noon other thing signifyeth this necessite but..that shal be may nat togider be and nat be.
d
- (a1382) WBible(1) Prols.Ps.(Bod 959)26 : Þis booc stant in an hundrid & fifty salmys..it stant, forsoþe, of eiȝtety & seuenty, & eiȝteti al oon signyfieþ þat eiȝte, & seuenti þe same þat seuene.
- ?c1425 Craft Number.(Eg 2622)3/23 : In þis craft ben vsid..figurys, as..1..Þe first signifiyth one.
5.
(a) To make mention, declare, narrate, tell; make known (sth., that sth. is so, that sth. should be done), declare, proclaim; make (sth.) known (to sb.), make known (to sb. that sth. is so); tell (sb. sth.); ?also, sing (sth.) [quot.: ?a1475]; (b) to convey (to sb. that sth. is so) through action; (c) ~ to, to appoint (a destination) for (sb.); also, order (sb. to do sth.).
Associated quotations
a
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)3233 : Me cluped him vter pendragon..vter dragon heued, & þat was to singnefie [B: signefyȝe] Þat merlin him clupede dragon in is prophecye.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)3 Esd.8.50 : Þe namys of alle ben signyfied in scripturis.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))1 Mac.12.8 : And Onye..toke the epistels in whom was signified [WB(2): he was signefied] of felawship and frenship.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))2 Mac.1.18 : Therfore we to makynge puryfiyng..of the temple..ledden needful for to signyfie [vr. signefien] to ȝou that and ȝe do the day of Senephegie.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Deeds 25.27 : Of which man [I] haue not what thing certeyn I schal wryte to the lord..Forsoth, it is seyn to me withoute resoun for to sende a boundun man and not to signifie the cause of him.
- c1390(?c1350) Jos.Arim.(Vrn)627 : I wol bi-hote þe heer þi lawe for to holden..Tel me what is þin and what hit signefyes?
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.1431 : I wil reherse..My mater..To make it kouþe..Signefying..Þat Priamus..hath vn-to ȝow sent.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.5313 : I wil now make no dilacioun To signefie to hem in certeyn Hooly þeffect of þat ȝe wil seien.
- (1442) Let.Bekynton in RS 56.2219 : We..signifie unto you..that..we sende hym now unto you.
- c1450(?a1422) Lydg.LOL (Dur-U Cosin V.2.16)5.465 : This word Epi, by descripcion, Is sayde of heght, as I can signyfie.
- c1450 Royal SSecr.(Roy 18.A.7)4/4 : We signifie to thi gret wisdom that we haue founden in the lond of Perce many men the which habound gretly in wisdome.
- (1466-7) *Plea & Mem.R.Lond.GildhA 87.2d : We signifie vnto you be these oure present lettres how that..personally appered William Haldworth.
- (1466-7) *Plea & Mem.R.Lond.GildhA.87.4d : We singnifie vnto you by these presentz that..late certayn variaunces & contrauersies were meoved.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)17650 : And the trouthe doth sygnefye Thys hand ys wrouht ageyn nature.
- a1475(c1450) Shirley SSecr.(Add 5467)261/9 : But by any wise all that there semeth gode in this mater signifie hus by your lettres with all godely possibull hast.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)367/346 : What noyse is all this?..con ye outh say what they signefye?
- a1500 Let.Alex.(Wor F.172)34 : The former and first lettris I signified and marked to the of the Sonne and Moone and of þe Eclips.
- a1500 Let.Alex.(Wor F.172)43 : We han purposed of thest provinces..as in the first epistel I signified to the.
b
- c1475(a1449) Lydg.TWoe (Hrl 2255)142 : God sent aforn ful oft his officers To dukes, erles..To signifie to pope and to prelate How this world is a thurghfare ful of woo.
c
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)3 Kings 5.9 : I schal maken hem to gidere in schippis in þe se vn to þe place þe whiche þow schalt signyfien to me.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)3 Esd.2.4 : He signyfiede to me to bilden to hym an hous in ierusalem.
6.
Of an event, action, etc.: to have a meaningful explanation as (sth.), mean.
Associated quotations
- a1425(?a1350) 7 Sages(2) (Glb E.9)4022 : A childe..can tel þe..Why þe thre rauens opon þe cry And als what it may gignyfy [read: signyfy].
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)587 : Wher Joves wol me stellyfye, Or what thing may this sygnifye?
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)13340 : Þe pepyll asked to vnderstand what þis sendyng suld sygnyfye.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)12466 : Sensualyte..ys contrayre In my Iourne me to tarye; And trewly I kan nat espye What al thys doth sygnefye.
7.
In mistransl. of L sacrificare.
Associated quotations
- ?a1475 PParv.(Win)457 : Sygnyfyyn: sacrifico.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1500(1439) Lydg.Sts.AA (Lnsd 699)899 : Of his name [Alban] the ethymologie, Sayde of an hom or a stede of whete; Of God provided doth clerkly sygnyfie Whete gleenes of many old poete, Greyn, frute, & flour with rethoriques swete, Of philisophres, callyng to memorie, Of his labour the laureat reportorie.
Note: Probably do not need this quot., but if it belongs to sense 4.(c), it is needed for date.--per REL.