References

Armstrong, Cameron B., & Alan M. Rubin. 1989. “Talk Radio as Interpersonal Communication.” Journal of Communication 39 (2): 84–94.

Cohen, Akiba A., Mark R. Levy, & Karen Golden. 1988. “Children’s Uses and Gratifications of Home VCRs: Evolution or Revolution.” Communication Research 15 (6): 772–80.

Conway, Joseph C., & Alan M. Rubin. 1991. “Psychological Predictors of Television Viewing Motivation.” Communication Research 18 (4): 443–63.

Hansell, Saul. 2006. “Joining the Party, Eager to Make Friends.” New York Times, October 16. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/16/technology/16social.html?_r=1&sq=&pagewanted=all

Hanson, G., & L. Hanson. 2006. Measuring the Young Audience. Paper presented at the International Conference on Communication, Mass Media & Culture: Freedom and Prejudice, Istanbul, Turkey, October 6.

Haridakis, Paul M. 2002. “Viewer Characteristics, Exposure to Television Violence, and Aggression.” Media Psychology 4 (4): 323–54.

Haridakis, Paul M., & Alan M. Rubin. 2003. “Motivation for Watching Television Violence and Viewer Aggression.” Mass Communication & Society 6 (1): 29–56.

Haridakis, Paul M., & Alan M. Rubin. 2005. “Third-Person Effects in the Aftermath of Terrorism.” Mass Communication & Society 8 (1): 39–59.

Katz, Elihu, Jay G. Blumler, & Michael Gurevitch. 1973. “Uses and Gratifications Research.” Public Opinion Quarterly 37 (4): 509–23.

Katz, Elihu, Jay G. Blumler, & Michael Gurevitch. 1974. “Utilization of Mass Communication by the Individual.” In Jay G. Blumler & Elihu Katz, eds., The Uses of Mass Communications: Current Perspectives on Gratifications Research, pp. 19–32. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Kaye, Barbara K., & Thomas J. Johnson. 2002. “Online and in the Know: Uses and Gratifications of the Web for Political Information.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 46 (1): 54–71.

Klapper, Joseph T. 1963. “Mass Communication Research: An Old Road Resurveyed.” The Public Opinion Quarterly 27 (4): 515–27.

Krcmar, Marina, & Kathryn Greene. 1999. “Predicting Exposure to and Uses of Television Violence.” Journal of Communication 49 (3): 24–45.

Krcmar, Marina, & Linda Godbold Kean. 2005. “Uses and Gratifications of Media Violence: Personality Correlates of Viewing and Liking Violent Genres.” Media Psychology 7 (4): 399–420.

Lazarsfeld, Paul F., & Harry H. Field. 1946. The People Look at Radio. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.

Levenson, H. 1974. “Activism and Powerful Others: Distinctions within the Concepts of Internal-External Control.” Journal of Personality Assessment 38: 377–83.

Levy, Mark R., & Sven Windahl. 1984. “Audience Activity and Gratifications: A Conceptual Clarification and Exploration.” Communication Research 11 (1): 51–78.

Lin, C., M. Salwen, & R. Abdulla. 2003. Uses and Gratifications of Offline Newspaper and Online News. Paper presented at the Conference Papers—International Communication Association, San Diego, CA, May 23.

Morahan-Martin, J., & P. Schumacher. 2000. “Incidence and Correlates of Pathological Internet Use among College Students.” Computers in Human Behavior 16 (1): 13–29.

Nielsen Online Reports TopLine U.S. Data for November 2007. (2007). New York, NY: Nielsen Online.

Palmgreen, Philip, Lawrence A. Wenner, & J. D. Rayburn II. 1980. “Relations Between Gratifications Sought and Obtained: A Study of Television News.” Communication Research 7 (2): 161–92.

Papacharissi, Zizi. 2002. “The Self Online: The Utility of Personal Home Pages.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 46 (3): 346–68.

Papacharissi, Zizi, & Alan M. Rubin. 2000. “Predictors of Internet Use.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 44 (2): 175–96.

Perse, Elizabeth M. 1986. “Soap Opera Viewing Patterns of College Students and Cultivation.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 30 (2): 175–93.

Perse, Elizabeth M. 1990a. “Cultivation and Involvement with Local Television News.” In Nancy Signorielli & Michael Morgan, eds., Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research, pp. 51–69. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Perse, Elizabeth M. 1990b. “Involvement with Local Television News: Cognitive and Emotional Dimensions.” Human Communication Research 16 (4): 556–81.

Perse, Elizabeth M. 1992. “Predicting Attention to Local Television News: Need for Cognition and Motives for Viewing.” Communication Reports 5 (1): 40–49.

Pornsakulvanich, Vikanda, Paul Haridakis, & Alan M. Rubin. 2008. “The Influence of Dispositions and Internet Motivation on Online Communication Satisfaction and Relationship Closeness.” Computers in Human Behavior 24 (5): 2292–2310.

Rapacki, Sean. 2007. “Social Networking Sites: Why Teens Need Places Like MySpace.” Young Adult Library Services 5 (2): 28–30.

Rosengren, K. E. 1974. “Uses and Gratifications: A Paradigm Outlined.” In Jay G. Blumler & Elihu Katz, eds., The Uses of Mass Comunications: Current Perspectives on Gratifications Research, pp. 269–86. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Rosengren, K. E., & S. Windahl. 1972. “Mass Media Consumption as a Functional Alternative.” In Denis McQuail, ed., Sociology of Mass Communications, pp. 166–94. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.

Rubin, Alan M. 1981. “An Examination of Television Viewing Motivations.” Communication Research 8 (2): 141–65.

Rubin, Alan M. 1983. “Television Uses and Gratifications: The Interactions of Viewing Patterns and Motivations.” Journal of Broadcasting 27 (1): 37–51.

Rubin, Alan M. 1993. “The Effect of Locus of Control on Communication Motivation, Anxiety, and Satisfaction.” Communication Quarterly 41 (2): 161–71.

Rubin, Alan M. 2002. “The Uses-and-Gratifications Perspective of Media Effects.” In Jennings Bryant & Dolf Zillman, eds., Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, 2nd ed., pp. 525–48. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Rubin, Alan M., Paul M. Haridakis, Gwen A. Hullman, Shaojing Sun, Pamela M. Chikombero, & Vikanda Pornsakulvanich. 2003. “Television Exposure Not Predictive of Terrorism Fear.” Newspaper Research Journal 24 (1): 128–45.

Rubin, Alan M., & Rebecca B. Rubin. 1982. “Contextual Age and Television Use.” Human Communication Research 8 (3): 228–44.

Rubin, Alan M., & Rebecca B. Rubin. 1985. “Interface of Personal and Mediated Communication: A Research Agenda.” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 2 (1): 36–53.

Rubin, Alan M., & Rebecca B. Rubin. 1986. “Contextual Age as a Life-Position Index.” International Journal of Aging and Human Development 23 (1): 27–45.

Rubin, A. M., & R. B. Rubin. 1989. “Social and Psychological Antecedents of VCR Use.” In Mark R. Levy, ed., The VCR Age: Home Video and Mass Communication, pp. 92–111. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Rubin, Rebecca B., Elizabeth M. Perse, & Carole A. Barbato. 1988. “Conceptualization and Measurement of Interpersonal Communication Motives.” Human Communication Research 14 (4): 602–28.

Tewksbury, David. 2003. “What Do Americans Really Want to Know? Tracking the Behavior of News Readers on the Internet.” Journal of Communication 53 (4): 694–710.

Vorhaus, Mike. 2007. “Who’s Really Viewing YouTube.” Advertising Age 78 (7, February 12): 18.

Walther, Joseph B. 1996. “Computer-Mediated Communication: Impersonal, Interpersonal, and Hyperpersonal Interaction.” Communication Research 23 (1): 3–43.

Waples, Douglas, Bernard Berelson, & Franklyn R. Bradshaw. 1940. What Reading Does to People: A Summary of Evidence on the Social Effects of Reading and a Statement of Problems for Research. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

Wober, Mallory, & Barrie Gunter. 1982. “Television and Personal Threat: Fact or Artifact? A British Survey.” British Journal of Social Psychology 21 (3): 239–47.

Wolfradt, Uwe, & Jörg Doll. 2001. “Motives of Adolescents to Use the Internet as a Function of Personality Traits, Personal and Social Factors.” Journal of Educational Computing Research 24 (1): 13–27.

YouTube Demographics. 2007. New York, NY: Nielsen NetRatings.

Zuckerman, M. 1979. Sensation Seeking: Beyond the Optimal Level of Arousal. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates.