Winter operations, 1970-1971 / John C. Ayers, Norbert W. O'Hara, William L. Yocum.

2. The Frozen-Spray Covered Beach
Present evidence indicates that the second stage of icefoot formation consists of a condition, probably short-lived, in which the frozen beach receives
a glaze of storm-spray ice. This condition is shown in Figure 4(14) wherein a
slab of frozen sand has been thrown from water's edge back upon the beach and
coated by spray ice.
3. The SimpZe Tabular Ice
The very storm conditions that produce the spray-ice covered beach are also
responsible for the production of simple tabular ice at the water's edge, the
third stage of icefoot formation.
The lakeward edge of the spray-ice covered beach presents an obstacle
against which the storm waves break. The large waves throw spray well up the
beach while smaller waves deposit their freezing spray near the lake. There
being more small waves than large ones, ice accumulates faster at the edge of
the beach than farther back on the beach. The result is a flat-topped wedge of
ice which fills in the slope of the beach and the nearshore lake bottom. This
condition, shown in Figure 5(15), is considered to be transient, for the waves
continue to break against its vertical face and to deposit more material at the
outer edge than further landward.
4. The Simple Ice Rampart
Continued deposition of spray, slush, and ice balls on the lakeward edge
of the ice sheet builds up the edge into an elevated ridge of ice with a vertical face along and just lakeward of the water's edge. Undercutting by waves
produces cracks in the ice rampart. Waves pocketed in undercuts force water and
sand upward through the cracks, eroding some of them into blowholes. Figure 6(20)
depicts the simple ice rampart condition. Undercutting and cracking are shown in
the foreground and two newly developed blowholes show beside the man in the middle
distance.

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