Gesenius' Hebrew grammar: 17th ed., with numerous corrections and additions, by dr. E. Rödiger. Tr. by T. J. Conant ... With grammatical exercises and a chrestomathy, by the translator.

~ 98. ADVERBS.

195

SECT. 98.
ADVERBS.
1. Primitive adverbs are those of negation, ki not =ov, ovx,
5= ru, 'p" there [is] not, and some few others of place and
time, as =5 there, TR then.
These adverbs may at least for grammatical purposes be regarded as
primitive, even if it be possible to trace them to other roots, particularly
pronominal roots.
2. Examples of other parts of speech, which, without any
change of form, are used adverbially, are:
a) Substantives with prepositions; e. g. It1T (with might),
very greatly; ~5. alone (prop. in separateness), with suff.?.5
I alone (prop. in my separateness); nrl.t within; ltn. (as one),
together.
b) Substances in the accusative (the casus adverbialis of the
Shemites, ~ 116), comp. rrv c;QXv, as 'lik (might), very greatly;
0&R (cessation), no more;:5't (this day), to-day; at' (union),
together. Many of these substantives very seldom exhibit their
original signification as nouns, e. g.:a.0 (circuit), around;
others have wholly lost it, as I' (length), long ago; Vit (repetition), again, farther, longer.
c) Adjectives, especially in the feminine (which answers to
the neuter), as ]: recte, ita (prop. rectum), '1tWl. (primum) at
first, formerly,,1r and rin much, enough, ri&TH. wonderfully
(prop. mirabilibus, sc. modis), r11. the second time, nr.W.1 Jewish, i. e. in the Jewish language.
d) Verbs in the Infinitive absolute, especially in Hiphil,
which are also to be regarded as accusatives (~ 128, 2); e. g.
IMi (prop. doing much), much.
e) Pronouns, as.T (prop. this at this place), here.
See a list of the adverbs most in use, with their meanings, in ~ 147.
3. Other adverbs have been formed by the addition of the
formative syllable 3- (more seldom t3-) to substantives, as
t3wH and:Wtb truly, from 10S' truth; Osn (for thanks), gratis,
in vain;:ti" by day, from ir,; itB. for tZr. in a twinkling,
from Vnf twinkling.
The termination t3-,:-, occurs also in the formation of substantives,
like 1i, 17 (~ 83, No. 15); e. g. igl, and lq',e ranuom, Aqovw, 1:ti