Archaeological atlas of Michigan [by] Wilbert B. Hinsdale...

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE COUNTIES

in one of the belts that supported a "dense population." See notes
upon Ionia, Saginaw, and Kalamazoo counties.
SITES IDENTIFIED
Villages ----------18
Mounds -----------16
Burying grounds -- 4
Inclosures --------- 5
Garden beds ------- 2

SCHOOLCRAFT COUNTY
(Map 19)
The notes upon Menominee and Delta counties should be consulted in connection with the approach along the Lake Michigan
shore to Green Bay. Indian Lake, near Manistique, has considerable Indian lore connected with it. A very interesting mission
chapel and a cemetery were situated at the Indian village, Ossawinamakee, upon the shore of the lake. North of Indian Lake
there is a "big spring" about three to five hundred feet across and
sixty feet deep. Legends attributes mystic powers to this clear,
beautiful pool.
SITES IDENTIFIED
Village ---------- 1
SBurying ground --- 1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

TOWNSHIPS
Flowerfield 9. Constantine
Park 10. Florence
Mendon 11. Sherman
Leonidas 12. Burr Oak
Fabius 13. Mottville
Lockport 14. White Pigeon
Nottawa 15. Sturgis
Colon 16. Fawn River

TOWNSHIPS
1. Hiawatha (Pt.) 6.
2. Seney 7.
3. Hiawatha (Pt.) 8.
4. Hiawatha (Pt.) 9.
5. Manistique 10.

Doyle
Germfask
Inwood
Thompson
Mueller

SANILAC COUNTY
(Map 10)
Mr. Harlan I. Smith, who contributed largely to the archaeological literature of the Saginaw Valley, as well as of other parts of
the state, mentions numerous sites in Sanilac and other counties
that cannot now be located, thirty-five years later, with sufficient
definiteness to warrant charting them. For instance, Beaver
Meadow Mound, Cass River mounds, and Hay Creek mounds no
doubt existed, but even by using the word "vague" the cartographer cannot include some of them in his drawings.
Perhaps the only specimens of rock carvings attributed to the
Indians, now to be seen in the state, are in Greenleaf Township,
Section 11, along the north branch of Cass River. Here are outlines of men, animals, birds, and "problematical creatures" deeply
carved upon the wide exposure of bed-rock. Unfortunately, the
depravity of recent individuals has led them to leave to future
generations names, dates, and disgraceful figures chiseled among
the original carvings.
At the mouth of Big Gulley Creek, in the extreme southeast
corner of Delaware Township, there was a circular inclosure, and
in Speaker Township, immediately south of the village of Peck,
a "garden bed." Mr. Smith and Gerard Fowke mention other
garden beds in the county. The query is whether the designs of
these beds would have identified them with the garden beds so
numerous in the southwestern part of the state, or whether they
were common cornfields like the one mentioned under Alcona
County.
In Section 36, Watertown Township, a unique construction
consisted of "a square inclosure with interior mound." There was
a rectangular inclosure with an opening to the north, and a mound
in front of the opening, in the southwest corner of Worth Township, on the west side of Black River.
One of the long trails from the head of Lake Erie and beyond
followed the Huron shore to the northern limits of the Lower
Peninsula. The sites in Sanilac County were numerous and various. They are indicated as adequately as possible upon the map.
See Kalamazoo County for comments upon tgarden beds."
SITES IDENTIFIED
Village -----------1
Burying grounds -------3
Mounds --------------22
Garden bed -----------1
Circular inclosure -------
Rectangular inclosures 2

SHIAWASSEE COUNTY
(Map 9)
The general remarks that have been made concerning adjacent counties will apply to Shiawassee, and what is given here
will apply to them in a general way.
Bela Hubbard, describing a trip he took down the Shiawassee
River in 1837, when the natives felt little of the fatal spell which
falls upon them with the very beginnings of white settlements,
gives the following memorandum: "Many of the Indian clearings
stretched for several continuous miles, and many acres bordering
the river were covered with luxuriant maize-the chief cultivated
food of the natives." He refers also to caches for hiding provisions. At the time of this observation Hubbard was somewhere in Shiawassee County, below Byron and above Corunna.
A network of trails indicates the amount of travel that passed
through the Shiawassee valley.
Mr. Cyrus Thomas records an effigy mound in Section 19,
Caledonia Township. It is the only mound reported in the state
that was built in the shape of some living object. This type of
earth construction is very common in Wisconsin and Ohio. In
the vicinity of Old Shiawassee Town there were two "garden
beds" and two villages. Within the present limits of the city of
Owosso were a village, a garden bed, an isolated mound, and one
mound group. The interesting features of the county, so far as
determined, are indicated upon the map.
SITES IDENTIFIED
Villages ------------5
Mounds -----------24
Garden beds --------3
Circular inclosure 1--
Effigy ------------- 1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Fairfield
Rush
New Haven
Hazelton
Middlebury
Owosso

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

TOWNSHIPS
Caledonia
Venice
Sciota
Bennington
Shiawassee
Vernon

13.
14.
15.
16.

Woodhull
Perry
Antrim
Burns

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Greenleaf
Austin
Minden
Delaware
Evergreen
Argyle
Wheatland
Marion
Forester

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

TOWNSHIPS
Lamotte
Moore
Custer
Bridgehampton
Marlette
Elmer
Watertown
Washington
Sanilac

19.
20.
21.
21.
23.
24.
25.
26.

Flynn
Elk
Buell
Lexington
Maple Valley
Speaker
Fremont
Worth

TUSCOLA COUNTY
(Map 9)
If one could have followed the Cass River from its headwaters
to the Saginaw before the Indians were disturbed by white intruders, he would have observed that the inhabitants were becoming more numerous and their habitations more frequent as he
descended.
There were a circular inclosure and a mound upon Saginaw
Bay, at the mouth of the Wiscoggin. Mr. Harlan I. Smith speaks
of earthworks upon Squaw and Quanicassee creeks, but since those

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