A commentary on the prophecy of Hosea by Edward Pococke.

v. 3. Therefore shall the land mourn, and every one that dwelleth therein shall languish with the beasts of the field, and with the fowls of heaven: yea the fishes of the sea also shall be taken away.

Therefore.] d 1.1 For the wickedness of them that dwell therein, the land shall mourn. The land cannot properly be said mourn, no more can it to sing, or rejoice, yet is that also attri∣buted to it, as where it is said, that the val∣lies covered with corn shout for joy, and also sing. Ps. 65.13. The expressions are manifestly figurative, or Metaphorical, that which is pro∣perly belonging to men who have sense of things, and are thereby moved with joy and sorrow, being attributed to the earth which hath no such sense, when it is in such a habit or condition, as may not unfitly represent the one or the other in men, or may admini∣ster to men cause and occasion of the one or the other: its rejoycing, laughing, and shouting for joy, or singing, denotes the flourishing condition thereof; and on the contrary, the mourning, as here, e 1.2 so elsewhere, attributed to it, its desolation; which f 1.3 when it is wast, or hath none or few to dwell, or pass up and down in it, or to manure it, is as one that sits solitary, and bemoans himself, as the Syriac renders it, shall sit in mourning, or sor∣row. The Chaldee therefore expresseth the meaning by, it shall be laid wast, or desolate; and g 1.4 some of the Rabbins following him, the land of Israel shall be desolate, and destroyed. h 1.5 There be, who by the land, take here to be meant the inhabitants of the land, who may be properly said to mourn. R. Salomo seems to take both in, as accompanying one the other, expounding it, It shall be desolate, and mourning shall he increased, (or there shall be great mourning) in it. But that it is here more peculiarly spoken of the land it self, and its condition, (though the other is necessarily consequent on it,) it may seem, because in the next words the inhabitants are distinctly spoken of.

To find when this judgment was made good on the land, we shall not need to fly to that which i 1.6 Kimchi reports from an ancient Doctor of theirs, that for fifty two years there passed not a man through the land of Judah, grounding his conceit on the number that the letters in 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Beast, make; or from another, of its lying wast seven years, with brimstone, and salt, and burning, according to that, Deut. 29.23. k 1.7 Others, on more rea∣son, tell us, that this was in considerable part made good on the land of the ten Tribes, when Tiglath Pilneser King of Assyria carried away the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half Tribe of Manasseh, ( l 1.8 2 Chr. 5.26.) and more fully when the rest were some slain, some carried away captives by Shalmaneser King of Assyria, (2 Kin. 17.6.) and all cut off from the land, so that it was left destitute of

such as should dress and manure it.

What he saith, that the land shall mourn, he farther explaineth or setteth forth, by rehear∣sing what should befall the inhabitants there∣of, subjoyning, and every one that dwelleth therein shall languish, &c. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Veumlal col yosheb bah. This seems properly spoken of men, in as much as other living creatures are distinctly mentioned afterwards. The word, Ʋmlal, hath given to it the signi∣fications of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Coleshah viceritah, weakness or languishing, and excision, or being cut off, or failing. And some (as ours) take the former; others more respect the latter, as well the Greek and Arabick, which render, shall be diminished with its inhabitants, &c. as m 1.9 others, who render, shall be cast out, or n 1.10 shall be cut off. So Kimchi here, and others; with whom the Chaldee also may be reckoned, which hath 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Yitsde, rendred by the or∣dinary Latin Translator, exterminio delebitur, or, as o 1.11 others, internecione delebuntur. But we may well take it as including both, that as to the greater part they shall fail, being cut off by famin, pestilence, or war, and cap∣tivity; and as for them that shall remain, they shall be weakned, faint, and languish for want of food, and things necessary and con∣venient.

The greatness of the judgment is amplified by the extent of it, in that it shall reach not onely to men, but to the other creatures also, which are together named; so will the words import, according to that reading which our Translation gives (with many others,) viz. with the beasts of the field, and with the fowls of heaven; for the words in the Original are, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Bechaiath hassa∣deh ubeoph hasshamaim, in the expounding of which what difference there is, depends upon the signification assigned to the Particle or Preposition 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Be, which according to the sense of the place, and what that requires, is seve∣rally expounded, sometimes in, sometimes with, sometimes by, (to omit other uses of it in construction, observed by Grammarians.) Ours here take it in the signification of with, so as to give us this plain meaning, That the evil threatned, languishing, failing, or destru∣ction, shall seize not onely on men, but on those other creatures also. p 1.12 Some do render it, in the beast, &c. but then they take in not in its proper signification, but so as to import the same as with. So q 1.13 they that follow the vulgar Latin expound it, to wit, that in, is as much as simul cum, together with. Except it be so understood, to say, they shall be weak∣ned (or languish) in the beast of the field, will make no plain sense, except we shall under∣stand it, That they shall languish in the beasts of the field, or as r 1.14 some, propter, for, i. e. be∣cause they languish or fail; which meaning Aben Ezra's words may seem to import, when he expounds it, they shall languish, be∣cause they shall not find what they may hunt, (or catch by hunting,) but so also will it be redu∣cible to what we say, with the beasts &c. To it also will be reduced what s 1.15 others render, tum bestiae agri, tum volucres coeli, both the beasts of the field, and the fowls of heaven, though they do not then by, every one that inhabiteth therein, seem to take men to be meant, but those other creatures; and so R. Tanchum takes it, saying it is of the same signification with 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Min, of, as it is Lev. 8.32. and that this is a distinct enumeration of such as dwell in the land, viz. of the beasts, and of the fowls. But how men should be excluded, as to those whom this judgment should con∣cern, I know not; nor do I think, that they would have them excluded, and so their Ex∣position will fall in with that first mentioned, as to the notion of the Particle Be: as doth plainly theirs also by the same R. Tanchum men∣tioned, who take it to import, and, viz. and the beasts of the field &c. as it is taken Gen. 23.18. and here also by the Syriac. But he ex∣cepts against this, because then to the word fowls, the particle and would be twice joyned very superfluously, and without sense to say, and and the fowls.

But others there are, that take it in a far different sense, viz. so as to signifie, by; or, if with, so as to denote the instrument, or that by means of which it is effected: So the Chaldee Paraphrast, and every one that dwelleth therein shall be cut off, or destroyed, of, or by the beast of the field, (as his words are usually rendred,) but it may be considered whether in him it may not be rendred, as the Hebrew is by ours, with the beast &c.

But Abarbinel plainly declares, that he thinks it may and ought to be rendred, by the beasts, saying expresly that the particle imports 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the instrument, and that so the meaning is, That all the inhabitants of the earth shall be cut off, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 i. e. by means of the beasts of the field, which shall come upon them to cut them off; and then he tells us, that by the beasts of the field, and the fowls of heaven, he doth not understand those creatures, pro∣perly so called, but their Enemies; as he will also have to be understood by the beasts of the field, above, c. 2.12. and as (he saith) Nebuchadnezar is called a Lion of the thicket, Jer. 4.7. and so likewise by the fowls of hea∣ven, according to what Moses saith, Deut. 28.49. The Lord shall bring a nation against thee from far, from the end of the earth, as the Eagle

flieth, &c. whom t 1.16 Ezekiel also compareth to a great Eagle: and he thinks the words, the beast of the field, and fowl of the air, (which ours render as names of multitude in the plural,) to be therefore put in the singular number, that they may particularly denote Senacharib and Nebuchadnezar. But in this it is manifest that he is out; what is here spoken, concerning (more peculiarly) the ten Tribes; and not the other two, which after the ex••ision of the ten, suffered what they did from Senacherib and Nebuchadnezar. And it would seem more to the purpose to have said Tiplathpileser, and Shalmaneser, if there were any necessity of understanding the words, of beast and fowl (as he would have them to be) of the enemies.

That it ought not to be so understood, we say; That there is no necessity so to understand it, is manifest from himself; who giveth (if this be not liked) another Exposition, where∣in he takes 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Be, as ours take it, to signifie, with, but in clean another sense, they shall lan∣guish, or be cut off, with the beast of the field, &c. i. e. saith he, shalt die as the ••easts of the field, viz. they being estranged from God by forsaking him, should not be as the true Israel, partakers of the life to come, but be as the beasts of the field, and their souls pe∣rish, as their soul that goeth downward, and cometh to nothing. But this Exposition goes manifestly on a false ground or supposal, that the souls of the wicked of Israel are not immortal, but perish and vanish as those of beasts: and deserves not farther to be insisted on.

Among these mentioned or the like trans∣lations or expositions of these words, that translation of ours, and the plain meaning of it in the first place given, seems most genuine and proper; viz. that the judgment threat∣ned under which the land should mourn, should seize not onely the men that dwelt therein, but together on the other creatures mentioned: though for the cause of the men, and that either as a part of their punishment, or consequent on, or concomitant of, it, where∣in God's justice will be still conspicuous; He of old for man's sake, and in kindness to him, established his covenant not onely with him and his seed, but also with every living crea∣ture with him, of the fowl, of the cattle, and of every beast of the earth, &c. Gen. 9.10. The like reason of justice will appear, if for mens sake when they have offended, he cause his punishment to reach also to other creatures, though they cannot be said to have sinned, and offended; it will be an aggrava∣tion, and (as we said) a part of the punish∣ment of man, who was made Lord of those creatures, to whom they were made subser∣vient for his use, profit, and delight, so that he cannot be well, if at all, without them.

This will be more evident, if by the beasts, and fowls mentioned, we particularly under∣stand such as serve him for his use, and he cannot live well without, as neither they with∣out him, and except he take care of them; and therefore seldom are found but where men are, and duly till and manure the ground: so that the plenty of them is a token of a p••en∣tiful and happy, the want of them of a barren and miserable countrey. But if it be more generally understood, so as to take in other beasts or fowls of a wilder nature, even the failing of these will be a token of a land, on which and its inhabitants the curse of God lies, and consequent (as we said) or concomitant of it. Tis Kimchi's note on the place, that by the beasts of the field, may more properly be un∣derstood, not beasts of the wilderness, but such as live or grow up in an inhabited place with men; but, saith he, it may u 1.17 compre∣hend other wild beasts also; for they do not usually keep in desolate places, in some part of which men do not at all dwell; and as for the fowls of the air, they for the most part live not in mere deserts, but in cultivated places, where they may find seed, or fruits, and flowres of plants and trees, and where they may live on such things as come from men, or are occasioned and w 1.18 left by them. And so elsewhere is the desolation of the land described by the failing of beasts and sowls in it: as Jer. 12.4. By comparing of which place with this, both will be illustrated; How long shall the land mourn, and the herbs of every field wither, for the wickedness of them that dwell therein? the beasts are consumed, and the birds &c. But here is farther added yet, for aggravation of the judgment, by the extent of it; Yea the fishes of the sea shall also be taken away.

Of which words before we give the mean∣ing, or look into the different interpretati∣ons, we may observe, that the word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Yam, Sea, is used to signifie not onely that great collection of waters, which we properly and particularly call the Sea, but also lesser col∣lections of x 1.19 pools, and lakes, and rivers: and is therefore by the LXX sometimes ren∣dred more y 1.20 generally 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 water; so that by the failing of fish in any of these, whence they might expect supply of them, this may be said to be fulfilled.

We may observe also concerning the word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Yeasephu, rendred, shall be taken away, that the root thereof 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Asaph, besides its more usual and proper signification, which is of gathering together, so properly understood,

is used in other notions also; as, of z 1.21 taking or receiving in, or to; so of a 1.22 taking, or p••t ting away: as of b 1.23 healing, and recovering; so of destroying, c 1.24 consuming, perishing, and dyi••g, according to that usual expression of being gathered to ones fathers or people; and d 1.25 with∣drawing, and the like; and all these are easily reducible to that first or general notion: and if they be by any rendred by that, e 1.26 that therefore is to be understood for any of them in particular, as the sense and scope of the place requires, and some one of them may perhaps be used for another, as coming under the same general notion with it, though in its own language it properly seem to signifie another thing, (which may be observable in other words, and places also.)

This being premised, we shall the better judge of differing translations and interpre∣tations; as when the Chal••ee paraphraseth, and also the fishes of the sea shall be diminished for their sins; and the Greek render, and the fishes of the sea shall fail: and accordingly the prin∣ted f 1.27 Arabick, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and the fishes of the sea shall perish, or be consumed: and the Syriack, and the fishes which are in the sea 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 shall fail, cease, or be con∣sumed: and the vulgar Latin, congregabuntur, shall be gathered together; and other modern Translations, g 1.28 shall be consumed, shall be h 1.29 de∣stroyed, shall i 1.30 die, shall be k 1.31 taken away, as ours: These all, and the like, will be easily reconciled, by observing what we have said of the signifi∣cation of the word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Asaph, and all drive at this as the scope, That the judgment of God here denounced, shall reach even to the de∣struction of the fishes, or at least the depriving that people of the use of them, or benefit by them. There be also, who do differ in the placing of the words in their construction, yet drive still at the same end; as an Arabick Translation out of the Hebrew, which doth not as others ordinarily do, make the Verb 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Yeasephu, shall be taken away (as ours,) or shall be gathered together (as others), to be spoken of the fishes onely, but of those that dwell in the land; thus, therefore the land shall mourn, and all that dwell in it shall be l 1.32 weakened, (or languish,) 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and shall be gathered together, (or die for the word may signifie ei∣ther) with the beast of the field, and the fowl of the heaven, and the fishes of the sea; agreeable to which is that interpretation also, which Calvin saith will well fit the words; From the beast of the field, and from the fowl of heaven, even unto the fishes of the sea, colligentur omnes, vel è medio tollentur, they shall all be gathered together, or taken away; for either signification (saith he) will agree to the words. These also make (as we said) the scope of the word still the same, namely to import such a destruction, as shall be not onely on the dry land, and the inhabitants thereof, whether men, or beasts, or birds; but on the waters, and the fish therein. In this they all agree, that they take the names of fish and sea, as well as beasts and fowl, in a proper, not a figurative signifi∣cation, as some (whom St. Jerom mentions) have done, who by beasts understood fierce, beast-like men; by the fowls proud, lofty men; by fishes, foo••ish, unreasonable men: which, as he notes, can no way agree to this place, which describes a heavy judgment, whereas the taking away such would be a blessing, not a curse to the people; but that here denounced is a heavy judgment, a curse on them in their persons, and in all that might concern them for their good, or be beneficial to them; a curse some m 1.33 ancient Jews would hence (viz. from what is added concerning the fish) collect it to be, more grievous than even that sent on the old world at the general deluge, and these to be looked on as greater sin••••ers than they were, in as much as the fish did not then die, nor were destroyed. But this we may look on, with Abenezra, as a descant on the words, not any thing properly meant by them. What is said, argues indeed the greatness of the sin of the people, and is a way of more than ordinary punishment, yet at other times threatned and inflicted by God for the sins of men. So among God's heavy judgments on the Egyp∣tians, one is, that the fish in the river should die, Ex. 7.18. as accordingly they did, v. 21. He turned their waters into bloud, and slew their fish. Ps. 105.29. And among such judg∣ments that he useth to bring on people for their sins, is his drying up the waters, and causing their fish to stink, and die: If. 50.2. And Zeph. 1. v. 2, 3. is God's judgment against Judah threatned in words much like these, with which he here threatneth Israel, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Asoph aseph, I will utterly consume all things from off the land, saith the Lord: I will consume man and beast; I will consume the fowls of the heaven, and the fishes of the sea, &c.

How this destruction of the fish here men∣tioned was then to be, and was afterwards effected, is not here or elsewhere expressed, and therefore different are the conjectures of

Expositors for expounding it; and that, as they differently understand the name sea, ei∣ther of the great sea, or else of other lakes, ponds, pools, or rivers, (as n 1.34 some do parti∣cularly of Jordan;) to all which it may (as we said) well enough agree. o 1.35 Some think, that it should be, by causing that such herbs, and plants, and grass, which use to grow on rocks in the sea, or the bottom thereof, on which fish use to feed, should not grow in the sea (or waters) of the land of Israel. p 1.36 Others that it should be by causing poysonous herbs or grass to grow therein, which should be destructive and pernicious to them; or by the corruption of the waters, or drying them up, according to what is said, he turneth ri∣vers into a wilderness, and the water-springs in∣to dry ground. Ps. 107.33. And the waters shall fail from the sea, and the river shall be wasted and dried up: Is. 19.5. or (understanding it of the main sea) q 1.37 by causing the fishes, ga∣thering themselves together, to forsake their coasts, as in divers other countreys it hath often happened. Others, that the lakes being corrupted with bloud (of the multitude of the slain) the fishes should be cast up in great companies on the banks. r 1.38 Others, that through failing of fishers (the men being de∣stroyed) there should be a failing of fish, which by them was wont to be brought to the cities. These and the like (there being nothing concerning the manner, as we said, expressed) are onely conjectures; all pro∣bable enough: and perhaps more of these ways might concur; but certain it is, that God having said it should be, it was effected by some such way as he thought fit. And though different men differ in their conjectures and expressions, they all tend to the same end; and among them hitherto mentioned, whether Jewish or Christian Expositors, there is no irreconcileable difference.

But if we look to Abarbinel, we shall find him to, take in these, as he did in the former words, a far different way, or rather ways, not well agreeing with himself which to fix on. His first way, which seems to be that which he best liketh, is, That by the fishes of the sea are meant the armies of the Romans, which destroyed the second Temple; which armies because they consisted of several nations and people, which from several places were ga∣thered together against it, he describeth by saying, and also the fishes of the sea shall be ga∣thered together. Otherwise, he saith, that by the fishes of the sea may be understood Israel, according to that comparison Hab. 1.14. &c. and that by this Prophecy is understood that great multitudes of Israel should die in the time of the destruction, when the enemies should pour out their bloud round about Je∣rusalem, and there should be none to bury them; and that what he saith, is, that every one that dwelleth in the land shall be cut off by the beasts of the field, and the fowls of the air, (viz. slain by the enemy,) but that some of them should not die, but should go into captivity, and of them it is said, and also the fishes of the sea shall be gathered [or taken away]; as if he should sav, And also the inhabitants of the earth which he speaks of, shall be gathered [or taken away] by the hand of the enemy, to carry them into captivity; or else that the meaning may be, that they shall die, and their souls perish, and come to nought with, that is, as the beasts of the field, and fowls of the heaven, and fishes of the sea: and then the Verb 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Yeasephu, shall be taken away, or gathered is to be looked on as joyned not with the last now mentioned, viz. the fishes of the sea, but with that going before, viz those that dwe••in the land; as we have before seen, that some would have it.

While he gives us so many wayes of ex∣pounding the words, it is manifest that he knew not well which to fix on, and that he labours to say something rather different from what others do, than better: his wayes are for the most part forced, and it is apparent what in all he drives at, namely that the Pro∣phecy should not be applied to the ten Tribes, then dwelling in the land of Israel, nor to the judgments threatned to them, and to be effe∣cted by the Assyrians invading and destroying them, and captivating them, and other con∣comitant evils brought on them, which plain∣ly it doth concern; but to the Jews, or two Tribes distinct from them, and so to concern such judgments as were brought on them, both by the Assyrians a good while after what is spoken was executed on the ten; as also such as were by the Romans, long after their return from that, brought on them, under which they yet continue. His drift herein is manifest, though he do not here express it, to wit, that he may thence take occasion against our assertion that the Messiah is come; before whose coming these things were to be fulfilled. ••s the words therefore do not af∣ford any just grounds for any such Exposition as he would put upon them, so neither are we upon his authority to embrace any such.

St. Hierom better gives us where to fixe, who thus gives the meaning of the whole verse, (that we may in his words summe up what we have said to that purpose;) Therefore shall the land mourn with its inhabitants, and it shall be weakned (or languish) so as not to have beasts of the field, and fowls of the heaven; and the fishes of the sea s••all fail. For when the

Captivity of the ten Tribes shall come, the inha∣bitants being taken away, the beasts also, and the fowls of heaven, and the fishes of the sea shall fail: and the elements shall feel the wrath of God. He that will not believe this to have hap∣pened to the people of Israel, let him behold Illyricum, and Thrace, and Macedonia, and Pannonia, and all the countrey from the Pro∣pontis and Bosphorus as far as to the Julian Alpes, and he shall find there all sort of living creatures to fail, together with men, which before were by the Creator nourished for the use of men. Thus he, explaining the words, doth, by an example of which he himself was an eye-wit∣ness, shew that they are so to be understood as he explains them, and that we ought not to fly to any figurative meaning, but to take them as they literally sound: and so under∣stood, are they (as we have said) a description of a very terrible judgment, aggravated by the great extent of it. Which the Greek of the LXX, and s 1.39 such as follow them, yet far∣ther inlarge, inserting after, the beasts of the field, and with the creeping things of the earth: which addition of theirs we may look on as made by them for explication sake of the former words, as if they thought these also comprehended under those, and that the judg∣ment did reach them also, but cannot think it a proof that they read them in any Hebrew copy that they then had, whereas they are now wanting in all; as Cappellus thinks they did.

That great were the sins of the people here spoken to, and very heavy the judgments threatned to them, the foregoing words hither∣to do sufficiently make manifest; yet is there in the following that which greatly makes for the aggravation of both, from the irre∣mediableness of their condition both as to the one and the other, in that they are past hope as to both: there is no hope of redress in their manners, and so no hope or possibility of their escaping the judgment; this he proceedeth in the next words to declare, saying,

Notes

• d 1.1

  Ps. 107.34.
• e 1.2

  Is. 33.9. Jer. 4.28. and 12.4. Joel 1.10.
• f 1.3

  R. Tanch. and see Ch. à Castro.
• g 1.4

  R. D Kimchi.
• h 1.5

  See Petr. à Fig. Chr â Castro. Pisc. Pareus.
• i 1.6

  Here, and on Jer. 9.10. and see Talm. Shab. f. 145. and Rabboth Eica. f. 52.
• k 1.7

  Zanch. Gror.
• l 1.8

  and see 2 Ki. 15.29.
• m 1.9

  Munst. Exterminabitur
• n 1.10

  Pet. à Fig.
• o 1.11

  Id.
• p 1.12

  Vulg. Lat.
• q 1.13

  Ribera. Petr. à Fig.
• r 1.14

  See Sanct.
• s 1.15

  Jun. Trem.
• t 1.16

  Ezek. 17.
• u 1.17

  See Ar. Mont.
• w 1.18

  Hominum reliquiis. Rivet.
• x 1.19

  Rivet.
• y 1.20

  See Kirch. Concor.
• z 1.21

  Gen. 6.21.
• a 1.22

  Ps. 85.3. Gen. 30.23.
• b 1.23

  2 Kin. 5.3. &c.
• c 1.24

  Judg. 18.25. Zeph. 1.2, 3.
• d 1.25

  1 Sam. 14.19. Joel 2.10.
• e 1.26

  See Ps. 26.9. in the text and margin of our Bibles.
• f 1.27

  The Latin Translator of which, ill distinguisheth the words, & cum volatilibus coeli & piscibus maris interibit; referring interibit to the land, not to the inhabitants, &c.
• g 1.28

  Munst.
• h 1.29

  Tig.
• i 1.30

  Jun. Tr.
• k 1.31

  Lively. Pisc.
• l 1.32

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• m 1.33

  Yaphet, in Ab. Ez. ra, and s••e Yalkut.
• n 1.34

  Sanctius.
• o 1.35

  R. Da. Kimchi
• p 1.36

  Sanct.
• q 1.37

  Id. and Cor. à Lapide.
• r 1.38

  See Chr. à Castro, and Riv••t.
• s 1.39

  See printed Arab.