A compendious history of the Goths, Svvedes, & Vandals, and other northern nations written by Olaus Magnus.

The Contents.

BOOK I.

• CHAP. 1. A Description of Biarmia. Fol. 1
• 2 A Description of Finmarck. Fol. 2
• 3 The Description of Scricfinnia. ibid.
• 4 Of the vehemency of the Southern Wind. Fol. 3
• 5 Of the violence of North-Winds. ib.
• 6 The divers Effects of Thunder and L••ghtning in the Northern parts. Fol. 4
• 7 Of the fierceness of Cold. ibid.
• 8 Of Frosts and the falling of Snow. Fol. 5
• 9 Of the variety of snow and glasses. ib.
• 10 Of the Forts of Snow made by young people. Fol. 6
• 11 Of the running of Horses upon Ice for Cloaks. ib.
• 12 Of the running of men upon the Ice for a wager. Fol. 7
• 13 Of the Inns upon the Ice for Travel∣lers. Fol. 8
• 14 Of the Passage upon the Ice between the Gulphs. Fol. 9
• 15 Of Instruments for the Ice. Fol. 10
• 16 Of the Warlike Obelisks of the Goths, and Stone-Monuments rai∣sed. Fol. 11
• 17 Of Obelisks for Sepulchres. ib.
• 18 Of Stones with Figures. Fol. 12
• 19 Of Dials with shadows. Fol. 13
• 20 Of Sticks to design the Times by. ib.
• 21 Of the Goths Alphabet. Fol. 14

BOOK II.

• Chap. 1. Of Veins of Brimstone, and Combustion of the Waters. Fol. 15
• 2 Of the admirable nature of some Moun∣tains. Fol. 16
• 3 A Description of Iceland, and of the Nation there. ibid.
• 4 Of the horrible sound of the hollow Caves by the shores of the Sea. Fol. 17
• 5 Of the Rock of the Sea-Monk. Fol. 18
• 6 Of the Crowned-Rock, and the multi∣tude of Fish. ib.
• 7 Of the flowing and ebbing of the Sea. Fol. 19
• 8 Of Charybdis, and the wonderful Na∣ture of Ice. ibid.
• 9 Of the Leather-ships made of Hides, used by the Pyrats of Greenland. Fol. 20
• 10 Of the inscrutable depths of the Coasts of Norway. ibid.
• 11 Of the Ports of Iron-Rings. Fol. 21
• 12 Of the dangerous passage of the Moun∣tains, Scars and Sula, between Swe∣den, and Norway. ibid.
• 13 Of the Statues on the Wayes, in the Snowey Mountains. Fol. 22
• 14 Of Passage in the Dark. Fol. 23
• 15 Of Lights, and Pitch-Torches. ib.
• 16 Of the breaking forth of Standing-Waters. Fol. 24
• 17 Of the three famous Lakes of the Goths. ib.
• 18 Of dangerous Caves. Fol. 25
• 19 Of the excellent Antiquity of the Kingly Fort Aaranes of the Vestro∣goths. Fol. 26
• 20 Of the wonderful Garden of the Moun∣tain Kindaberg, near the said Castle. Fol. 27
• 21 Of the beauty and plenty of the Island Elandia of the Goths. Fol. 28
• 22 Of the famous Island of the Goths called Gothland. Fol. 29
• 23 Of the Bucklers of Princes, engraven upon the Mountains of Hanga. Fol. 30

• 24 Of the Mountains with Helmets. Fol. 31
• 25 Of the straits in the Stoney-Ports. Fol. 32
• 26 Of Stoney-Rocks, and the dangerous passage through Idebenckia, ibid.
• 27 Of swift Torrents. Fol. 33
• 28 Of the divers Forms of Stones upon the Coasts. Fol. 34
• 29 Of the Stones of Giants, and Springs of Waters. ibid.

BOOK III.

• Chap. 1. Of the Superstitious Worship of the Pagans of Lituania Fol. 36
• 2 Of the Superstitious Worship of men under the Pole. Fol. 37
• 3 Of the three greater gods of the Goths. Fol. 38
• 4 Of the three lesser Gods. ibid.
• 5 Of the magnificent Temple of the Nor∣thern gods. Fol. 39
• 6 Of the Religion, and Sacrifices of the Goths. Fol. 40
• 7 Of the Goths Superstition about Thunder. Fol. 41
• 8 Of their fighting against the Gods. Fol. 42
• 9 Of the Fatal Sisters and Nimphs. ibid.
• 10 Of the Night-dances of the Fairies and Ghosts. Fol. 43
• 11 Of the War against the Fauni. ibid.
• 12 Of Divination. Fol. 44
• 13 Of the Magical Art of Ericus, with his Windy-Cap, and of others. Fol. 45
• 14 Of Women-Witches. Fol. 46
• 15 Of the Conjurers and Witches in Fin∣land. Fol. 47
• 16 Of the Magical Instruments of Both∣nia. Fol. 48
• 17 Of the Sea-Magicians. ibid.
• 18 Of the same Magicians, and the like. Fol. 49
• 19 Of a Magician bound. ibid.
• 20 Of the punishment for Witches. Fol. 50
• 21 Of the hurts done by the Devils. Fol. 51

BOOK IV.

• Chap. 1. Of the unhappy Battail of Reg∣nerus, King of Denmark. Fol. 52
• 2 Of the cruelty of the wild Inhabitants. Fol. 53
• 3 Again concerning the cruelty of these Wild-men. Fol. 54
• 4 Of the Five-fold Speech of the Nor∣thern Kingdoms. ibid.
• 5 Of bartring of Commodities without Moneys. Fol. 55
• 6 Of Fairs upon the Ice. Fol. 56
• 7 Of the Marriage of the Laplanders by fire and flint. Fol. 57
• 8 Of Mourning Dances. Fol. 58
• 9 Of their Exercises by Moon-Lights. ibid.
• 10 Of their Ships, Bands, and Roots, bound together. Fol. 59
• 11 Of the Art of shooting with the Bowe. Fol. 60
• 12 Of the hunting of the Laplanders, ibid.
• 13 Of Horses passing over Snowie Moun∣tains. Fol. 61
• 14 Of the dangerous passage between the Mountains. ibid.
• 15 Of the Law of killing Crows. Fol. 62
• 16 Of the Baptizing of Children of the Wild Inhabitants. ibid.
• 17 Of the Conversion of North and East Finland, and their great Hospitality, Fol. 63

BOOK V.

• Chap. 1. Of Giants. Fol. 64
• 2 Of the difference of Giants and Cham∣pions. Fol. 65
• 3 Of the sobriety of Giants and Cham∣pions. Fol. 66
• 4 Of the Virtues of the most valiant Starchaterus. Fol. 67
• 5 Of the Patronage he afforded to the afflicted. Fol. 68

• 6 Of the Exercises of the said Starchate∣rus. Fol 69
• 7 Of the sum of the Acts of Starchate∣rus. Fol 70
• 8 Of the most great and terrible War be∣tween the Swedes and Goths, where Starchaterus was General against the Danes. Fol 71
• 9 Of the death of Starchaterus. Fol 73
• 10 Of Haldanus, and other Champions whom he conquered. Fol 74
• 11 Of another certain Haldanus, and his Actions. Fol 75
• 12 Of Olo Vegetus. Fol 76
• 13 Again of the same man, fighting va∣liantly for Chastity. Fol 77
• 14 Of the Acts of the Champions Arn∣grinus, and Arvarodus. Fol 78
• 15 Again of the same Arngrimus, and the Charms of the Fins. ibid.
• 16 Of the slaying of a Bear, and the drin∣king of his blood. Fol 79
• 17 Of Regnerus, called Hair-Coat. Fol 80
• 18 Of Alfo, the Defender of Chastity. ibid.
• 19 Of the Stratagems of Fridlevus. Fol 81
• 20 Of the same man's Stratagems by Birds. Fol 82
• 21 Of the fight of King Harald, against a tame Dragon. ibid.
• 22 Of the fight of Frotho and Fridlevus against a Serpent. Fol 83
• 23 Of the same Fridlevus. ibid.
• 24 Of the Piracy of famous Virgins. ibid.

BOOK VI.

• Chap. 1. Of Minerals and the finding of them. Fol 86
• 2 Of the Situation of Mineral Veins. Fol 87
• 3 Of the way to dig the Mines. ibid.
• 4 Of the distinction of Mineral Veins. ibid.
• 5 Of the Wheels, Instruments, and dan∣gers of the Labourers. Fol 88
• 6 Of the Art and Ingenuity of Smiths. ibid.
• 7 Of the d••stinction of fusible Metals. Fol 91
• 8 More of the same Metals. ibid.
• 9 Of the Divels in the Mines. ibid.
• 10 Of Lightning in those Mountains of Minerals. Fol 92
• 11 Of Goldsmiths, or Refiners. ibid.
• 12 Of the Silver Ornaments of Maids. Fol 93

BOOK VII.

• Chap. 1. Of the Artificers of Slings and Darts. Fol 94
• 2 Of Arrows, and Warlike Instruments. ibid.
• 3 Of the suddain calling the Communalty to Arms. ib.
• 4 Of the keeping of the Ways and Scouts. Fol 96
• 5 Of the direction of the multitudes called together. ibid.
• 6 Of Battails on the Shores. Fol 97
• 7 Of Slings for Stones, and red-hot Iron. ibid.
• 8 Of the Velts of the Centurians. Fol 93
• 9 Of the manners and time bringing these Veltae. Fol 98
• 10 Of their Stakes, Darts, and Pits for Snares. ibid.
• 11 Of the Stratagems of King Hacho by boughs. Fol 100
• 12 Of punishing Hostile fires. Fol 101
• 13 Of removing the same danger. ibid.
• 14 Of the custody of Banks in time of Hostility, about a place called Meler, in Upper-Swecia. Fol 102

BOOK VIII.

• Chap. 1 Of the Election of the King. Fol 104
• 2 Of the Adoption of Noble-men by Arms. ib.
• 3 Of the same form of the Adoption. Fol 105
• 4 Of the Millitary Education of Illustri∣ous and Noble men. Fol 106
• 5 Of the reason and manner of Riding. ibid.
• 6 Of the choice of young souldiers for Arms. Fol 107
• 7 Of the same by an outward Ceremony. ibid.
• 8 Of the manner of the old Warfare of the Goths. Fol 108
• 9 Of other Antiquities of Knights. ib.
• 10 Of Military Exercises and Disci∣plines. ibid.
• 11 Of their Arms and Provisions for Knights and Horsemen. Fol 109
• 12 Of the tyrannical severity, and exacti∣on of their Governors. ib.
• 13 Again of the same most wicked Ru∣lers. Fol 110
• 14 Of the Causes of perpetual Discord, that the Swedes or Sweons, and the Goths have against the Danes. Fol 111
• 15 Of the same Causes. Fol 112
• 16 Of the same Causes out of the 24. book of the History of Gothland, of Johan∣nes Magnes, the Author's Brother. Fol 113
• 17 Of the severity of King Christiernus the second. Fol 115
• 18 More of the cruelty of the same King. ibid.

BOOK IX.

• Chap. 1. Of turning Swords in Wheels. Fol 117
• 2 Of their Chariots with Hooks. Fol 118
• 3 Of Brazen Horses that vomited out fire. ibid.
• 4 Of the Guns of the Northern People. Fol 119
• 5 Of Triangular Guns. ibid.
• 6 Of Organ-like Guns. ibid.
• 7 Of the burning the Foundations of Ca∣stles. Fol 120
• 8 Of burning the Foundations of Forts. ibid.
• 9 Of the cruelty of Flatterers, Traytors, and Strangers, often committed most fearfully in the Kingly City Stock∣holm. ibid.
• 10 Of the Original and Scituation of the Kingly City. Fol 121
• 11 Of the scituation of the Mountain Bruncaberg, beyond the Kingly City Holm, and of the Battels fought in it. Fol 122
• 12 Of feeding their Cattle in the houses of the besieged. ibid.
• 13 Of supplying their want of water. Fol 123
• 14 How to supply want of bread. ibid.

BOOK X.

• Chap. 1. Of Fights in Lakes, and of Bridges broken down. Fol 125
• 2 Of the form and use of the old Nor∣thern ships. Fol 126
• 3 Of another form of Northern ships. ibid.
• 4 Of the mutual slaughter of the Mer∣chants, for the Harbours of Iceland. Fol 127
• 5 Of the punishment of the Rebellious Marriners. ibid.
• 6 Of the swimming of Horsemen. Fol 128
• 7 Of the swimming of their Foot soul∣diers in Arms, especially such as are fat.

BOOK XI.

• Chap. 1. Of the Bloody Wars in the Northern Countries. Fol 130
• 2 Of Fights upon the Ice. Fol 131
• 3 Of the breaking forth of the Mosco∣vites, or Russians. ibid.
• 4 Of a fearful sounding Cave, the com∣mon people call Smellen. Fol 132
• 5 Of the same. Fol 133
• 6 Of the Battel of the Finlanders, against the Moscovites. ibid.

• 7 Of the Moscovites way of stealing. Fol. 133
• 8 Of the same. Fol. 134
• 9 Of the way of receiving Embassadours amongst the Moscovites. ibid.
• 10 Of the Italian Embassadour cruelly slain. Fol. 136
• 11 Of the ingenuity of the Merchants of Moscovia. ib.
• 12 Of the divers ways of the Finlanders making War. ib.
• 13 More of their Arms and Ammuni∣tion. Fol. 137
• 14 Of the Northern Gov••rnours, or the King of Sweden. ib.
• 15 Of burning the Forts of violent Go∣vernours. Fol. 138
• 16 Of their Engines for the Ice. ib.
• 17 Of Fiery Chariots. Fol. 139
• 18 Of their strange Artillery. Fol. 140
• 19 Of their manner of shooting, ib.
• 20 Of their hindring the waters to freez. Fol. 141
• 21 Of Walls of Ice. ib.
• 22 Of Watches kept on the Ice, and in the night. Fol. 142
• 23 Of the more fortunate Battails in the morning. ib.
• 24 Of the besieging of Forts fenced with Ice. Fol. 143
• 25 Of assaulting the Enemies ships that are frozen in. ib.
• 26 Of the strange punishment of unfaith∣ful servants. Fol. 144
• 27 Of their infliction, by cold frozen wa∣ter. Fol. 145
• 28 Of their strange Horse-Races. ibid.
• 29 Of the wild Asses running on the Ice. ibid.
• 30 Of the Ranged Deer running in the Snow. Fol. 146
• 31 Of the drowning of the Enemies in the Snowie Valleys. ib.
• 32 Of Snow-balls sticking in the Horses hoofs. ib.

BOOK XII.

• Chap. 1. Of the Variety and Forms of their Stones. Fol. 148
• 2 Of building their houses, and the divers forms of them. Fol. 149
• 3 Of the same. ib.
• 4 Of the great magnitude of Trees in the Northern parts. Fol. 150
• 5 Of the excellency thereof. Fol. 151
• 6 Of the diversity. ibid.
• 7 Of the quality of Fruits. Fol. 152
• 8 Of the Fir-Tree Gum, or Rosin, and of the original of Amber. ib.

BOOK XIII.

• Chap. 1. Of the diversity of gathering in of Harvest. Fol. 154
• 2 Of their Bake-houses, and baking of bread. Fol. 155
• 3 Of parching their Corn that must last. ibid.
• 4 The manner of drinking amongst the Northern people. ibid.
• 5 The variety of boyling of Salt. Fol. 156
• 6 The difficulty of carrying Salt into the Northern Kingdoms. lib.
• 7 The great quantity of Butter. ibid.
• 8 The greatnesse and goodnesse of their Cheese. Fol. 157
• 9 Of Weavers. ib.

BOOK XIV.

• Chap. 1. Of the diversity of Habits. Fol 160
• 2 Of the chaste adorning of Virgins, and rigour of Chastity. ib.
• 3 Of the Benediction of the Catholick Kings. Fol 161
• 4 Of Knights and their Oath. Fol 162
• 5 Of the Marriages of the Commons. ib.
• 6 Of Adulterers, and their punishments. Fol 164

BOOK XV.

• Chap. 1. Of the Exercises of Children. Fol 165
• 2 Of their Custome of driving away the Winter and receiving of Summer. Fol 166
• 3 Of the same. ibid.
• 4 Of the May-Feasts. ibid.
• 5 Of their Dice playing, and playing at Tables or Chess. Fol 167
• 6 Of their dancing in Arms. ib.
• 7 Of their danc••ng in Rings. Fol 168
• 8 Of their dancing about the fire. ibid.

BOOK XVI.

• Chap. 1. Of the Custome of praying in Churches. Fol 170
• 2 Of the Funerals and Burials of Princes. Fol 171
• 3 Of the variety of the Sick, and of their Diseases and Medicaments. ibid.

BOOK XVII.

• Chap. 1. Of Rams and Ews. Fol 173
• 2 Of Oxen and Cows. ibid.
• 3 Of the Northern-Horses. Fol 174
• 4 Of their War-Horses. ibid.
• 5 Of their Cats. ib.
• 6 Of He and She Goats. ib.
• 7 What gifts are given to the Married.
• 8 Of Ranged-Deer. ibid.
• 9 Of the profit of this Creature. ib.
• 10 Of the Chariots for men, drawn by ranged Deer. Fol 176
• 11 Of the Winter Chariots for these Ran∣gifers. ib.
• 12 Of the Commodity of the Parts of this Creature. Fol 177

BOOK XVIII.

• Chap. 1. Of the Elks or Wild-Asses, and the manner of taking them. Fol 178
• 2 Of the Battel of the Elks or Wild-Asses against the Woolves. ib.
• 3 Of Harts and Does. Fol 179
• 4 Of Castors. ibid.
• 5 Of the Galos. Fol 180
• 6 Of honouring strangers, with the cove∣ring of these Skins. ibid.
• 7 Of the way of hunting of G••••lo's. Fol 181
• 8 Of Hares. ibid.
• 9 Of the Lynxes and their skins. Fol 182
• 10 Of Woolves, and their fierceness. ib.
• 11 Of the many sorts of Woolves. Fol 183
• 12 Of Otters, and their diversity and falseness of their skins. ib.
• 13 Of Squerrils. ib.
• 14 More of this C••••••••••••e, to fore-shew things to come. Fol 184
• 15 Of Martin, and Sabels, and their Skins. ibid.
• 16 Of the E••••••••s, or Bontick Mice. Fol 185
• 17 Of the h••nting of Er••••ins. Fol 186
• 18 Of the Nature of Badgers. ibid.
• 19 More of the same. ibid.
• 20 Of the Fishing Bears. Fol 187
• 21 Of the cunning in killing Bears. ibid
• 22 Of the crafty hunting of Bears. Fol 188
• 23 Of the Ratta••l between the Hedg hog, and the Bear. ibid.
• 24 Of killing Bears with an Iron Club. Fol 189
• 25 Of the ravishing of a Maid and the begett ng of U••to, a most cunning and valiant man. ibid
• 26 Of the Swineherds that are taken away with their Pipes. Fol 190
• 27 Of the dancing of the Bears in Li∣thuania. ibid.
• 28 Of the Agility of Bears. Fol 191
• 29 Of Bears turning Wheels. ibid.
• 30 Of Foxes and their sle ghts. Fol 192
• 31 Of the crafty Wit of Foxes. ibid.

• 32 Of the fierceness of men, who by Charms are turned into Woolves. Fol. 193
• 33 Examples of those men that were tur∣ned into Woolves, and contrarily. Fol. 194

BOOK XIX.

• Chap. 1. Of the Hawks; and the divers kinds thereof. Fol. 195
• 2 More of the Nature of Hawks. ibid.
• 3 Of the Nature of Eagles and their dif∣ferences. Fol. 106
• 4 Of the property of Eagles, and their fitting. Fol. 197
• 5 Of the Duck, and its kind. ibid.
• 6 Of the admirable Generation of the Ducks of Scotland. Fol. 198
• 7 Of Geese. Fol. 199
• 8 Of Sea-Crows, or Cormorants. ibid.
• 9 Of that Bird which is an Enemy to these Crows. Fol. 200
• 10 Of Faulcons, and their distinction. ibid.
• 11 Of Swallows drawn forth of the Wa∣ters. Fol. 201
• 12 Of Birds shut up under the Snow. ib.
• 13 Of hunting them out of the Snow. Fol. 202
• 14 Of Snow-Birds. ibid.
• 15 Of the weighty Snows, and Winter-Gnats. Fol. 203
• 16 Of the Eggs of divers Birds in I∣lands. ibid.
• 17 More of the Eggs of certain Birds. Fol. 204
• 18 Of Peacocks. ibid.
• 19 Of Birds whose name is not known in the white Lake. ibid.
• 20 Of Birds called Alle, Alle. Fol. 205
• 21 Of the Whoups, or Lapwings. ibid.
• 22 Of the Cuckow, and divers sorts of Wood-Peckers. Fol. 206

BOOK XX.

• Chap. 1. Of the three-fold Bothnia in the North, and the abundance of fishing there. Fol. 207
• 2 Of the Multitude of Fish at this Mart. Fol. 208
• 3 Of fishing for Salmons. ibid.
• 4 Of fishing for Sea Calves. Fol. 209
• 5 Of the way to fish for them, and their Physical use. Fol. 210
• 6 More of the virtue of this Creature. ibid.
• 7 Of the perplexity of those that eat the flesh of Sea-Calves in Lent. Fol. 211
• 8 Of Jacks, or Pikes. ibid.
• 9 Of catching the Pike. Fol. 212
• 10 Of fishing by Flames. ibid.
• 11 Of Fishing in Summer, and Haw∣king. Fol. 213
• 12 More of ingenious Fishing. Fol. 214
• 13 Of their fishing on the Ice, ibid.
• 14 Of fishing with Horses. Fol. 215
• 15 Of running on the Ice for Fish; and why they fish so often. ibid.
• 16 Of the admirable event of the Icy Lake Vether. Fol. 216
• 17 Of Fishes of the Black-River, at the New Fort in Finland. Fol. 217
• 18 Of the strange Harper of this River. ibid.
• 19 Of Fish of divers kinds. ibid.
• 20 Of Salt-fish dryed and smoaked. Fol. 218
• 21 Of Salt-fish. Fol. 219
• 22 Of the Herring. ibid.
• 23 Of the Nature of the Herring. Fol. 23
• 24 Of Fish-Ponds, and the Spawn of Fi∣shes. ibid.

BOOK XXI.

• Chap. 1. Of the dangerous Fishing in the Norway Ocean. Fol. 223
• 2 Of the Danger of the Fisher-men, and the quality of the Fishes. Fol. 224
• 3 Of the Fishes of Iceland. ibid.

• 4 Of the wonderful abundance of Iceland Butter. Fol. 225
• 5 Of the horrible Monsters of the Coast of Norway. ibid.
• 6 Of the Whirl-pool, and his cruelty a∣gainst the Marriners. Fol. 226
• 7 Of the Fight of the Whale against the Orca. ibid.
• 8 Of the many kind of Whales. ibid.
• 9 Of a monstrous Fish found on the North shore of England, Anno 1532. Fol. 227
• 10 Of the Sword-fish, Unicorn, and Saw-fish. Fol. 228
• 11 Of the manner of fishing for Whales. ibid.
• 12 Of the wonderful affection of Whales towards their Young. Fol. 229
• 13 Of Sperma-Ceti, which is called Am∣ber-Greece, and the Medicaments thereof. ibid.
• 14 Of the use of the parts of Whales. ibid.
• 15 Of Buildings of Whale-bones. Fol. 230
• 16 Of their houses, by raising up whole Ribs. ibid.
• 17 Of Anchors fastned upon the Whales back. Fol. 231
• 18 Of the monstrous Hog of the German Ocean. ibid.
• 19 Of the Rosmarus, or Norway Mor∣sus. ibid.
• 20 Of Winged-fish. Fol. 232
• 21 Of the Polypus. ibid.
• 22 Of the cruelty of some Fish, and un∣kindness of others. Fol. 233
• 23 Of Sponges. ibid.
• 24 Of very long Worms. Fol. 234
• 25 Of the Fish which the Norway people call Swamfisck; and of some other Sea-Monsters. ibid.
• 26 Of the Cow, Calf, Hare, and Sea-Mouse. Fol. 235
• 27 Of the greatness of the Norway Serpent. ib.
• 28 Of the several colour of Serpents. Fol. 236
• 29 Of the habitation of Serpent. ib.
• 30 Of the fighting of the Shepherds a∣gainst Serpents. Fol. 237
• 32 Of the strange Fish found in Prussia. Fol. 338

BOOK XXII.

• Chap. 1. Of the Northern Gnats. Fol. 239
• 2 A Remedy to prevent them. ib.
• 3 Of Bees. Fol. 340
• 4 Of Honey. ibid.
• 5 Of Ants. Fol. 341
• 6 Of Pearls, and the Generation of them Fol. 342.