Camden's Britannia newly translated into English, with large additions and improvements ; publish'd by Edmund Gibson ...

ADDITIONS to MEIRIONYDHSHIRE.

[a] THis Country (as Giraldus observes) ge∣nerally consider'd, is the most moun∣tainous of all the Welsh Counties; though it's mountains are not the highest; those of Snowdon in Caernarvonshire exceed∣ing them in height, and being at least equal to them in rocky precipices. But whereas Giraldus calls it the roughest and most unpleasant country in all Wales; it may be answer'd (if that be worth notice) that for the pleasing prospect of a Country there is hardly any standard; most men taking their measures herein, either from the place of their own nativity and education, or from the profit they suppose a Coun∣try may yield. But if (as some hold) variety of ob∣jects make a Country appear delightful, this may contend with most; as affording (besides a sea-pro∣spect) not only exceeding high mountains, and in∣accessible rocks; with an incredible number of rivers, cataracts, and lakes: but also variety of lower hills, woods, and plains, and some fruitful valleys. Their highest mountains are Kader Idris, Aren Vou∣dhwy, Aren Benlhyn, Arennig, Moelwyn, Mannod, &c. These maintain innumerable herds of cattel, sheep, and goats; and are (in regard they are frequently fed with clouds and rains, and harbour much snow) considerably more fertil (though the grass be coarse) than the hills and ridges of lower Countries. Kader Idris is probably one of the highest mountains in Bri∣tain; and (which is one certain argument of it's height) it affords some variety of Alpine plants: but for mountains so high, and their tops notwithstand∣ing so near, that men may converse from them, and yet scarce be able to meet in a whole day; I presume there are none such in nature: and am certain there are not any in Wales, but men conversing from their tops, may meet in half an hour.

[b] Dôl Gelhe or Dôl Gelhen, is so call'd from it's situation in a woody vale, for that's the signification of the name; the word Dôl being much the same with the English Dale, so common in the North of England and Scotland: and* 1.1 Kelhe (in the southern dialect Kelhi) signifying strictly a wood where much hazel grows, and sometimes used for any other wood; though at present there are not so many woods about this town as were formerly. What antiquity this place is of, or whether of any note in the time of the Romans, is uncertain: however, some of their coyns have been of late years dug up near a well call'd Fynon Vair, within a bow-shot of the town; two whereof were sent me by the reverend Mr. Mau∣rice Jones the present Rector; which are fair silver pieces of Trajan and Hadrian: viz.

* 1.21. IMP. TRAIANO AVG. GER. DAC. P. M. TR. P. COS. V. P. P. S. P. Q. R. OPTIMO PRINC. Trophaeum de Dacis. 2. IMP. CAESAR TRAIAN HADRIANVS AVG. P. M. TR. P. COS. III. Mars Gradivus cum hasta & spoliis.

[c] This place, in all likelihood, is denominated (as our Author supposes) from it's situation on a rock; though it's never call'd Arlech but Harlech. 'It was once call'd Tŵr Bronwen, and afterwards receiv'd the name of Kaer Kolhwyn from Kolhwyn ap Tagno, who liv'd there in the time of Prince Anarawd, about the year 877. and was Lord of Ardudwy and Evio∣nydh, and some part of Lhŷn; which countries are yet for the most part possess'd by his posterity. His Arms were, Sable, a cheveron arg. betwixt three flower-de-luces.' Notwithstanding that Harlech might receive this name of Kaer Kolhwyn from Kolhwyn ap Tagno, yet it seems probable that this place, or some other near it, was call'd Kaer before his time. For I am assured, that in the memory of some persons yet living, several Roman Coins have been found hereabouts; and that the Britains prefix'd the word Kaer to most places fortified by the Ro∣mans, is well known to all Antiquaries.

In the year 1692. an ancient golden Torques was dug up in a garden somewhere near this castle of Harlech. It's a wreath'd bar of gold (or rather per∣haps three or four rods joyntly twisted) about four foot long; flexil, but bending naturally only one way, in form of a hat-band; hooked at both ends exactly (that I may describe it intelligibly, though in vulgar terms) like a pair of pot-hooks; but these hooks are not twisted as the rest of the rod, nor are their ends sharp, but plain, and as it were cut even. It's of a round form, about an inch in circumference, weighs eight ounces, and is all over so plain, that it needs no farther description. It seems very proba∣ble, Roman Authors always intended an ornament of this kind by the word Torques, seeing it's deriv'd from Torqueo; and not a chain (compos'd of links or an∣nulets) as our Grammarians commonly interpret it, and as Joannes Schefferus supposes, who in his learn∣ed and curious dissertation de Torquibus tells us; Tor∣ques erant mobiles & ex annulis; circuli solidi & rotundi; monilia paulo latiora, &c. Moreover, the British word Torch, which is doubtless of the same origin as well as signification with the Latin Torques, is never used for a chain, but generally for a wreath, and some∣times, though in a less strict sense, for any collar, or large ring; our word for a chain being Kadwen, which agrees also with the Latin. Whether the Tor∣ques here describ'd was British or Roman, seems a question not easily decided; seeing we find, that anciently most Nations we have any knowledge of, use this kind of ornament. And particularly, that the Britains had golden Torques's, we have the autho∣rity of Dio Cassius† 1.3, who in his description of Boadi∣cea, or Bunduica, Queen of the Iceni in the time of Nero, tells us, she wore a large golden Torques (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,) that her garment was of divers co∣lours, &c. If it be objected, that though she wore such an ornament, yet it might be in use amongst the Britains only since the Roman Conquest; it may be answer'd, that this seems not to have been the sense of the Author, but that he thus describes her for the strangeness of her habit; adding, that her yellow hair hung loose, and reach'd down to her hips, &c. A farther confirmation, that the Britains used golden Torques's, is, that they were so common among their neighbour nation (and probably their progenitors) the Gauls. For Livy‖ 1.4 tells us, that Publius Cornelius, when he triumph'd over the Boii, produc'd, amongst other spoils, 1470 golden Torques's. And Britomarus, a commander amongst the Gauls, whom Mr. Camden presumes to have been a Britain, wore such an orna∣ment; as we find in* 1.5 Propertius:

— Vasti parma relata ducis Virdomari. — Illi virgatis jaculantis ab agmine brachis, Torquis ab incisa decidit unca gula.

If any shall urge farther, (notwithstanding this au∣thority of Dio Cassius, which wi••h me is sufficient) that seeing there's no British name for this ornament, (the common word Torch, being deriv'd from the La∣tin Torquis;) it should follow, the Britains knew no such thing: I answer (though we need not much in∣sist on that objection) that to me it seems very suspi∣cious the word was Celtick before 'twas Roman. For though I acknowledge it deriv'd from Torqueo, yet we have also the verb Torchi in the same sense: and seeing that both the British words Torch and Torchi are in all appearance deriv'd from the common word Troi, i.e. to turn; and also that Grammarians know not well whence to derive Torqueo; I know not but we may find the origin of it in the British Torch. Nor ought any one to think it absurd, that I thus endea∣vour to derive Latin words from the Welsh; seeing

there are hundreds of words in that Language, that agree in sound and signification with the Latin, which yet could not be borrowed from the Romans, for that the Irish retain the same, who must have been a Colony of the Britains, long before the Roman Con∣quest: and also that the Welsh or British is one Dia∣lect of the old Celtic; whence, as the best Criticks allow,* 1.6 the Roman Tongue borrow'd several words; and I presume, by the help of the Irish, which was never alter'd by a Roman Conquest, it might be traced much farther. For instance; we must acknow∣ledge these British words, Tîr, Awyr, Môr, Avon, Lhŵch, &c. to have one common origin with those of the same signification in the Latin, Terra, Aer, Mare, Amnis, Lacus; but seeing the Irish also have them, it's evident they were not left here by the Ro∣mans; and I think it no absurdity to suppose them used in these Islands before Rome was built.

But that we may not digress too far from our sub∣ject, it's manifest from what we have alledg'd, that golden Torques's were much used by the Gauls; and I think not questionable, but they were in use al∣so amongst the Britains before the Roman Conquest; but whether this we now speak of, were Roman or British, remains still uncertain. To which I can on∣ly say, that it seems much more probably to have been British. For whereas 'tis evident from the ex∣amples of Boadicea, Britomarus, the Champion that fought with T. Manlius Torquatus, &c. that the great Com∣manders amongst the Gauls and Britains wore them; I do not know that it appears at all that the Roman Officers did so; and unless that be made out, I think we may safely pronounce it British; for no other Ro∣man but a Souldier could ever lose it here. As for those honorary rewards presented to* 1.7 Souldiers of merit, we may presume them not to have been Ro∣man, but rather Spoils from the barbarous Nations they conquer'd. The use of this Ornament seems to have been retain'd by the Britains long after the Roman and Saxon Conquests; for we find that with∣in these few Centuries, a Lord of Iâl in Denbigh∣shire, was call'd Lhewelyn aur-dorchog, i.e. Leolinus torqui aureo insignitus: and 'tis at this day a common saying in several parts of Wales, when any one tells his adversary, he'l strive hard, rather than yield to him; mi a dynna'r dorch a chwi; i.e. I'll pluck the torques with you.

This we have here describ'd, seems by the length of it to have been for some use as well as ornament, which perhaps was to hold a Quiver; for that they were applyed to that use, seems very plain from Virgil's† 1.8 description of the Exercises of the Trojan Youth:

Cornea bina ferunt praefixa hastilia ferro: Pars laeves humero pharetras: & pectore summo Flexilis obtorti per collum circulus auri.

But I fear I have dwelt too long on this one sub∣ject, and shall therefore only add (for the satisfaction of such as may scruple this relation) that this valua∣ble Monument of British Nobility and Antiquity is now fitly reposited in the hands of the right wor∣shipful Sir Roger Mostyn of Mostyn, Baronet.

We must not here forget to transmit to Posterity some account of that prodigious fire or kindled ex∣halation which has annoy'd this neighbourhood these eight months, and still continues so to do. There is already a short relation of it, published in the Philo∣sophical Transactions‖ 1.9, in a Letter from my above∣mention'd Friend Mr. Maurice Jones; but those pieces coming to few hands, I shall make bold to in∣sert it here, with some additions.

Sir,

THis Letter contains no answer to your Queries about the Locusts, for I am wholly intent at present upon giving you the best account I can, of a most dismal and prodigious accident at Harlech in this County, the begin∣ning of these Holy-days. It is of the unaccountable firing of sixteen Ricks of Hay, and two Barns, whereof one was full of Corn, the other of Hay. I call it unaccounta∣ble, because 'tis evident they were not burnt by common fire, but by a kindled exhalation which was often seen to come from the Sea. Of the duration whereof I cannot at pre∣sent give you any certain account, but am satisfied it lasted at least a fortnight or three weeks; and annoy d the Coun∣try as well by poysoning their Grass, as firing the Hay, for the space of a mile or thereabouts. Such as ha••e seen the fire, say 'twas a blue weak flame, easily extingu••••h'd, and that it did not the least harm to any of the men, who in∣terpos'd their endeavours to save the Hay, tho' they ven∣tur'd (perceiving it different from common fire) not only close to it, but sometimes into it. All the damage sustain'd, happen'd constantly in the night. I have enclosed a cata∣logue of such as I have receiv'd certain information of; and have nothing to add, but that there are three small Tene∣ments in the same neighbourhood- (call••d Tydhin Siôn Wyn) whereof the Grass is so infected, that it absolutely kill'd all manner of Cattle that feed upon it. The Grass has been infectious these three years, but not throughly fatal till this last. Pray send me with all convenient speed your friends thoughts and your own of the causes, and if possible also the remedy of this surprizing Phaenomenon, &c.

Dôl Gelheu, Jan. 20. 1691.

The inclosed Catalogue.

Decemb. 24. Richard Grufydh of Lhechwedh dû, Humfrey Owen of Garreg wen, and Richard Davidh of Erw wen, had each of them one Rick of Hay burnt.

Decemb. 27. John Philips of Ynys Lhan Vihangel y Traethau, lost one Rick of Hay; Grufydh John Owen of Kevn Trevor bâch, two Ricks; and Katharine William, Widow, of Kevn Trevor Mawr, two more.

Decemb. 29. Francis Evans of Glàs-vryn lost one Rick; and Richard Davidh of Erw wen, had a Barn full of Hay of three Bays of building, burnt to the ground.

Thus far Mr. Jones's account of this surprizing and unparallel'd Meteor; since which time I receiv d in∣formation from him and others, that it continued to the seventeenth of this present month of August; so that we know not the end of it. It has done no great damage by consuming their Hay and Corn, be∣sides those above-mentioned; but the Grass or Air, or both, are so infected with it, that there has been all this while a great mortality of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Goats, &c. and I pray God grant Men may escape it. For a long time they could not trace this fire any further than from the adjoyning Sea-shores: but of late, those that have watch'd it (as some have done continually) discover'd that it crosses a part of the Sea, from a place call'd Morva bychan in Caer∣narvonshire, distant from Harlech about 8 or 9 miles, which is describ'd to be a Bay both sandy and marshy. Last winter it appear'd much more frequent than this following summer: for whereas they saw it then almost every night, it was not observed in the summer above one or two nights in a week; and that (which if true, is very observable) about the same distance of time, happening generally on Sa∣turday or Sunday nights: but of late it's seen much oftner, so that 'tis fear'd, if it continues this winter, it may appear as frequently as ever. They add that it's seen on stormy as well as calm nights, and all weathers alike; but that any great noise, such as the sounding of Horns, the discharging of Guns, &c. does repel or extinguish it; by which means 'tis sup∣posed they have sav'd several Ricks of Hay and Corn, for it scarce fires any thing else.

This Phaenomenon I presume is wholly new and unheard of, no Historian or Philosopher describing any such Meteor; for we never read that any of those fiery Exhalations distinguish'd by the several names of Ignis fatuus, Ignis lambens, Scintillae volantes, &c. have had such effects, as thus to poyson the Air or Grass, so as to render it infectious and mortal to all sorts of Cattle. Moreover, we have no examples of any fires of this kind, that were of such consistence as to kindle Hay and Corn, to consume Barns and Houses, &c. Nor are there any describ'd to move so regularly as this, which several have observ'd to pro∣ceed constantly to and from the same places for the

space of at least eight months. Wherefore seeing the effects are altogether strange and unusual, they that would account for it, must search out some causes no less extraordinary. But in regard that may not be done (if at all) without making observations for some time upon the place; we must content our selves with a bare relation of the matter of fact. I must confess, that upon the first hearing of this murrain amongst all sorts of Cattle, I suspected those Locusts that arriv'd in this Country about two months before, might occasion it, by an infection of the Air; proceeding partly from the corruption of those that landed, and did not long survive in this cold Coun∣try; and partly of a far greater number which I supposed drown'd in their voyage, and cast upon these Coasts. For tho' I know not whether any have been so curious as to search the Sea-weeds for them in this County, yet I am inform'd a Gentleman acci∣dentally observ'd some quantity of them on the shoars of Caernarvonshire near Aber Dâran; and that others have been seen on the Sands of the Severn-Sea. Now that a considerable quantity of these Creatures being drown'd in the Sea, and afterwards cast ashoar, will cause a Pestilence, we have many instances in Authors* 2.1; and particularly one that hap∣pen'd in the year 1374. when there was a great mortality of Men and Cattle, on the Coasts of France, occasion'd by Locusts drown'd in our Eng∣lish Chanel, and cast upon their shores* 2.2. But whe∣ther such a contagious vapour, meeting with a vis∣cous exhalation, in a moorish Bay, will kindle; and so perform in some measure, such a devastation of Hay and Corn, as the living Creatures would do, (where we may also note that* 2.3 Pliny says of them, multa contactu adurunt) I must recommend to far∣ther consideration. I know there are many things might be objected, and particularly the duration of this fire; but men are naturally so fond of their own conjectures, that sometimes they cannot conceal them, tho' they are not themselves fully satisfied.

About two miles from Harlech there's a remarka∣ble Monument call'd Koeten Arthur. It's a large stone-Table somewhat of an oval form, but rude and ill shap'd, as are the rest of these heathen Monuments, about ten foot long, and above seven where 'tis broad∣est; two foot thick at one end, but not above an inch at the other. It's placed on three rude Stone-pillars, each about half a yard broad; whereof two that support the thick end are betwixt seven and eight foot;* 2.4 but the third, at the other end about three foot high.

[d] This way which we call Sarn Helen, was probably of a very considerable extent; unless we should sup∣pose the same Helen was Author of several other high ways in Wales. For besides the place here mention'd, it's also visible at one end of Kraig Verwyn, where 'tis call'd Fordh gam Helen Luedhog, i.e. The crooked Road of Helen the great, or puissant. And I observ'd a way call'd Fordh [or Sarn] Helen, in the parish of Lhan Badarn Odyn in Cardiganshire; as also that a great part of the Road from Brecknock to Neath in Glamorganshire, is distinguish'd by the same name. At this parish of Festiniog, it's call'd otherwise Sarn y Dhûal (a name whereof I can give no account) for the space of three miles, viz. from Rhŷd yr Hàlen* 2.5 to Kastelh Dôl Wydhèlen; and some presume that Pont Aber Glaslyn, and y Gymŵynas in Caernarvonshire, is a continuation of the same Road.

On a Mountain call'd Mikneint near Rhyd ar Ha∣len, within a quarter of a mile of this Road, there are some remarkable Stone-monuments, call'd Bedheu Gwyr Ardudwy, i.e. the Graves of the men of Ardud∣wy. They are at least thirty in number; and each Grave is describ'd to be about two yards long; and to be distinguish'd by four Pillars, one at each cor∣ner of a Grave; which are somewhat of a square form, about two or three foot high, and nine inches broad. The tradition is, that these are Sepulchral Monuments of some persons of note slain here, in a battel fought betwixt the men of Dyffryn Ardudwy, and some of Denbighshire. That they are indeed the Graves of men slain in battel seems scarcely question∣able; but when, or by what persons, &c. is wholly uncertain. One of the next neighbours informs me, that about twelve years since, he saw amonst other stones brought hence to mend the walls of Festiniog-Church-yard, one with an Inscription; but at pre∣sent there remains no account of it. By the de∣scription he gives of it, I suppose it Roman. For he says 'twas a polish'd stone, about two foot long, half a yard broad, and three or four inches thick: whereas all the later Inscriptions I have seen in Wales, are on large Pillars, which are generally rude and unpolish'd. I am told there are also a considerable number of Graves near this Caus-way, on the Demeans of Rhiw goch, in the parish of Trawsvynydh: and in the year 1687. I copied this Inscription from a stone call'd Bêdh Porws, or Porus's Grave, near Lhêch Idris in the same Parish.

PORIVS
HIC IN TVMVLO JACIT
HOMO—RIANVS FVIT

I found afterwards 'twas generally understood, as if this had been the Grave of one of the first Chri∣stians in these parts; and that they read it, Porius hic in tum••••o jacit: Homo Christianus fuit. Being at that time wholly unacquainted with any studies or obser∣vations in this kind; perhaps I might not transcribe it, with that accuracy I ought; but if it be thus on the Stone (which I must recommend to farther ex∣amination) it can never bear that reading, unless we suppose the Letters STI omitted by the Stone-cutter after RI in the last line; which would be such a fault as we have scarce any instance of in those ma∣ny hundreds of Inscriptions which Authors have pub∣lish'd. But howsoever we read the word,—RIANVS, I suppose this Inscription to have been the Epitaph of some Roman, about the second or third Century.

[e] The word Gwiniad might be aptly render'd in English a Whiting; but the fish so call'd is very diffe∣rent from it, being of the Trout kind. A descripti∣on of it may be seen in Mr. Willoughby's Ichthyology, who supposes it the same with that they call (by names of the like signification) ein Albelen, and Weiss∣fisch in some parts of Switzerland, and the Ferra of the Lake of Geneva. And here we may observe the natural agreeableness of those Alpine Lakes with these in our Mountains, in affording the same species of fish, as well as of our high Rocks in producing some variety of Alpine Plants. They are never ta∣ken by any bait, but in nets; keeping on the bot∣tom of the Lake, and feeding on small shells, and the leaves of water Gladiol* 2.6, a Plant peculiar to these Mountain Lakes. That they are never taken in Dee, is no argument for that frivolous opinion of the Vul∣gar, that this river passes unmixt through the Lake; since we find that Fish as well as Birds and Beasts have their stations Providentially assign'd them, and delight in such places as afford them agreeable feeding, &c.

[f] The word Bala, though it be now very sel∣dom (if at all) used as an Appellative, denotes, as the Author of the Latin-British Dictionary† 2.7 informs us, the place where any River or Brook issues out of a Lake; as Aber signifies the fall of one river into another, &c. and hence Dr. Davies supposes this town denominated. In confirmation whereof I add, that near the out-let of the River Seiont, out of Lhyn Pe∣ris‖ 2.8 in Caernarvonshire, there's a place call'd Bryn* 2.9 y Bala. Others contend that Bala in the old British, as well as Irish, signifies a Village. I incline to the for∣mer opinion, and imagine that upon farther enqui∣ry, other instances besides these two might be found out, which would make it evident. The round Mount or Barrow at this Town, call'd Tommen y Bala, as also that other about half a mile from it, call'd Brynlhysk, and a third at Pont Mwnwgl y Lhyn, in the same neighbourhood, are supposed by their names, form, and situation, not to have been erected for Urn burial, but as Watch-mounts to command the road and adjacent places, upon the Roman Conquest of this Country.

Not far from hence in the Parish of Lhan ùw' Lhyn, we find the ruins of an ancient Castle, whereof no Au∣thor makes mention. It's call'd Castelh Corndochen, a name whereof I can give no account; and is seat∣ed on the top of a very steep Rock, at the bottom of a pleasant valley. It shews the ruins of a Wall, and within that of three Turrets, a square, a round, and an oval one, which is the largest. The mortar was mixt with Cockle-shells, which must have been brought hither by Land-carriage, about 14 miles. It seems probable that this Castle, as also such another (but much less) in Traws-vynydh Parish, call'd Ca∣stelh Prysor, were built by the Romans, but nothing certain can be affirm'd herein.

¶ We have not room here to take notice of seve∣ral other places remarkable, and shall therefore only mention a gilt Coffin and some brass Arms, found there of late years. The Coffin was discover'd about the year 1684. in a Turbery* 2.10, call'd Mownog ystràt∣gwyn near Maes y Pandy, the seat of the worshipful John Nanney Esq. It was of wood, and so well pre∣serv'd, that the gilding remain'd very fresh; and is said to have contain'd an extraordinary large Skeleton. This is the only instance I know of burying in such places: and yet they that placed this coffin here, might have regard to the perpetual preservation of it; seeing we find by dayly examples of trees found in Turberies, that such bituminous earth preserves wood beyond all others.

The brass Arms were found in the year 1688.* 2.11 in a rock call'd Katreg Dhiwin, in the parish of Bethkè∣lert. They seem to be short swords or daggers, and to have been all cast in molds. They were of diffe∣rent forms and sizes; some of them being about two foot long, others not exceeding twelve inches: some flat, others quadrangular, &c. About fifty of them were found by removing a great stone; so near the surface of the ground, that they were almost in sight. I have been inform'd, that several were gilt: but twenty or thirty that I saw of them when first found, were all cover'd with a bluish scurf. Their handles probably were of wood, for they were all wasted: and there remain'd only (and that but in very few) two brass nails that fasten'd them, which were something of the form of chair-nails, but headed or riveted on each side; so that they could not be ta∣ken out without breaking out the round holes where∣in they were placed; which they did not fill up, but hung loose in them. Such weapons have been found elsewhere in Wales; and they were probably of this kind, which were found at the foot of St. Michael's Mount in Cornwall, and are in that County men∣tion'd by our Author, who supposes them British.

Notes

• * 1.1

  ••d est, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Kylh, ••yle••um,
• * 1.2

  Impera∣••i Traja∣•• Augusto, ••am••co, ••ci••••. ••••••ci 〈◊〉〈◊〉, ••i••••••citia ••estate, ••f••li ••tri Pa∣••a: Sena∣•• populus∣•••• Roma∣•• optimo ••••ipi. ••. Rob ••••gh. MS.
• † 1.3

  Hist. Rom. lib. 62.
• ‖ 1.4

  Lib. 36. c. 40.
• * 1.5

  Lib. 4.
• * 1.6

  Hib. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, loé: Tir, Aiéir, Muir, A∣van, Loch.
• * 1.7

  Gruter. Inscr. p. 96.
• † 1.8

  Aeneid. l. 5.
• ‖ 1.9

  Num. 208.
• * 2.1

  ••. Tho. ••••feti ••entrum ••••••rum, ••: 3.
• * 2.2

  O••••o Fri∣••g••ns.
• * 2.3

  •••• 11. ••1. 1.
• * 2.4

  ••hèch y ••••bedh in ••brook∣••••e.
• * 2.5

  ••••ether ••••••k 〈◊〉〈◊〉 o∣•••••• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 was ••••e call'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉; or ••••••er e••••e 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••e ••y••ar 〈◊〉〈◊〉 &c. 〈…〉〈…〉 ••••••ad.
• * 2.6

  Gladiolus lacustris Clusii.
• † 2.7

  Tho. Ga∣lielmus. Vide Davi∣sii Praef.
• ‖ 2.8

  The L••ke of St. Peris.
• * 2.9

  Bryn sig∣nifies a hill.
• * 2.10

  Boggy or moorish ground where fuel turfs are dug up.
• * 2.11

  See Fig. 14. 15.