The remaining medical works of that famous and renowned physician Dr. Thomas Willis ...: Viz I. Of fermentation, II. Of feavours, III. Of urines, IV. Of the ascension of the bloud, V. Of musculary motion, VI. Of the anatomy of the brain, VII. Of the description and uses of the nerves, VIII. Of convulsive diseases : the first part, though last published, with large alphabetical tables for the whole, and an index ... : with eighteen copper plates / Englished by S.P. esq.

CHAP. XXIX. Of the Reason of the difference that happens between the Nerves of the wandring and Intercostal Pair in Man and brute Beasts; also of the other Pairs of the Nerves arising both within the Skull, and from the Spinal Marrow: also something of the Blood-carrying Vessels which be∣long to the Spinal Marrow.

THus far we have described all the Nerves stretching out to the Praecordia and Viscera, also to most of the other parts, which are the Organs of the invo∣luntary Function, according to the manner by which they are wrought in man; and we have shewn their Offices and Uses, and the Reasons of the most noted appearances in all. Before we proceed to the other Conjugations of the Nerves, it behoves us to shew with what difference the aforesaid Nerves are found in brute Beasts, and for what end such a difference is ordained.

It was already intimated, That the Trunk of the wandring pair in four-footed Beasts doth send forth to the Heart and its Appendix more nervous Vessels than in Man. The reason of which is obvious; because the Cardiack nerves in Brutes pro∣ceed almost only from this pair, and scarce at all from the intercostal; wherefore when they are only of one origination, therefore more are required, all which not∣notwithstanding are much fewer than the same are in Man from a double stock, viz. being carried from both the Nerves: forasmuch as Beasts want prudence, and are not much obnoxious to various and divers Passions, therefore there was no need that the Spirits should be derived from the Head into the Praecordia by a double passage,

viz. that one should be required for the exercise of the vital Function, and the other for the reciprocating impressions of the Affections; but that it may suffice, that all those destinated to every one of their offices, may be carried still in the same path.

In most Brutes the intercostal Nerve goes alone from the Ganglioform infolding of it almost without any branching to its infolding of the Thorax: in which passage how∣ever it is not always after the same manner in all; for in some it is carried single and apart from the Trunk of the wandring pair, nor doth it communicate with it in its whole journey, unless a little higher by a shoot sent down from the Ganglioform in∣folding: but in many the intercostal Nerve passes presently from its Ganglioform infolding into the neighbouring infolding of the wandring pair, Fig. 10. C. where, when both the nerves seem to close together, from thence both being involved under the same common inclosure, as it were one Trunk, they are carried together till it comes over against the first Rib, and there an infolding being made, the intercostal nerve, departing from the wandring pair, is carried into the infolding of the Thorax; and the other nerve also is stretched between this and that infolding: which nerves, when one is carried under the other above the Artery of the Chanel-bone, making as it were an handle, straiten its Trunk, Fig. 10. g.

Although the intercostal Nerve is carried from the Throat to the top of the Thorax under the same sheath with the Trunk of the wandring pair, yet it is not united to it; but they remain distinct still both of them in the whole tract, and the Membrane be∣ing dissected, they easily separate one from the other, unless they be knit together by some fibrils sent from one another in some places: but forasmuch as by this means the intercostal nerve being joyned to the Trunk of the wandring pair, goes under its cover, it seems to be so made only for its safety and better passage: wherefore in some perhaps where the intercostal Trunk is greater, or the course of its passage shorter, where such a safeguard is not needful, it descends alone. We have seen this Nerve covered with the safeguard of the wandring pair of one side, and in the other to have gone out by it self alone.

Whether the intercostal Nerve departs from the lower Infolding of the wandring pair or not, however a branch is stretched out between this infolding and that of the Thorax in many, perhaps in all brute Beasts, which in its passage binds about the Vertebral Artery, whereby the Sympraxis or joynt Action between the Praecordia and the exterior Organs of Respiration is sustained: yea from this lower infolding of the wandring pair sometimes we have observed a shoot and fibres to be carried to the beginning of the Brachial branch, in which the nerve of the Diaphragma is rooted; also sometimes, though rarely, we have seen some shoots sent from the infolding of the Thorax towards the Heart and its Appendix. In a Monkey above this infolding of the Thorax, as we have intimated before, were some shoots and small branches reach∣ing from the intercostal nerve towards the Praecordia.

We may take notice concerning those Nerves below the Praecordia, distributed eve∣ry where into the Ventricle and the lower Viscera, that there is scarce any difference of them in Man and Beasts. The nerve of the Diaphragma is placed lower in four-footed beasts: the reason of which is, because the Brachial nerves, out of which that ought to proceed, arise lower; to wit, because Brutes have longer necks, as if destinated to the yoke. These things being thus premised concerning the difference of the Nerves in either Species, it remains that we pass on to the unfolding the re∣maining pairs of them.

Therefore of those arising within the Skull, the ninth pair is made up of many Fibres also in its beginning, (as was shewed before) out of which being gathered to∣gether one Trunk being made is carried towards the Tongue, through whose whole substance, to wit, from the bottom to the top, having passed, it disperses in its whole passage small shoots on either side, Fig. 9. σ. So that nothing is more obvious than that this nerve performs the motions of the Tongue requisite for the articulation of Sounds, as the nerves of the fifth pair spread into this member, serve for the distin∣guishing of Tastes; for the exercise of either Faculty, viz. both motive and sensitive, the texture of the Tongue being notedly fibrous, hath the virtue of a double Organ; therefore by the two nerves, besides the supplements of Spirits, are carried both the Instincts of the Motion and the sensible Impressions.

That the aforesaid Nerves of the ninth pair may more easily perform the mo∣tions of the Tongue, it sends forth downwards one shoot before the entrance of the Tongue, which is united with a shoot from the tenth pair meeting it destinated to

the Sternothyroeidal Muscle; and the other little branch of the ninth Conjugation is distributed into the Muscles of the Bone Hyoides, Fig. 9. Τ. ☉. In truth these shoots being sent down as so many little ropes, conduce to the moving of the Muscles, which are fixed to the bottom of the Tongue, which Muscles being placed as so many Props to the Tongue, do facilitate its motion.

The Nerve of the tenth pair, although it may seem to arise within the Skull with many little Fibres also, yet being sent down from thence into the bony Cloisters of the Spine, not arising but within the first and second Vertebrae, it is carried without. Pre∣sently after its entrance it sends forth two nerves into the infolding of the interco∣stal nerve; for what end hath been already shewn: But its chief Trunk spreading downwards, and receiving a shoot produced from the ninth pair, is bestowed on the Sternothyroeidal Muscle. Moreover, this nerve reflects branches outwards, which are distributed into the Muscles of the Neck reaching out towards the hinder part of the Head; so this pair, as if it were only of the number or rank of the Vertebral nerves, imparts some branches to the intercostal nerve, and all the other shoots and branches of it serve for the performing of the motions of the Muscles of the Neck, Fig. 9. H. ✶. □. ▵.

So much for the Nerves arising within the Skull, which (as was shewn) having their being from the parts of the Brain or Cerebel, are destinated to the offices of the spontaneous or the involuntary Function, and are chiefly distributed into the Organs of the Senses or the Viscera of the vital and natural Faculty. There remain many other Conjugations of Nerves, the roots or beginnings of which consist in the spinal Marrow, which is only the exterior production of the oblong Marrow. These spinal Nerves, besides some branches that they bestow on the intercostal pair, are imployed almost wholly on the musculous stock, and the office of them is to carry outwardly the forces of the Spirits and the Instincts of the Motions to be performed, and to con∣vey inwardly the impressions of sensible things. Forasmuch as the spinal Marrow seems to be derived from the Brain, and is as it were a broad and high road produced or leading from the same, without any paths or tracts inserted to it from the Cerebel, therefore the animal Spirits flowing within its nerves, do almost wholly execute the Acts of the spontaneous Function.

To describe all the several pairs of the spinal Nerves, and to rehearse all their branchings, and to unfold the uses and actions of them, would be a work of an im∣mense labour and trouble: and as this Neurologie cannot be learned nor understood without an exact knowledge of the Muscles, we may justly here forbear entring upon its particular institution: but it may suffice concerning these nerves and their medullar beginning, that we advertise only in general what things may occur most notable and chiefly worth taking notice of.

As to the Nerves therefore produced out of the spinal Marrow, it may be observed, That in both sides of it, nigh the outward margine or brim, four or five Fibres arise in the superior brim, and as many in the inferior: either maniple or handful pass through with distinct Fibres the Pia Mater, or the lowest Coat of the spinal Marrow, which is as it were the common sheath of them all; but afterwards the Fibres passing through the third Membrane of either margine, (for three cloath the spinal Marrow) they joyn together, and having cloathed themselves with a Coat gotten from the se∣cond Membrane, they become as it were one Trunk; which Trunk going out at the space between the knot of the Vertebrae, is again divided into many nerves destinated to several parts. After this manner in the whole tract of the spinal Marrow, the Vertebral nerves have their birth; but in those places where the Brachial and the Crural nerves go out, both the thickness and the breadth of the spinal Marrow are in∣creased, and also the handfuls or bands of the Fibres are larger. All these are well represented in Fig. 12.

The Brachial Nerves are not only far greater than the Vertebrals, so that they ap∣pear as it were large and broad nervous chords; but that they may conspire together, and serve for the strong motions of the Arms, or the fore Legs of Beasts, it is observed, That very many of them are knit together by the cross nervous Processes. These Processes in four-footed Beasts (the fore Legs of whom are destinated for unweariable pains and difficult lobour) are produced cross-ways after a curious manner, as may be discerned, Fig. 10. l. l. The use of these seems to sustain not only the consent of action in many nerves together, but also their mutual strength; that some bands of Spirits might awaken or stir up others, and for the exercising strongly the locomo∣tive

force, they might mutually support and relieve one another. And not much unlike this, the business is about the Crural Nerves, where nervous cords signally large, being produced from the Junctures of the Vertebrae, whilst they descend to∣wards the Thigh, they which are above receive in their whole tract the nervous Pro∣cesses which are sent out still from those below, Fig. 11. p. p. p.

We may yet take notice farther concerning the spinal Marrow, that as it sends out Nerves by bands, and as it were by troops, in an orderly series and military order; so its sanguiferous Vessels are disposed with no less signal artifice. For those which are carried in the superficies of the spinal Marrow, and the Arteries, Veins, and other Sanguiducts, which are nigh its compass, do contain some things more rare and highly worth the noting.

In the first place we may observe, That the blood-carrying Vessels do cloath the whole substance or frame of the spinal Marrow, as well as the oblong Marrow with a thick series of shoots; which may be made more manifest to any one, if first of all Ink were injected into the Vertebral Artery; for from such an injection often repeated, it will easily appear, that the infoldings of the Vessels do cover as it were in the shape of a Net, the upper tract of the Marrow. But by what means these Vessels proceed on both sides from the Trunk of the Vertebral Artery, and also the blood-carrying Veins, which are destinated to the whole spinal Marrow, and the inferior portion of its arterious passages, doth not so plainly appear; because the bony Cloisters of the Vertebrae are not broken through without much labour, especially in grown up living Creatures; and in that work the beginnings and branchings out of very many Vessels are wont to be blotted out: But that we might more accurately search into these hid things, we made the Dissections of several Embryons, in which we were able to dissect the Vertebrae as yet soft, and to take out of them the Marrow whole, and to look more narrowly into all the recesses of the Bones: further, that all the tracts and bran∣chings out of them might be the better perceived in all the Vessels, we did cast in divers coloured Liquors. And we had our desired wish: for presently we found with much admiration, that those kind of Vessels, viz. Arteries, Bosoms, and Veins, which respect the Head, belong also to the spinal Marrow with no less a noted dispo∣sition of provision.

When we did dissect the Heads apart from the Spine, we did think, according to the Opinion of the Vulgar, that the Vertebral Arteries did belong only to the Head: and when there did appear in the cut off Trunk of the oblong Marrow three arterious branches (as they are described above in the first and second Table) therefore in the Explication of either Figure we have affirmed the Vertebral Artery to be carried with a triple branch into the hinder part of the Head. But the Vertebral Artery pays to the superior part of the Spine as great Tributes of Blood as to the Head it self; and that middle arterious branch, which is marked in the first Figure with the Letter T, in the second with S, doth not ascend into the Head, but descends from that con∣course of Vertebral Arteries towards the Spine, and conveys downward from the common flowing together of the blood there made by many Arteries, the Latex for the watring the top of the spinal Marrow. Wherefore in this place it seems conve∣nient, that we do not only correct that errour of ours, but that we deliver an exact Description of all the Vessels which are destinated to the Spine, viz. which contain many wonderful things. As therefore these Vessels are of a threefold kind, viz. Ar∣teries, Bosoms, and Veins, we will expose each of them particularly; and first con∣cerning the Arteries we say,

The Arteries which carry the Blood towards the Spine, are disposed after one manner above the Heart, and after another below it. As to the first, whereas the Trunk of the Aorta being there cleft presently into many branches, departs from the Region of the Spine, therefore the Vertebral Artery is produced on both sides from its axil∣lary branches, which ascending straight into the hinder part of the Head, sends forth a branch into the meeting together of every Vertebra: But below the Heart, foras∣much as the Aorta, in its whole descent, lyeth on the Spine, two Arteries are recei∣ved into the Spine from its bottom nigh its Internodia or spaces between the knots of the Vertebra; so that if the Trunk of the Aorta be cut open long-ways, there will appear a series of double holes through its whole tract, after a most curious manner, as in the head of a Lamprey.

The arterious Branches which are carried both above and below the Heart towards the Spine, becoming presently forked, bestow one shoot on the neighbouring Muscles,

and another they insert into the Junctures of the Vertebrae; which being carried with∣in the bony Den, is cleft presently into three branches, two of which are bestowed on the medullar Trunk, and the other on the Membrane compassing about the bony Den before, Tab. 13. Fig. 3. a. b. c. d. e.

As to the shoots destinated to the medullar Trunk, they presently tending two ways, and meeting with either maniple or band of nervous Fibres, ascend towards their be∣ginnings; and so one little Artery having got to the superficies of the hinder Marrow, distributes into it hairy Vessels: but the other arterious shoot, which is the greater and chiefest, as soon as it attains the margin of the former Marrow, is carried from thence by an oblique passage into the middle fissure or cleft of it, where meeting with a shoot of the pair of the other side, it is united to the same, and from that joyning together the arterious Trunk, as it were a common passage, and made up of either Vertebral shoot, descends into that cleft by the open space of one of the Vertebrae, and in that short passage both dispenses little Arteries on either side, and also inserts them leaning on the Pia Mater more deeply betwixt the sides of the Marrow: and so whereas in the whole tract of the Marrow, the chief Trunk of every Artery is carried into the middle cleft, it seems at first sight, as if the same arterious Trunk were carried under the whole substance of the Marrow from the head to the tail, Tab. 13. Fig. 1. Further, as by a concourse of several shoots of either side, the spinal Artery descends above the cleft of the Marrow; so where the Trunks of the Vertebral Arteries joyn together (which happens to be done sometimes in the hinder part of the Head above the oblong Mar∣row, and often in the Neck above the spinal) an arterious branch somewhat bigger than the rest is stretched out downwards. This formerly (as we mentioned but now) we mistook for the third ascending branch of the Vertebral Artery. But I have often taken notice, that in Brutes, where the Vertebral Arteries have met together with an acute Angle above the medullar Trunk, they are presently, departing one from another, stretched out directly to either brim of the Marrow, from whence imme∣diately being bent back, they are carried again into a mutual meeting, so that be∣tween their two joynings together is made the figure Rhomboides, as it is in Tab. 13. Fig. 1. C. The reason of which without doubt is this; to wit, that the more rapid course of the blood going towards the Head might be hindred by its flood being a little space divided.

The third Branch of either Vertebral Artery being carried into the anterior Ca∣vity of the bony Den, and being presently made forked, tends to the right and left, and is on both sides inoculated to the next shoot of the same side and by the cross pro∣cess, they of either side are united after the same manner; and so all the Arteries of this cense or rank receive one another mutually, as it were links of a chain, in the whole tract of the Spine, and are continued in the same bending passage. If Ink be cast into the Trunk of the Vertebral Artery and most of the hollownesses of the Aorta, all these Arteries, dyed with the same, will appear a pleasant spectacle, like Net-work, as may be seen Tab. 13. Fig. 3.

The top of this arterious Infolding being carried into the Skull, inserts two shoots sent forth straight into the wonderful Net, and imparts two others going out side∣ways on both sides to the Dura Mater: the lower end of the same reaching to the Os Sacrum, ends in very small Vessels which serve for the Membrane of the Bones.

If it should be asked, For what end these Arteries being concatenated with such fre∣quent ingraffings are disposed within the Back-bone: This seems to be so ordained for three uses: viz. First, These Vessels (as also the passages of the Bosoms) are divari∣cated after this manner with repeated compassing about, that a constant heat from the blood being so turned about, as it were into frequent Whirlpools, might be sup∣plied about the compass of the spinal Marrow, as it were by a Balneum Mariae; even such a manner of office as the Choroeidal infolding performs within the infolding of the Brain. Secondly, Care is taken by this means, lest the blood destinated for the spinal Marrow, might flow thither too plentifully, of might be defective in its due influx; for the blood being about to flow into the medullar stock plentifully, is di∣verted from the little branches c. d. into these Emissaries e. f. and in its defect the sub∣sidiary provision being called out of the middle infolding through the chanel e. into the Vessels c. d. is derived into the same medullar Trunk. Thirdly, The use of this arterious infolding seems to be, that the blood may be distributed from its passages into the Membranes, viz. which is carried every where from them through the Ca∣pillary Vessels; the reliques of which also are supped back by the little chanels sent

out of the bosoms. Further, from this Store-house, if necessity urges, a certain pro∣vision is had for the wants of the Brain; wherefore from hence the small Vessels end in the wonderful Net.

So much for the Arteries distributed about the Spine or Back-bone: the Vessels of the second sort are the Bosoms which come between the Arteries and the Veins for the use of the spinal Marrow no less than of the Head it self, and are here ordained with a more curious implication. But the reason why bosoms are required to these more noble parts, and scarce to any in the whole Body besides, is this; to wit, that about these bodies all manner of extravasation, or any stagnation of the blood, might be hindered: but sometimes the Veins are not sufficiently emptied, that they may presently receive from the Arteries the deposited blood, and so may prohibit any flow∣ing out of it; wherefore the bosoms, as more fit receivers, are destinated to that office, for that their receptacles are larger and soon emptied; and for that reason they may more conveniently derive the blood from either medullar substance, lest it should overflow it in the Head or Spine.

As to the Figure of the Vertebral Bosom, its passages being conform to the arte∣rious infolding, are put under it in the whole tract of the Spine: for after a like man∣ner, in either bosom, which is extended within the cavity of the bony Den, from the hinder part of the Head to the Os Sacrum, there is one receiving Vessel, by whose twofold chanels presently the blood is brought back from either superficies of the Marrow into the bosom, and another carrying back, by whose passage the same is exported into the Veins. Moreover, in many Animals (though not in all) the bo∣soms on either side seem to be knit together upon the knots between the Vertebrae by the cross processes, and so communicate between themselves: either bosom in its top is continued into the lateral bosoms of the Head; further, from it on both sides a passage lyes open into the Jugular Vein and into the Vertebral, Tab. 13. Fig. 4.

What the use of the aforesaid Bosom is in general was but now intimated; to wit, that the blood deposited from the Arteries in the spinal Marrow, might be presently emptied from thence, and be retained within the more large Cavities of the Bosoms, till it may be transferred into the Veins being made more empty: But the reason of the divers sorts of implications, and the frequent ingraffings which is found about their little chanels, seems to be, that the blood, if by chance it being plenti∣fully heaped up within some part of the bosom, should there stagnate, or be apt to regurgitate into the Marrow, it might be drawn out by those frequent Emissaries here or there into the middle or opposite side: after a like manner it is with the bo∣soms about the Spine, as when a Country-man digs in his ground frequent cross Fur∣rows for the draining away any superfluous moisture.

There remains another use of the Vertebral Bosoms, of which we made mention before, to wit, that the blood nigh the medullar Body, being brought through their variously intorted Meanders, (like the arterious infoldings) might yield heat requi∣site for the swift passage of the animal Spirits, as it were a Balneum Mariae. That the bending tracts and complications of the Bosoms may be the better seen, a cer∣tain tincture may be cast into the Vertebral Veins; and presently that invading the passages of the bosoms and marking them, will exhibit the appearance of a long Lad∣der with many little labels hanging to it.

Yea at length by those little roundles we are led to the third kind of Spinal Vessels, which are the Veins, into which all the bosoms immediately convey their burden, whereby they being continually emptied, may be still able to receive fresh blood: wherefore the venous branch is stretched out by the several joyntings of the Vertebrae into the bosom, which presently carries away the blood laid up in it, and to be re∣duced towards the Heart. The Veins designed to this office, after the example of the Arteries, are disposed after one manner above the Heart, and after another be∣low it. As to the first, a branch going from the Trunk of the Vena Cava below the Chanel-bone, or the first little Rib of the Breast, accompanies the Vertebral Artery, and ascending by the holes of the Processes between the several Vertebrae, inserts a little branch to the Bosom, Tab. 13. Fig. 2. h. h. h. Then the top of this Vein being carried towards the hinder part of the Head, is continued into the Trunk of the Bo∣som, and opened by the other passage into the Jugular Vein. But further, as if these communications were not yet sufficient for the draining away the blood, transverse branches also are stretched out between both Veins, Tab. 13. Fig. 2. i. i. i. So mani∣fold diverting places appear, by which it is enough and more than enough provided,

lest the blood might flow back towards the medullar Trunk upon any occasion. Be∣low the Heart, because the Trunk of the Vena Cava cannot, as the Aorta, immediate∣ly lean upon the Spine, and carry shoots straight to the same, therefore it sends forth a Vein without a Companion, out of whose Trunk forked or twofold branches being sent forth, go forwards both to the Muscles of both sides and to the Spine it self. Be∣low the Kidneys, seeing there is a space granted for the Vena Cava to be carried nigh the Spine, the Azygos Vein ends, and from the Trunk of the greater Vein, as from that of the Artery, the Vessels belonging to the Loyns immediately proceed.

These things being lately observed concerning the blood-carrying Vessels belong∣ing to the Spine and the hinder part of the Head, and here inserted in the place of an Appendix, ought to be referred to the other Doctrine of this kind, delivered above in the eighth Chapter. In the mean time, that we may return to our purpose, to wit, what remains of Neurologie, there is not much more to be met with worthy note con∣cerning the Nerves: For they, as to the greater and chief Ramifications, are almost constantly both in Man and brute Beasts, after the manner we have described them. Sometimes it happens, although very rarely, concerning the divarications of the smallest Shoots and Fibres, that there is some variety: but as to the primary Vessels, and those drawn from them, the Configuration of every pair of Nerves is still the same or alike in all. It now remains, that the Theory of the Nerves, hitherto drawn in words, and so only objected to the Understanding, may also be shewn to the Sense, which will make it clearer. Wherefore we have taken care, that the ingraven De∣lineations of the wandring and intercostal pair of Nerves, and also of others which are of chief note, and of the Spinal Marrow it self be plainly exhibited. The Fi∣gures of these, although taken from a dead Example, yet after many Dissections and a frequent comparing them together according to their several parts, they are de∣scribed as if from the life; the Lineaments of which with Characteristical Notes, that they may be the better and more distinctly perceived, and a large draught of every Figure, equal almost to the Scheme of Nerves in their animated Body, we have cau∣sed to be cut: further, because the Contents of either side and of the Cavity between, cannot be at once described in their proper situation; therefore here it is supposed, That the Spine, with the oblong Marrow, or the whole medullar Stock, cut in the midst is rolled out, and both sides of it, with the pairs of the Nerves arising in the whole Tract, is turned outward.

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[illustration] origins and branchings of various nerves in a human body

Tabula

The Ninth Table

Shews the beginnings of the fifth and sixth pair of Nerves, and the Roots of the In∣tercostal Nerve proceeding from them; moreover, the Origines and Branchings out of the same Intercostal Nerve and the wandring Pair, and of the accessory Nerve produced out of the Spine to the wandring Pair carried to the Region of the Ven∣tricle. Besides, here are represented the beginnings and distributions of the seventh, ninth, tenth Pair of Nerves, and of the Nerve of the Diaphragma; also the begin∣nings of the Vertebral Nerves in their whole Tract from the Region of the Nerves inserted in the Praecordia and Viscera are described, and their Communications with the former. All this whole following Table shews how it is found in Man different from other living Creatures.

• A. The Nerve of the fifth Pair with its two Branches A. A. the upper of which tending straight forwards, distributes shoots into the muscles of the Eyes and Face, into the Nose, Palate, and the upper part of the whole Mouth; moreover, it reflects two shoots a. a. which are the two roots of the intercostal Nerve: the other lower Branch of the fifth Pair tending downwards, is dispersed into the lower Jaw and all its parts.
• a. a. Two shoots sent down from the upper Branch of the fifth Pair, which meeting together with the other shoot b. reflected from the Nerve of the sixth pair, constitute the trunk of the Intercostal trunk D.
• B. The Nerve of the sixth pair tending straight forwards into the muscles of the Eyes, out of whose trunks a shoot b. which is the third root of the intercostal Nerve, is re∣flected.
• b. The third root of the intercostal Nerve.
• C. The Original of the hearing Nerves or of the seventh pair with its double Process, viz. soft and hard.
• c. The softer Branch of it which is wholly distributed into the inward part of the Ear, viz. into the muscle lifting up the hammer, and into the shell.
• c. The harder Branch of it, which arising whole without the Skull, and being inoculated with the shoot of the eighth pair e. constitutes with it a single Nerve, which presently is divided into many shoots: of which
  • 1. is bestowed on the muscles of the tongue and of the bone Hyoides.
  • 2. Again into more shoots, the upper of which
  • 3. Into the muscles of the Face and Mouth.
  • 4. Into the muscles of the Eye-lids and Forehead.
  • 5. Into the muscles of the Ear.
• D. The trunk of the intercostal Nerve consisting of the three aforesaid Roots about to pass into the Ganglioform infolding: which infolding of the intercostal Nerve, brought without the Skull, seems to be the highest knot.
• E. The Original of the Nerve of the wandring or eighth pair consisting of many Fibres, with which the Nerve ♀. arising out of the Spine, joyns, and being inoculated with them, passes together through the Skull, which being passed, it departs again, and having made a communication with some neighbouring Nerves, is bestowed on the mus∣cles of the Shoulders and Back.
• ε. A shoot of the eighth Pair meeting with the auditory Nerve.
• f.f.f. Other shoots of the wandring Pair going into the muscles of the Neck.
• G. The principal Branch of the same Pair being lost or drowned in the Ganglioform infold∣ing being near.
• H. The upper Ganglioform infolding of the wandring Pair which admits a shoot k. out of another near infolding of the intercostal Nerve.
• h. A Branch out of the aforesaid infolding of the wandring Pair going into the muscles of the Larynx, a noted shoot of which entring into the Shield-like Cartilage, meets with the returning Nerve, and is united to the same.
• i. A shoot sent from the cervical Infolding of the intercostal Nerve into the trunk of the wandring Pair.
• K. The lower infolding of the wandring Pair from which many Nerves proceed for the Heart and its Appendix.

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• l. A noted shoot sent to the Cardiack infolding.
• m. Nervous Fibres distributed into the Pericardium and the Vessels hanging to the Heart.
• n. The left returning Nerve, which being reflected from compassing about the descending trunk of the Aorta upwards towards the Scutiform Cartilage, imparts in its ascent many shoots **** to the rough Artery, and at length meets with a shoot h. sent from the Ganglioform infolding. This returning back from the knot of reflection, sends some shoots towards the Heart.
• L. The returning Nerve in the right side, which being reflected much higher, binds about the axillary Artery.
• O. A noted branch sent down from the trunk of the wandring pair in the left side towards the Heart, one shoot of which presently becoming forked, compasses about the trunk of the Pneumonick Vein; the other attaining the hinder region of the Heart, is dispersed into many shoots which cover over its superficies: a like Cardiack branch sent out of the trunk of the other side, meets with this.
• p. The shoot of the aforesaid branch going about the Pneumonick Vein.
• q. Another branch of the same imparting to the Heart many shoots which cover over its hinder superficies, turned back beyond their proper situation.
• r.r.r. Small shoots sent out of the trunk of the wandring pair which are inserted by a long tract to the Oesophagus.
• S.S.S. Many shoots cut off, the branchings of which being distributed into the substance of the Lungs, variously straiten and bind about the blood-carrying Vessels.
• T.T.T. The trunk of the wandring pair divided into two branches, viz. the exterior and the interior, either of which inclining towards the like branches on the other side, are united to the same, and after a mutual communication constitute the two Sto∣machical branches, viz. the upper and the lower.
• V.V. The inward branches, which being united in X, constitute the beginning of the lower Stomachical branch.
• W.W. The outward branches, which being united in the Figure to be added to this, make the upper Stomachical branch.
• X. The joyning together of the inward branches.
• F. The beginning of the Nerve of the ninth pair with many fibres, out of which being uni∣ted, a trunk being made is carried towards the tongue; but in its progress sends out two shoots.
• Θ. Θ. The first shoot tending downward, and united to a branch of the tenth pair, is be∣stowed on the Sternothyroeidal Muscle.
• Φ. Φ. The second shoot on the muscles of the Bone Hyoides.
• σ. The trunk of this Nerve passing into the body of the tongue.
• G. The upper Ganglioform infolding of the intercostal Nerve, which is the highest knot of this Nerve, being come out of the Skull.
• α. A shoot out of this infolding sent into the neighbouring infolding of the wandring pair.
• b.b. Two nervous Processes by which this infolding communicates with the Nerve of the tenth pair.
• γ. A shoot sent down into the Sphincter of the throat.
• Γ. The middle or Cervical infolding, which being proper to man, is placed nigh the middle of the neck in the trunk of the intercostal Nerve.
• δ. A noted branch out of the second Vertebral pair going into this infolding, whereby this communicates with the Nerve of the Diaphragma in its first root.
• ε.ε. Two branches from the same infolding into the trunk of the Nerve of the Diaphragma.
• ζ.ζ. Many nervous fibres coming from the Cervical infolding into the returning Nerve and into the Blood-carring Vessels, and are also sowed into the trunks of the Trachea and the Oesophagus.
• τ. A shoot from the same into the trunk of the wandring pair.
• χ. Another signal shoot into the returning Nerve.
• κ.κ. Two signal shoots sent down towards the Heart, which another branch ••. follows, arising a little lower: these being carried downwards between the Aorta and the Pneu∣monick Artery, meeting with the like branches of the other side, constitute the Cardiack infolding ▵. out of which the chief Nerves proceed which are bestowed on the Heart.
• ••. A branch proceeding a little lower from the intercostal trunk, which is destinated with the former to the Cardiack infolding.
• ▵. The aforesaid Cardiack infolding.
• μ. The handle going from the same, which binds about the Pneumonick Artery.
• ...

• υ. The lower handle binding the pneumonick Vein.
• Ξ. The intercostal Nerve demersed into the cavity of the Thorax, where it binds the axil∣lary Artery.
• ξ.ξ.ξ.ξ. The four Vertebral Nerves sent down into the infolding of the Thorax, the upper of which binds the Vertebral Artery.
• ο.ο.ο. Three noted branches sent down from the Cardiack infolding, which cover the ante∣rior region of the Heart, as the Nerves p. q. going from the trunk of the wandring pair, impart branchings to its hinder part.
• π. The Vertebral Artery bound about by the Vertebral Nerve.
• ς.ς.ς. Nervous shoots covering the anterior region of the Heart.
• τ.τ.τ. Shoots and nervous Fibres distributed to its hinder part.
• Θ. The lower Infolding, called properly the Intercostal or Thoracical, into which, besides the intercostal Nerve, four Vertebrals are inserted: the uppermost of these in its de∣scent binds about the Vertebral Artery.
• I. The intercostal Nerve descending nigh the roots of the sides through the cavity of the Thorax, where in its whole progress it admits a branch from between the several knots of the Vertebrae.
• H. The Nerve of the tenth pair, consisting of many fibres in the beginning, arises between the first and second Vertebrae, where presently it sends forth two nervous processes b. b. into the upper infolding of the intercostal Nerve.
• ✶ A branch of it, which being united to a shoot of the ninth pair, is bestowed into the Sternothyroeidal Muscle immediately lying on the rough Artery.
• □. A shoot reflected into the posterior muscles of the Neck.
• ▵. A shoot into the pathetick Spinal Nerve.
• + + + Shoots from the chief branch of the same Nerve into the Sternothyroeidal Muscle.
• L. The original of the chief Vertebral Nerve, which in this, as in all other Vertebrals, consists of many Fibres, one band of which going out of the lower margine of the Spinal Marrow, and another from the upper, meeting, go together into one trunk, which is presently divided into nerves distributed many ways.
• ρ. A shoot from this Nerve into the branch of the tenth pair.
• e. Another shoot into the Spinal Pathetick.
• c. A noted shoot sent forth upwards into the muscles of the Neck and Ears.
• T. A shoot from the crooked Nerve into the muscles of the Neck.
• 7. A Nerve from this pair into the first brachial nerve, out of which the nerve of the Diaphragma hath its highest root.
• M. The beginning of the second Vertebral, out of which the upper Brachial branch pro∣ceeds, and in which the nerve of the Diaphragma is first rooted. This Brachial nerve in four-footed Beasts arises near the fourth or fifth Vertebrae, and so the root of the Diaphragma is placed lower.
• v. The Vertebral branch destinated to the Arm.
• Υ. The Nerve of the Diaphragma, a shoot of whose root δ. comes to the Cervical infold∣ing, and a little lower two other branches from the same infolding ε.ε. are reached out into its trunk. This communication is proper to man.
• φ. The other root of the Diaphragma from the second and third Brachial nerve.
• χ. The lower trunk of the nerve of the Diaphragma being removed out of its place, which in its proper situation, passing through the cavity of the Thorax without any commu∣nication, goes straight forward to the Diaphragma, where being stretched out into three shoots, it is inserted into its musculous part.
• ψ.ψ.ψ.ψ. The other Brachial nerves, out of whose roots nerves go into the intercostal Infolding.
• ω.ω.ω.ω. The beginnings of the Vertebral nerves, from the several roots of which a branch is carried into the intercostal nerve.
• ♃.♃ The last beginning of the Spinal accessory Nerve, going to the wandring pair, begin∣ning with a sharp point.
• ♀. The trunk of the same Nerve ascending, which in its whole ascent, going through the side of the Spinal Marrow, passes through the midst of the beginnings of the Vertebral nerves, and receives Fibres from the stock of the Marrow.
• ♂. The trunk of the same Nerve descending, which departing from the wandring pair, is reflected outwards, and after having had communications with the nerves of the ninth and tenth pairs, it is bestowed wholly on the muscles of the Shoulder.
• ☽. The lower process of the same Nerve.

The Tenth Table

Shews the beginnings and Branchings out of the same Nerves which were described in the former Table, as some of them are found in brute Beasts otherwise than in Man.

• A. The trunk of the intercostal Nerve going out of the Skull.
• B. The upper Ganglioform infolding springing out of the trunk of the intercostal nerve.
• C. The intercostal nerve arising out of the aforesaid proper infolding, and sent down into the other neighbouring infolding of the wandring pair.
• D. A shoot from the upper infolding into the Sphincter of the throat.
• E. Both the Nerves included in the same sheath, as if they were the same trunk, descend towards the Thorax: out of which trunk appearing in this place, a branch is sent out into the returning nerve.
• F. The lower infolding in the trunk of the wandring pair, or rather consisting in the com∣mon sheath of either nerve.
• f. A shoot out of this infolding into the Brachial branch coming between, in which branch the nerve of the Diaphragma hath its root.
• G. The intercostal Nerve departing from the same infolding, and going under the axillar Artery, is inserted into the infolding of the Thorax.
• g. Another Branch going between the two infoldings, and going above the axillary Artery, so that these two nerves having made an handle, bind about the Artery.
• H. A noted shoot out of the aforesaid infolding of the wandring pair into the Cardiack in∣folding.
• i.i.i.i. From thence many nervous Fibres are sent down into the Vessels belonging to the Heart, and into the Pericardium.
• k.k.k.k. The greater Brachial nerves which are produced a little lower in Brute animals, than in Man: and therefore the nerve of the Diaphragma arises lower.
• L.L.L. The Brachial nerves mutually cutting one another by the cross processes, commu∣nicate among themselves.
• M. The Nerve of the Diaphragma consisting of three roots, when in Man they are only two.
  • 1. The first root of the same Nerve.
  • 2. Its second Root.
  • 3. Its third Root, which communicates mediately with the infolding of the wandring pair, viz. by the trunk of the Brachial branch, to which it is fixed.
• n. A Nerve carried from the second Brachial branch into the intercostal infolding, which binds about in its passage the Vertebral Artery.
• N. Shoots and suckers sent down from both knots of the returning nerve towards the Heart and its Appendix.

The other Nerves and their Branchings out are as in the other Figure, which shews the pattern of them in Man.

[illustration] origins and branchings of various nerves in a non-human body

Tabula x

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[illustration] lower branchings out of wandering and intercostal pairs of nerves in the abdomen, as well as vertebral nerves

The Eleventh Table

Shews the lower Branchings out of the wandring and the Intercostal Pair distributed to the Ventricle and the Viscera of the Abdomen; also the beginnings of the Ver∣tebral Nerves, which are placed over against the former, and are ingraffed into some of them. The Figure of these in Man and in four-footed Beasts is almost alike, so that this Table may be common for both.

• A. The lower Stomachical Branch which is made up out of the internal branches of each wandring pair, being united together, and covering the bottom of the Ventricle, dis∣perses shoots on every side in the whole tract.
• B. The upper Stomachical Branch which is made out of the external branches of the wan∣dring pair, on either side united together, and creeps through the top of the Ventricle.
• C. The Coalition or joyning together of the Branches.
• D. The nervous Infolding out of the Fibres of both the Stomachical nerves, being united together nigh the Orifice, and as it were woven into a Net.
• a.a. The ends of both the Stomachical nerves which there meet with the nerves of the Li∣ver, and communicate with them.
• E.E. The Intercostal nerve descending on either side nigh the roots of the Ribs, and in its whole descent receiving a branch from the several Vertebral nerves ε.ε.
• F. A branch going out of the Nerve of the left intercostal side, and sent down towards the Mesenterick infoldings.
• G. The same Mesenterick nerve becoming forked, sends out the greater branch into the infolding, which is the Stomachical and Splenetick, and the lesser into that belonging to the Reins.
• H. The like Mesenterick branch going out of the intercostal nerve on the right side, and inclining towards the Mesenterick infolding.
• I. The greater Branch of this nerve becoming in like manner twofold, the greater branch going into the Hepatick, and the lesser into the Renal infolding, or that belonging to the Kidneys.
• ♄. The chief Mesenterick Infolding of the left side, which is also the Stomachical and Lienary, or belonging to the Spleen; out of which many little bundles of Nerves or nu∣merous Conjugations are sent out many ways.
• ♃. The Renal Mesenterick Infolding of the left side, into which, besides the Mesenterick shoot,
• β.β. two other Nerves are carried immediately out of the Intercostal nerve.
• γ.γ.γ. From this Infolding, planted near the Bilary Chest, many Nerves and Fibres are sent into the Kidney.
• δ.δ. Nerves and Fibres by which this infolding communicates with the greatest infolding of the Mesentery.
• ζ. The chief bundle of Nerves tending out of the former infolding ♄. into the Spleen, which it having reached, reflects from thence certain Fibres into the bottom of the Ven∣tricle.
• n. The second Conjugation of the Nerves from the aforesaid infolding into the bottom of the Belly, whose Fibres communicate with the shoots and fibres of the lower Stoma∣chical nerve.
• τ. The third Conjugation of Nerves between this infolding and the neighbouring He∣patick ♂.
• ι. The fourth Conjugation of the Nerves between this and the greatest infolding of the Mesentery ☉.
• ♀. The Renal Mesenterick Infolding of the right side, into which (as in its fellow) besides the Mesenterick branch,
• K.K. two nerves are produced from the intercostal nerve.
• λ. The Nerves and Fibres between this infolding and the greatest of the Mesentery.
• μ. A noted Branch between this infolding and the neighbouring Hepatick.
• v. A noted Company of Nerves and Fibres from this infolding into the Kidney, which climb over the emulgent Vessels, and variously bind them about.
• ♂. The superior Mesenterick Infolding of the right side.
• ο. A great Conjugation of Nerves out of this Infolding into the Liver and Gall-Chest,

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• out of which also many shoots are distributed into the Pylorus and Pancreas. The Nerves and Fibres of this, in its ascent towards the Liver, cover the Hepatick Ar∣tery, by making as it were a little Net, and almost hide its trunk. The shoots of these meet with the tops of the Stomachical nerve α.α.
• π.π. Shoots distributed about the Pylorus.
• p p. Other shoots dispersed into the Pancreas.
• ς.ς. Nerves reaching out between this Infolding and the greatest of the Mesentery. This infolding communicates with the neighbouring Renal by μ. and with the Stomachical by τ.
• ☉. The greatest Mesenterick infolding out of which a mighty bundle of Nerves ...... arising under the great Glandula of the Mesentery, from thence is dispersed on every side about into many shoots and branches, and they are distributed into all the Inte∣stines, except the straight Intestine. The Nerves and Fibres reaching out on every side, are knit to the Mesenterick Arteries and Veins in its whole compass, and va∣riously strain and bind them about.
• τ.τ. Nervous shoots from this Infolding into the Womens testicles, or the uterine Glandu∣la's, which meet with the branches of the Vertebral nerves of the twentieth and one and twentieth pair sent into the same parts, and are inoculated with them.
• v.v. The Vertebral branches into the Womens testicles.
• ☽. The lowest Infolding of the Mesentery placed much below the former, and having for its beginning three nerves on either side arising lower from the Intercostals.
• φ.φ.φ. Three Nerves on either side sent down from the intercostal nerve into the lowest in∣folding of the Mesentery.
• χ.χ. A Nerve stretching out of that Infolding directly into the greatest infolding of the Mesentery, which in its passage receives on both sides some shoots from the intercostal nerve, viz. 4. 4. 5. 5. 5. and it self sends two shoots into the Womens testicles.
• ψ.ψ. Two branches from the aforesaid Nerve into the Womens testicles.
• ☿. Another small Infolding standing a little above this lowest.
• ω. A nervous Process reaching out of the aforesaid lowest Infolding into the neighbouring very little infolding.
• a. From the least Infolding ☿. a noted nerve being carried into the greatest infolding of the Mesentery, which in its whole ascent stretches under the straight Intestine and part of the Colon, and inserts frequent shoots into them.
• b. Another Branch sent from the same Infolding downward, which stretches under the lower part of the same straight Intestine, and imparts to it frequent shoots.
• C.C. Two Nerves sent downward from the lowest infolding of the Mesentery ☽, which being sent down into the Bason about the lowest cavity of the Belly, enter the two in∣foldings there K.K. viz. one placed in either side.
• K K. A double Infolding placed within the Bason, whose nerves provide for the several ex∣cretions there made, viz. of the Ʋrine, Dung, and Seed; these send out nerves d.d. towards the lowest Mesenterick infolding.
• d.d. A nerve ascending from the aforesaid Infolding on either side, nigh the sides of the straight Intestine, inserts shoots into it; which double infolding, another nerve de∣scending (b) from the least infolding, meets with.
• ε.ε. Two Nerves from the same Infolding into the Womb.
• f. A nerve from the same Infolding into the Bladder.
• g. A nerve into the Glandules Prostatae.
• h. A nerve out of the Root of the eighth and twentieth Vertebral pair into the muscles of the Anus.
• i. The nine and twentieth Vertebral pair, from which
• k. goes a Nerve into the Sphincter, and the other muscles of the Anus.
• l. A noted nerve on both sides from that pair into the Yard.
• m. Another shorter Branch into the muscles of the Yard.
• L.L. The intercostal nerve below the Reins.
• m. A little nerve from the Vertebral branch into the Cremasteral muscle of a Mans Testicles.
• n. The one and twentieth Vertebral pair; the beginning of which being placed behind the Kidneys, lyes hid. From this Nerve very many shoots are sent out on both sides into the testicles of the female Sex, which meet with other Mesenterick shoots, distributed to the same part.

[illustration] spinal marrow

• ...

• o. A Nerve from the two and twentieth Vertebral pair, out of which also are some shoots sent into the Womans testicles.
• p.p.p.p.p.p.p.p.p. Nerves destinated for the thigh, of which those that arise higher, re∣ceive in their descent branches from the nerves arising lower.
• q. The intercostal Nerves inclining mutually one to the other, near the beginning of the Os Sacrum, communicate by the cross Process 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• r. Another cross Process within the crookedness of the Os Sacrum knitting together the two intercostal nerves.
• s. Both the intercostal Nerves ending in most small fibres, which fibres are distributed into the very Sphincter of the Anus.
• t. A Nerve from the twenty fourth Vertebral pair, which is carried into the inguinal Glandula's or of the Groyn.
• v.v.v. &c. Shoots sent down from the intercostal Nerve on both sides into the body of the Ʋreters.
• x. A Nerve which is destinated to the Testicles and the Cremasteral Muscle, cut off where it goes out of the Abdomen.

The Twelfth Table

Shews the Spinal Marrow whole taken out of its bony Den, and half taken from the Membrane cloathing it, being dissected, that the beginnings and productions of all the Vertebral Nerves might be seen together.

• A.A. The top of the Spinal Marrow, where it is cut off from its cleaving to the oblong Marrow.
• B. The Spinal Artery seen to descend through the whole Marrow, which however is made up of Arteries, brought into it from between the several joyntings of the Ver∣tebrae.
• C.C. The Spinal Nerve coming from the fifth or sixth Vertebra of the Neck to the be∣ginning of the wandring pair.
• D.D. Portions of the Membrane cloathing the Marrow dissected and rolled off.
• E.E.E. The Spinal Nerves sent out of the upper margine of the Marrow by hands, with which the like bundles also being carried from the lower margine, meet and joyn together all into one trunk within the junctures of the Vertebrae: then being se∣parated again without them, they are carried into their respective Provinces.
• F. f. Nerves brought forth within the region of the Neck.
• G.g. Nerves destinated for the Shoulder and Arm, where both the Marrow is larger, and the bundles of the nerves are greater.
• H.h. Nerves going out about the Back and Loyns: where both the body of the Marrow is again smaller, and the little bundles of the nerves are a little slenderer.
• I. i. Nerves destinated for the thighs, where also the medullar body and the little bundles of the nerves are again larger.
• K. Nerves going out of the Os Sacrum.

The Thirteenth Table.

FIGURE I.

Shews the branchings forth of the Vertebral Artery reaching out on both sides into the superiour part of the Spinal Marrow, and into the hinder Region of the oblong Marrow.

• A.A. The Region of the posterior oblong Marrow.
• B. The common passage made from both the Vertebral Arteries united together.
• C. The Rhomboidal Figure, which in Brutes a double coalition of the Vertebral Arteries describes.
• D. The first joyning together of the Vertebral Arteries above the Spinal Marrow, from which place the Spinal Artery descends.
• E. The Spinal Artery.
• F.F. Two Vertebral Arteries carried from the axillary branches.
• G. The Spinal Marrow.
• f.f.f.f. &c. Arterious shoots into the muscles of the Neck.
• g g g.g. Shoots sent in the Spinal Marrow which joyn together from either side in the Spi∣nal Marrow nigh the several joynings of the Vertebrae.
• h.h.h.h. Arterious shoots, which following the chanels of the Bosoms, make the arterious Infolding, as it is described in the third Figure.
• f.f. Two Arteries sent down from the Aorta into the Spine.

FIGURE II.

Shews the Vertebral Veins which are Companions to the abovesaid Arteries; also the upper portion of the Vertebral Bosom and the communications of either among themselves and lateral Bosoms of the Head, and between the Jugular Veins.

• A. The third Bosom of the Head cut off, where it passes into its lateral Bosoms.
• B.B. The lateral Bosoms of the Head.
• C.C. The round Den where the lateral Bosom goes on both sides into the Jugular Vein.
• D.D. The Jugular Vein.
• E. The upper joynting of the Vertebral Bosoms.
• F.F. The Vertebral Bosom on either side within the Skull brought through, and there pas∣sing into the lateral Bosom.
• G.G. The trunk of either Vertebral Vein brought from the Vena Cava, and there be∣ginning.
• H.H. Either trunk of the Vertebral Bosom there cut off, which lower is continued through the whole passage of the Spine.
• h.h.h.h.h.h. The joynings together on both sides within the Commissures of the Vertebrae between the Vertebral Vein and Vertebral Bosom.
• i.i.i.i. The Veinous passages, which reaching out before without the Vertebrae, are carried from the Vein of one side to its fellow of the other side.
• 1.1. The communication of all the Bosoms and Veins in the top of the Spine.
• k.k. The Veinous passage from the concourse of the Bosoms and Veins on both sides into the Jugular Vein.
• l.l.l.l. &c. The joynings together of the Bosoms of either side near the Internodia of the Vertebrae.
• m.m.m.m. &c. The passages of the Veins carrying back the Blood from the Spinal Mar∣row into the Bosoms.
• n.n.n.n. &c. The Chanels of the Veins carrying back the Blood from the muscles of the Neck

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[illustration] spinal artery from head to Os Sacrum

fig. 3.^tia.

[illustration]

〈…〉〈…〉

[illustration] vertebral veins

fig. 2^da

[illustration] branchings out of the spinal bosom

fig 4^ta

[illustration] spinal bosom of a dog

fig. 5^ta

FIGURE III.

Shews the Spinal Artery which is produced within the bony Den nigh the more in∣ward Superficies of the Marrow, from the hinder part of the Head to the Os Sa∣crum, in the shape of a Net-work purl.

• a.a.a.a. Arterious shoots sent towards the Spine from the Vertebral Artery ascending be∣tween the holes of the Spinal Processes.
• b.b.b.b. &c. Arterious shoots sent from the Aorta towards the Spine.
• c.c.c.c. &c. An arterious shoot reaching out of every of the aforesaid shoots into the po∣sterior Marrow.
• d.d.d.d. &c. Another shoot reaching out of every of the aforesaid shoots into the anterior Marrow.
• e.e.e.e. &c. Every the aforesaid arterious shoots, as soon as carried into the bony den be∣coming forked, send forth a little branch into either part, which on both sides communicates with the next branch of the same side, and by the cross Process with the fellow-branch of the other side.
• f.f.f.f. The joynings together of the Arteries of either side by the cross shoot.
• g.g. The arterious shoots going out of the Os Sacrum.
• h.h. Arterious shoots into the Meningae of the hinder part of the Head.
• i.i. Arterious shoots going out of the Skull with the Nerves of the seventh pair.
• k.k. Shoots reaching out into the wonderful Net, which in their progress are ingraffed mutually among themselves, and also with the Arteries Carotides.

FIGURE IV.

Shews the Branchings out of the Spinal Bosom in its whole passage.

• A. The uppermost joyning of the Bosoms of either side.
• B.B. Chanels reaching out of either Vertebral Bosom into the lateral Bosoms of the Head.
• C.C. Chanels brought from the common concourse of the Bosoms, and the Vertebral Veins into the Jugular Veins.
• D.D. The Vertebral Veins.
• e.e. A communication between the Spinal Bosom and the Vertebral Vein.
• f.f.f.f. The passages of the Veins from either Bosom into the trunk of the Vertebral Vein.
• g.g.g.g. &c. The like Venous passages which are continued lower into the branches of the Vein Azygos, and lastly into the lumbary shoots of the Vena Cava.
• h.h.h.h. &c. The Pipes of the Veins, which receiving the blood from the Spinal Marrow carry it back into the Bosoms.
• i.i.i.i. &c. The Commissures or joynings of the Bosoms of either side nigh the several joynt∣ings of the Vertebrae.

FIGURE V.

Shews the Image of the Spinal Bosom in a Dog, which hath not joynings together in its whole passage, as it is in a Calf, Sheep, Hog, and many others, but only in the lowest and uppermost part, where it communicates with it self by three or four cross Processes.

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