Platerus golden practice of physick: fully and plainly discovering, I. All the kinds. II. The several causes of every disease. III. Their most proper cures, in respect to the kinds, and several causes, from whence they come. After a new, easie, and plain method; of knowing, foretelling, preventing, and curing, all diseases incident to the body of man. Full of proper observations and remedies: both of ancient and modern physitians. In three books, and five tomes, or parts. Being the fruits of one and thirty years travel: and fifty years practice of physick. By Felix Plater, chief physitian and professor in ordinary at Basil. Abdiah Cole, doctor of physick, and the liberal arts. Nich. Culpeper, gent. student in physick, and astrology.

CHAP. XII. Of the Pain of Hypochondria or Sides under the Ribs.

The Kinds.

WE call that the Hypochandriake pain, which is in the Sides of the Belly to the Back, or on either side, not in the outside fleshy, or Musculous part, of which we sake in Superficial pains, but deep under the Bastard or short Ribs, and thence are called Hypochon∣driak. Of these Hippocrates often spake. The Empe∣ricks mention these pains in the Diseases of the bowels under the short Ribs, and call it the pain of this or that Bowel. These differ first in respect of heaviness or burning, pricking or tearing.

A dull pain which is heavy, * 1.1 which increaseth some times by stretching and pricking is in the right or left side. And there is either no hardness or tu∣mor to be felt or seen, or both appear under the short Ribs, or between them. And the Ribs are bent outwards more then usually. And there is al∣so a pressing pain of the stomach and difficulty of brea∣thing, and other Symptoms, as want of Complexion in the Face, with palenese in a Cachexy, yellowness and blackness in the Jaundies: or a tumor of the Belly and Feet in a Dropsie. These accidents are more terrible then the pain, and therefore we shall here speak of them also.

Under the right and left Hypochondrion, by the Back bone, seldom on both sides, there is a heavy pain in the space between the Loyns, which groweth grea∣ter, this is called the stone in the Kid∣neys or Lithiasis. * 1.2 This pain increaseth upon motion of the Body, especially when the Back is bent with the body and at lying down, when the part is prest: and there is a numness of the Thigh on that side, to the Knee or sole of the Foot, with great pain, as I have often seen: with stoppage of Urin or pissing of Blood, after violent excercise, or riding. And the Sediment or bottom is black in the Urinal. This at somtimes is white and muddy, like Whey at the first, and after setling, the bottom is white as Chalk, and much somtimes. Somtimes it is gravely and white or scaly. This pain is also increased by new accidents.

There is somtimes a burning pain in the top of the Hypochondria, * 1.3 be∣fore, on the right side, this is called the Inflammation of the Liver, which is the cause of it, or Hepatitis. Or it is in the left side backwards, and is called the In∣flammation of the Spleen or Splenitis. Somtimes it is below in and about the Hip, and behind about the Back on either side, and it is called the Inflammation of the Kidneys, or Nephritis.

In all these kinds, there is a burning, stretching and heavy pain: also beating, especially if it be the In∣flammation of the Spleen, on the left side. In which there is a tumor to be felt, and somtimes on the right, when the Liver is inflamed, which appeareth more, when the patient bends to the right side, but it is with∣out redness, not as the inflamed Muscles are. In both these Inflammations, the pain reacheth to the Throat, and is increased by the lying on the contrary side: and it is more burning in the Erysipelas of the Li∣ver.

In all kinds, there is a smal dry Cough and in the Inflammation of Liver or Spleen, the Hiccup. And in that of the Liver, choler is vomited, and the Mouth bitter, or voided by stool. Also from Inflammation of Liver or Spleen there is a Jaundies, and from the Liver, or Bloody flux somtimes, and there is often Pissing with heat, when the Reynes are infla∣med.

There is with all kinds a Synoch Fever going afore, or following. With restlesness, thirst and dryness of tongue. Quick and little breath, swift and great Pulse. High Urin and somtimes matterish.

These ceasing, there is a heaviness in the part menti∣oned, and other accidents.

Somtimes there is a pricking pain in sound people suddenly on the left side somtimes on the right, * 1.4 which the Germans call Milkesteehen, pricking of the Spleen, falsly. It comes chief∣ly after meat, upon riding exercise; with a Tumor like that of the Cramp from wind, it is pricking and very tearing, when breath is fetched, and lying upon the Belly abates it, and at length it goes away of it self.

In other Diseases of the right or left side, there is al∣so a heavy pain, with greater Symptoms among which I shall speak of that. Those pains that are outward in the Hypochondria and about the Groyns in Ruptures, are refer'd to the Diseases causing them.

There is a cutting and stret∣ching pain in the Loyns, * 1.5 which is called the pain of the Womb, because it is caused, from thence, At the time of the courses, or when they are stopped. Som∣times in great bellyed Women, often after child bea∣ring and with other Diseases of the Womb, where it is described exactly.

There is often on one side, * 1.6 seldom on both, a twitching, tearing and pric∣king pain most grievous in the Reyns, somtimes by fits, somtimes returning in a month or year, this is called Ne∣phritis from the cause, which is the Stone or Gravel, it somtimes is fixed

and somtimes goes to the Groyns and not the Belly, as the Colick. And the Leg on that side is benum∣med.

At the first there is vomiting of flegm and choler and quick and little breathing.

At the beginning the Urin is with difficulty crude like water, then thick and after bloody, and there is red, yellow or white Gravel found at the bottom, growing together somtimes. Somtimes they are so little, they stick in the sediment and fat and fly up, or stick to the pott. All these last long, or the pain goes to the bot∣tom of the Belly, and then departs in a moment: or there is some hurt in the part, as we shewed in stop∣page of Urin. And this either is not, or ceaseth pre∣sently, if one or more stones be pissed forth: the stone is somtimes sandy and brittle, red or yellow or white, long or round, smooth or uneven, greater or less: or hard and flinty and then white or dunne, somtimes of a strange shape.

The Causes.

The Diseases of divers parts in the Hypochondria un∣der the short Ribs, cause divers pains. These parts are either the fleshy Bowels, as Liver, Spleen, two Kid∣neys with the Ureters; or parts belonging to them, as part of the Porinaeum, or Caul, Stomach and Colon; The diseases whereof reatch thither and are felt under the Hypochondria.

Some diseases of the fleshy Bowels cause pains, these are manifest on that side, where the Bowel lyeth. If from the Liver, it lyeth on the right side foreward, the Spleen one the left side, under the Stomach, the Reyns one both sides with the Ureters, under the other two Bowels. The pain of the right Kidney, is known thus from the pain of the Liver, for when the Liver is afflicted, the pain is more on the right side foreward, where the greatest part of the Liver lyeth, or against the lodg of the Heart, where it lyeth, upon the Sto∣mach: but the pain of the right Kidney remaineth fixed backwards, a little lower in the Back. But the pain of the left Kidney, is not so easily distinguished from the pain of the Spleen, because it is higher then the right Kidney. And contrary to the common opi∣nion, the Spleen lyeth more backward, next to the left Kidney. Not on the left side so forward, as is sup∣posed. Therefore the pains of these parts must not be distinguished by the Scituation, but by other signs.

The diseases that may happen to all these and cause pain, are Inflammation, Weight, Obstruction or Di∣stension, from a Humor or Tumor, or from the Stone.

When there is Inflammation in these bloody Bowels, * 1.7 Liver, Spleen or Kidneys, it is from pure or fowl Blood, and causeth a burning where the Bowel lyeth, on that side. For these Bowels have but dull sense of feeling, from the outward Tunicle, yet when the Inflammation reacheth to the parts adja∣cent, which are very sensible and Membranous, the pain is great, and the Tumor more appearing, when the Inflammation is in the outward gibbous part of the Liver, or when the Spleen, which lyeth lower under the Ribbs, is swollen: and the beating is more, when the Spleen is afflicted, because it aboundeth with Ar∣teries; and there are other accidents, as were shewed, When those Bowels that lye upon the Diaphragma are inflamed, for then Breath is hindered, and there is a Cough, and the stomach disturbed: And when the Li∣ver is inflamed, Choler is vomited, or there is a loose∣ness or Jaundies; and the Reins inflamed, make the U∣rin sharp. And if an Ulcer follow an Inflammation in these parts (as appears by pissing of matter from the Kidneys, and we see in Anatomies in the Liver and Spleen) or if there be a hardness left from the Inflam∣mation not well discussed, there will be accidents that will follow accordingly.

A stroak or contusion, or the like, made outwardly upon the parts, may be the cause of the Imflammation, as also very hot things taken in, may inflame the Liver and Spleen, as well as the stomach which lyeth near them. The chief Cause of Inflammation of the Liver is drinking much cold water in a great heat, which makes a sudden repercussion. And the Cause of the Inflammation of the Kidneys is the stone, which seeks a passage forth, and gets into the Vreters, and causeth great pain and flux of blood: This stone increaseth the Disease, by being together with the Inflammation. All these Causes of Inflammation kindle a symptomatical Feaver. But when blood is hot in a Synoch Feaver without these Causes, as we shewed in Feavers, and sent upon any of the Bowels aforesaid, it may cause these Inflammations which follow a Feaver as their cause. And it may be also from plenty of blood, when a Feaver goes not afore but follows after, which blood breaks out of the Vessels, and causeth an Inflammati∣on. If this Blood, if it be in the Liver impure, and not well purged from Choler, causeth an erysipelated Phlegmon, and the great Heat that comes from thence, by which the Bowels seem to burn, whence comes the burning Feaver called Typhodes. And the same things happen, if there be a true Erysipelas, from pure Choler spread through the substance of the Liver from the Gall. And this may come also from the Causes mentioned, that produce other Inflammations.

If the Liver or Spleen be obstru∣cted by a Humor, * 1.8 so that they are more heavy, there is a weight in the sides. This is seldom from a Hu∣mor in the Kidneys, but from a Stone or Gravel. This heaviness increaseth as if a weight lay there∣on, if there be a hard Tumor, Scirrhus or Oedema in the Liver or Spleen. This may be in the Kidneys, from the same tumors with great pain and heaviness. The Causes of all these shall be mentioned in other great accidents: We shall not speak of Wind which some will have to be a cause of pain in the Liver or Spleen, because it cannot be in such quantity there, as to cause it by stretching, neither is the inside of those parts sensible, neither do we see how it can be in the Kid∣neys.

From a Stone bred in the Liver or the Gall, or from sand or gravel, * 1.9 ga∣thered and returned, there is felt a Heaviness as from a Tumor. This may be, as I have seen in Anatomies, and it hath been observed that much red Gravel like Blood hath been voi∣ded in a Disease of the Liver; and by finding stones in the Livers of Beasts: We may collect that the same may be in a man. These hapning, cause this pain and other Symptoms, such as come from a stopped Liver, as we shall shew, we cannot affirm that Stones may breed in the Spleen, but from that general rule, that they may breed in any part of the Body, because we never saw nor heard of any.

Stones of divers sorts, * 1.10 and gravel in the Kidneys and Vreters, cause the Nephritick pain, which is either a Heaviness only in the Reins, gen∣tle and dull, when the Gravel lyeth still, or the Stones sticks to the kid∣ney; but the pain is greater when much Gravel is ga∣thered there, or the Stones be great or many, with pric∣king and cutting, and numness in the Leg on that side, from compression of the Nerves in the Loins, or pis∣sing of Blood from great motion, which maketh the stone beat upon the substance of the Kidneys, and som∣times of matter, and some part of the stone. These accidents are greater and longer, when the stone is long detained, and grows up in one place, and especially when it grows so that it fills the Reins and swells them, as we have seen great branched stones in Anatomies: Or when the substance of the Kidneys is worn away, and the stone is wrapt in the Membrane only, as in a purse where the Kidney was. Hence must needs be great pain; and I opened a Woman that in her life time complained for many years of such a pain, and often miscarried and found it so. Also I opened a wo∣man that after a mischance pined away and died, in whom besides other accidents, I found both Kidneys eaten away, and full of matter, and two great square stones in the right Kidney, and two in the left, one like a cross, another like an almond, with many other little ones. This is usual, for others have told me as much. I saw also a stone in the outward Fat of the Kidney, that grew to the tunicle which was great, but caused no pain, because it was hollow and light.

If the Stone get from the Kidneys in∣to the Vreters, * 1.11 the pain is greater, and hath the aforesaid Symptoms, first Vo∣miting from the consent of the stomach, and because flegm is vomited, they sup∣pose that the pain come from that, but that came from the stomach, because it could not so suddenly come from the Kidneys. The Urin is then waterish and crude, because the Choler is carried another way by vomiting and pain. That pain which is from the Stone, getting into the entrance of the Vreters, when it returns to the Kidneys again cea∣seth, or is less; but it increaseth when it descendeth through the narrow passages of the Vreters, by stretch∣ing them, and so it lasteth till it gets into the Bladder, and then it ceaseth suddenly. And this pain may come from Gravel that passeth slowly through the Vreters, especially in the strait passages, which have been so en∣larged in some that I have opened, that they have pis∣sed Stones and Gravel without pain.

The Cause that breeds Gravel and Stones is Flegm, according to the vulgar opinion, which is so dry by the heat of the Kidneys, that first it is Earth, then a Stone. But in regard Mudd or Slime is rather bred of dryed Flegm, and it cannot be further hardned by any Art or Nature, nor that that chalky matter which is found in the Joynts, comes from Flegm; as we shall shew in the Diseases of the Joynts, or if it come from it, it can∣not be earthy. And if it came from Flegm, Stones should rather breed in the Stomach and Brain, and o∣ther places where it aboundeth, than in the Kidneys to which that slimy Flegm they speak of, scarce cometh, or if it cometh, it cannot stay long, from these reasons and others, we cannot be of their opinion.

VVe shall rather make an earthy substance to be the cause of this Earthiness, which we have shewed may be in Humors distinct from Flegm, as in the serum or whey, by these arguments. For as water flowing con∣tinually through the passages of the Earth and Chan∣nels, and carrying a terrene or earthy Matter with it, which it leaves upon dry places, causeth Mudd and Sand, and the rather when it is impure and full of clay, or when it is Naturally salt, nitrous or vitriol, by which as we have observed in Spaw-waters, they have caused stones in the Channels, through which they have flow∣ed. In like manner the Serum receiving a salt Juyce and earthy Matter, which is bred dayly of Salt in the first Concoction which a man alwayes useth, and other earthy things (as you may observe in Beasts which love salt, so that they lick the walls as Goats, in which when old, many stones are found) if the Serum have much thereof, it sticketh to the dry and strait parts, through which it passeth and affords matter for sand and stones. Especially in those parts where the Serum separated from the Blood continually passeth through the Kid∣neys, therefore there Sand is first bred. These are red because they breed in the substance of the Kidneys, and grow into the Stones, if they continue long, and there increase by addition of new matter, or if they fall into the Bladder, and stay there, there they increase. And the older they are, the less red they are, but paler and firmer. And while the Serum is in the Blood, it may do the same in divers parts fitted for it: As was shewed concerning the Liver. And if it be mixed with other Excrements it doth the same, and the rather when it takes sharpness and dryness from the Choler. Hence it is that so often we find Stones in the Gall of the co∣lour of Gold, or Silver, from the yellow Choler. And this is done in the Body by the Serum, so when it falls out of the Body, by tears it causeth Sand in the Eye∣lidds: As was shewed in the Diseases thereof. Also in the Serum which is purged in the Bladder, namely the Urin, by which the stones that fall into the bladder are increased, the same may be observed. But it is more plain from Urine made in a Chamber-pot, for if the same Chamber-pot be used long and not scoured, there will be a sandy and gravely matter growing unto it, and and if it continue yet unscoured, it will turn to thick scales and stones. And as this may be done in time from any Urine, especially the saltest and sharpest, so may it be done speedily by Art, when the Urin is boy∣led. Therefore the Chymists make Salt out of Piss and Lye that hath earthy matter. From which as we shewed that Sand and Gravel may come, so may they increase into stones, from a salt, sharp and sour Juyce mixed with the Earthyness which is in the Serum or u∣rin, which fastneth and sends them (as the Stone-cut∣ters use to make a hard Cement like Iron of Filings of Iron, and Juyce of Vitriol and Vinegar) this cannot be from Flegm as some say, which cannot so glew to∣gether the earthy Bodies, that they may make a stone.

Neither can the heat of the Reins which they make the efficient cause of the stone, so dry the Flegm, and burn it, that it may be brought as it were to ashes; in regard stones may breed in other cold membranous parts. And that it should breed in certain places, the straitness of the part, to which the matter may fix lon∣ger and better and the dryness thereof, where it may grow hard, is required and ought to be the assisting Cause. Therefore they who Naturally have dry reins as some Infants, which have in the Cradle stones in the Kidneys, with great pain, and piss them forth, as I have observed, especially in one who had a white clear Stone before it was a year old, which stuck in the Yard, and stopt the Urin, and at length came forth with much Urin after it, and the falling of the horrid shining Tu∣mor in the Belly: Or they who have dry Reins from age or other causes, are most subject to the Stone. And

if it come from the Parents, it is hereditary, and takes the children at the same years as it did the Parents. Fer∣nelius (not explaining the quality) calls this a sandie Constitution of the Kidneys.

Some pains in Hypochondria come from the Perinaeum or cawl which is spread under the Belly before or behind, * 1.12 and is broadest under the Hypochondria, sides and back. And when that is ex∣treamly stretched, and drawn by the parts to whose Tuuicles it groweth, it is as it were pull'd a∣sunder, and hence comes a pricking pain, if it be in one part only, or a tearing and cutting pain, if the largest part of it be so stretched.

The cause of this is often wind, which gets between the Cawle and the Muscles, and stretcheth, and causeth that pricking pain, which they which use Exercise after meat, are subject to in the same manner, as there is a pricking pain in the Breast in a false Pleurisie, from the Membrane or Tunicle succingent, or which girdeth it. The strong attraction of the Muscles of the Belly by strong motion presently after meat, doth bring this, es∣pecially by riding when fitting in the saddle, they bear strongly upon the stirrups, and by forcing with retenti∣on of breath, constringe the Muscles of the Belly. E∣ven as we shewed in the Cramp, how it might come from wind in other parts of the Body, by the same kind of straining. For which cause, as in a windy Cramp the Muscles are lifted in the part pained, and cause a swelling which somtimes appears to the Eye. And if the sides be bound with a garter (as we shewed in the Cramp) and the Muscles drawn down by a contrary straining, as was exactly shewed; the pain ceaseth or abateth. So here is a kind of windy Cramp, and it may be referred to the Disease of the muscles and cawle pluckt asunder (as we shewed) This the vulgar calls the pain of the Spleen, because it is more often in the left then right side, which is by reason of the Stomach that lyeth on the left side, and because more Wind is bred in the left side, as in Hypochondriack Melancho∣ly, yet it comes somtimes on the right side.

These pricking or cutting pains which come from other Causes under the sides, * 1.13 when the Perito∣naeum or Cawle is stretched, are caused from the affliction of the Bowels, as Liver or Spleen, which are joyned to the Cawle, or from the Vessels of the womb which grow to the Back, and by the Cawle. Hence it is that pains of the Womb reach thither; or from the stretching of the Peritonaeum in a Tympany, or in Women with Child, there is a little pricking, or by continuance a great pain, as in the Her∣nia or Rupture. The Causes of all these shall be laid down in other great accidents which befal.

The Stomach being on the left side under the Hypochondrion, * 1.14 is pained about the lodge of the Heart before, with a pain called Cardialgia, on the left side; especially in the Hypo∣chondriack Melancholy, when there is rumbling and burning: As is shewed in Melancho∣ly.

The pain of the Colon which is placed under the Stomach, * 1.15 from one side to the other, is also in the Hypochondrion, but stayes not, but runs about the Belly: As shall be shewed in the Colick.

The Cure.

We shall mention only here the Cure of those Diseases with pain in the Hy∣pochondria. * 1.16 For the Cure of the Dis∣eases of the Liver, Spleen, Reins, Cawle, which we mention here only for the pain sake, because the pain in them is dul, shal be shewed in other Symptoms, as Cache∣xy, Jaundies, Dropsie, and the like, by which they are more manifest then by the pain. * 1.17 Also if there be pain in the Hypochondria from the Stomach, Womb or Colon, reaching thither, be∣cause the pains of the stomach are more in the region of the Heart, and of the Colon and Womb, more in the lower Belly where they lye, we have shewed the Cure of that in Pains of the Heart, and of those Pains in the Belly. And here we shall only declare the Cure of the Pain, where it chiefly shews it self, in respect of its cause, as it comes from the Inflammation of the Liver, Spleen, or Kidneys called Hepatitis, Splenitis, or Nephritis: Or from the Peritonaeum or Cawle, vulgarly called Spleneticus.

The Inflammations and Erysipelas of the Liver and Spleen, * 1.18 are dangerous and often deadly, and if they imposthume, and leave an Ulcer, or be ill cured, and a Hardness or Scirrhus follow, they cause a Dropsie, and incurable Diseases. The Inflammations of the Kidneys are more easily cured, they are worst, when the Stone is there also: If they leave an Ulcer, it is also ve∣ry stubborn, as shall be shewed.

The Method in the cure of all these Inflammations is the same as in others, that is while they are coming to divert the Blood another way from the part, or by re∣pelling and deriving it, and to allay the Heat and Burn∣ing, and to discuss the remainder, or if that may not be to ripen it. And if, there be Hardness, Scirrhus, or Imposthume, and after that is broken, an Ulcer, (which may be both in Liver, Spleen and Kidneys) we shall shew what is then to be done in other Symp∣tomes, that come from thence. Against Inflammation, use the following Remedies.

Blood-letting diverts the Blood while it is flowing to the part another way, especially in the Inflamma∣tion of the Liver or Kidneys which have great Bran∣ches from the hollow Vein: And in the Phlegmon of the Spleen, also it must not be neglected, though it hath Veins only from the Gate Vein, for reasons shew∣ed in Inflammation of the Stomach. Therefore in the Inflammation of all the the three parts, except any thing prohibit, open suddenly that Vein which most appeareth, on the same side, and bleed plentifully for Revulsion, and if there be great Plethory or Fullness, open the same Vein again, or that in the Hand on the same side, either against the Thumb, or little or middle Finger, according to Rhasis. And in the Inflamma∣tion of the Kidneyes open the Vein in the Foot.

The Haemorrhoids being Branches of the Gate Vein if they be opened derive much from the Inflammation of the Spleen, and revell from other Inflammations.

Cupping Glasses to the Hipps and Buttocks, or that side, do revell and derive in the Inflammation of the Reins. The Ancients did use them the day after bleed∣ing,

to the right Hypochondrion, when the Liver was Inflamed after scarification, and applyed them the next day again to the same place others used them only at the Declination, to take away the residue without Scar∣ification.

Also Ligatures and Frictions of the extream parts are good at the first, as in other Inflammations, to re∣vell.

And Clysters before Bleeding, and when the Body is bound, as it useth to be in these Inflammations, or Suppositories are good.

And Clysters because they reach into the Colon, and come near to the part, and cool, are best at the first, and are as altering Topicks; such as are prescribed in Fe∣vers.

A loosning Clyster, that a little provoketh. Take Mallows Roots and all, Beets, and for the Kidneys Pelli∣tory of the wall, each an handfull; Violets, Bran, each a pugil; Lineseed an ounce, Anniseed a dram, boyl and strain them, dissolve Honey, Butter and Oyl, each an ounce and half; Pulpe of sweet Prunes, or Cassia an ounce, with a little Salt, make a Clyster.

A cooling Clyster. Take the emollient Herbs and Roots, Purslane, Gourd leaves, each an handful; Violets, Mallows, and Chamomile flowers, each a pugil; Linseed, six drams, four great cold seeds an ounce, Barley a pugil, boyl and dissolve, Honey of Violets halfe an ounce, Cassia, an ounce, Oyl of Violets, and Water-Lillies, each an ounce and half.

If they cannot take Clysters, give a Laxative, take heed of Purgers for fear of more Flux and Inflammati∣on, Cassia therefore is not very safe.

But we give things that loosen without heat and pric∣king, as Prunes and other loosning fruits, and Spinach, Mallows, Violets boyled in Broaths, Whey, syrup of Violets and Roses, and the like.

In the declination or after the fourth day when heat abates, to take away the reliques, when the Liver or Spleen are afflicted, we give a gentle Purge, because they can discharge themselves by the Meseraicks into the Guts. And the rather, when the Disease is in the hollow part of the Liver, into which the Gate-vein branches it self, and if Choler boyling in the Gall or sent out, causeth an Erysipelas. In these cases we may give Cassia, or some gentle Purger.

Or this Decoction which cleanseth and openeth. Take Liquorish two ounces, Grass and Kneeholm roots, each an ounce; red Pease a pugil, Senna an ounce, Polypody an ounce and half, Cordial-flowers a pugil, Anise-seed three drams, Fennel seed and Dodder, each a dram; boyl them, strain and add syrup of Roses an ounce and half, syrup of the two Roots an ounce, Cinnamon a dram, Schaenanth half a dram, for three or four Draughts.

Or this Infusion: Take Rhubarb four scruples, Cinna∣mon, Spike, Schaenanth, each a scruple; sprinkle them with white Wine, and steep them in Endive and Maiden-hair∣water, add syrup of Roses, with Senna an ounce, make a Po∣tion.

If the Disease be in the Reins, because they have no∣thing to do with the Meseraicks, these are not proper, except some other reason require it, for then it is better to provoke Urin, or when it is in the convex part of the Liver, which hath branches of the hollow Vein, then it is good in the declining to take away the re∣mainder.

In the beginning of Inflammations of Liver, Spleen or Kidneys, we give gentle Astringers and Coolers, and which strengthen them, especially the liver and spleen. Then we leave out the Astringents, and mix Cleansers with Coolers, and then Openers, which take away the remainder by Urin or Stool. Such as were prescribed for the Inflammation of the stomach.

Or these following at first to repel. Take syrup of dryed Roses or Myrtles, each an ounce; syrup of Currance, or Bar-berries, or of Succory, or of Plantane for the Kidneys, each half an ounce; Endive, Rose and Plantane-water, each an ounce and half; red Sanders half a dram: Drink itin the morning, and make it again for the evening.

A cooling, cleansing and opening Julep in the pro∣gress. Take syrup of Violets and Endive, or Sorrel or Bi∣zantine, each an ounce; syrup of Purslane, and Water-lillies in the Inflammation of the Reins chiefly half an ounce, Straw-berry, Liverwort and Lettice-water, each an ounce and half.

Or this Decoction: Take Succory roots an ounce, En∣dive, Succory, Lettice, Strawberry-leaves, each a handful; Violets, Comfrey, Succory-flowers, each a pugil; Barley a pu∣gil, the four great cold Seeds, each a dram; sharp Prunes six, boyl them, strain and add Sugar.

We cool also with ordinary Drink, made of Water, and Barley, and Violets, and other four things, and with Conserves and Candyes, mentioned in Feavers and Inflammation of the Stomach.

In the Declination, when we will cleanse, and open and purge by Urin; We take syrup of Maiden-hair, of Bizant, each an ounce; syrup of Endive, and of the two Roots, each half an ounce; Water of Maidenhair, Agrimo∣ny, Fumitory, each an ounce; Spike and Schaenanth, each a scruple.

Or this Decoction: Take Roots of Asparagus, Fennel, Parsley, Liquorish, each an ounce; barke of Tamarinds for the Spleen half an ounce, Maidenhair for both Liver and Spleen, Agrimony, Ceterach, each a handful; Cordial and Broom flowers, each a pugil; Chamomil-flowers half a pugil, red Pease a pugil, the four great cold Seeds half an ounce, A∣nise-seed two drams, Parsley-seed and Agnus Castus, cach a dram; Raisons an ounce, boyl them, and in the straining dissolve syrup of the five or of the two Roots an ounce and half, with Cinnamon make it for three or four draughts.

Pills to discuss the reliques of the Inflamation. Take Turpentine two drams, Gum Ammoniack dissolved in Vine∣gar a dram, Myrrh, Storax, each a scruple, Schaenanth, Spike, Asarum, each half a scruple; with Sugar make Pills, take two scruples, or a dram, with Barley, Pease or Parsley-wa∣ter.

Outward Coolers must be applied at the first which astringe and repel; then mix Dissolvers therewith, and in the Declination, use Discussers alone to dissolve the remainder, or to ring it to Suppuration, if it will not be discussed. To all these you must add Strengthners, when the principal parts are inflamed. And these must all be applied, not actually cold, but temperate at the first, and warm afterwards.

A repelling Epithem to be used at the first. Take Rose-water four ounces, Plantane-water two ounces, Vinegar of Roses an ounce, Sanders a dram, Camphire a scruple (you may ad Juyce of Plantane or Violet-leaves, or of Pears or Quinces) Oyl of Roses half an ounce, or Rose-vinegar.

Then use this; Take of Nightshade-water, Water of Lettice, Violets and Water-lillies, each an ounce; Endive or Succory-water for the Liver two ounces, juyce of Nightshade, or Purslane, or of red Roses an ounce, Vinegar half an ounce, Sanders a dram, with Oyl of Violets make an Epithem.

Or dip Clouts in Juyce only of Nightshade, or of Endive for the Liver, and apply with a little Vinegar and Oyl of Violets, Roses or Water-lillies.

An Oyntment for the beginning of the Inflammati∣on. Take Oyl of Roses, Quinces or My••ties, each two oun∣ces; juyce of Plantane and Vinegar, each an ounce; or juyce of Endive or Succory for the Liver or Spleen an ounce,

boyl them till the Juyces are consumed, add Sanders, red Roses, each a dram; with Wax make an Oyntment.

At the first use the Cerot of Sanders for the Liver or Spleen, and the cooling Oyntment of Galen for the Reins. And Oyntment of Roses for all Parts.

Or this Cataplasm when the noble Bowels are affect∣ed. Take Quinces four ounces, Plantane and Horstongue, each an handful; red Roses a pugil, Pomegranate-flowers half an ounce, boyl and stamp them, ad Barley-meal three ounces, Oyl of Roses two ounces, red Sanders two drams, make a Cataplasm.

In the progress, to dissolve the Inflammation of Li∣ver or Spleen. Take Oyl of Roses two ounces, Oyl of Wormwood, or Spikenard an ounce, Oyl of Chamomil, or Melilot half an ounce, Sanders a dram, Spike half a dram, with Wax make a Liniment.

An old Oyntment for Inflammation of the Liver, made of Poppy tops, Rue, Linseed and Schaenanth, is good at that time.

Or the Cataplasm of Galen, made of Quinces and Dates.

Or this Cataplasm: Take Figgs, Dates, Raisons not stoned, each three ounces; Wormwood, Harts-tongue, each a handful; red Roses a pugil, boyl them in Wine and Wa∣ter, stamp and add Barley and Foenugreek-meal, or Line∣seed, each two ounces; Pouder of Orris a dram, Oyl of Cha∣momil and Lillies, each an ounce and half; Saffron a scru∣ple, Spike and Schaenanth, each half a dram.

In the Declination, the Emplaster of Melilot, Marsh-mallows, or Dyachylum, with Orris, do the same, and also maturate.

In the Inflammation of the Kidneys, use relaxing and resolving Ovls, as that of Oyl of sweet Almonds, or in which Marsh-mallow-roots are boyled, Oyl of Cha∣momile, Lillies, or the like, and Grease or Fats.

Or Oyntments of the same as that called Resum∣ptive.

Also a Bath of Marsh-mallows, and Mallows, Lil∣lies, Chamomile, Faenugreek and Lineseed, and the like, or a Fomentation for the Reins.

A Pain in the Reins from Stone, or Gravel, * 1.19 is not only to be cured when it comes, but to be prevented, by hindring the breeding of Stones, when we fear it, by reason our Pa∣rents had it, or are otherwise dispos∣ed to it. Especially in those who pisse Sand, we must take heed least it cleave to the Kidneys, and breed a Stone. And if we suspect that there is a Stone from former pains, and present Heaviness in the part, we must prevent pain, hinder its growth, and labour to ex∣pell it. This is by taking them of from things that breed the Stone, and heat and dry the Kidneys, and by giving cleansers to keep the Stones from growing to the Kidneys, and to break them and bring them down. But in curing of the pain of the Stone, which sticketh in the Passages, we must relax the passages, break the Stone, and labour to get it forth, all which shall be now related, as also the Diet and Exercise, and Purgers, and Clysters, and alterers and outward remedies.

There must be moderation and choise in meats and Drink, which must be of good juice, because the stone taketh its Original from them, Meat must be Tempe∣rate, and very little salted, very salt and dry things must be forborne, for from these comes the cheif earth∣ly Matter. Also very sharp and hot things that dry and heat the Kidneys, as Sawsages, and Spices, rather then crude glutiners, and things they thought, breed Flegme, for these cause a thick juice, which maketh Obstructions but not the earthly Matter, except there be some other cause, for that is layd aside in the serum, in which they are washed, as we shewed in the Causes Therefore Cheese which they forbid so earnestly, as the great Cause of the Stone, cannot do it but by its saltness, and sharpness; but fresh Cheese, Milk, and milkie meats, and other fresh meats though they be glutinous, cannot breed the Stone.

Modetate Exercise before meat is good to remove the Stone, which fixeth by Idleness. Therefore they void Stones more after exercise, then after Sleep, and the Urine made at that time, is best to judg by. There∣fore when the Stone is little and sticks in the Kidneys, Moderate Exercise is good, but when great, it causeth pain by moving it, and in an old disease, strong and vi∣olent motion of the Loyns, tears the flesh from the Stone, and causeth pissing of Blood, and an Ulcer. Nei∣ther do some allow exercise presently after meat, least it be distributed before concoction, and carried to the Kidneys, to breed matter for the Stone, but this Cru∣dity will rather breed Obstructions and other Diseases then the Stone, as we shewed. Immoderate Venery dries and weakens the Reins, and disposeth them for the stone, and if there be a stone, it stirreth it, and caus∣eth pain. Therefore they who have lived long, with∣out the use of Women, when they marry are subject to the Stone, which they never formerly perceived, being old men, as we have observed often. Also loos∣ness of Body in orderly going to stool hinders the in∣crease of Excrements. And not holding of the Urin when it urgeth, prevents the fixing of the Gravel.

If the Body be foul, purge Spring and Fall, and oft∣ner to prevent, not only Flegm, which some think is the cause of the stone, but all humors. And to take a∣way the cause of the stone, use gentle things that car∣ry the salt and wheyish Matter from the Reins, and cleanse the Blood, as they say; such as shall be menti∣oned for the Cure.

For when the fit of the stone is, we use Laxatives or Clysters to take away Excrements and Wind, then Purges, but not violent, that they may not meddle with the cause which is rather to be looked at in the time of prevention, then of cure. But such as may gently move the stone drawn, mixed with things that break it, as we shall shew.

Cassia is excellent to prevent, and in the fit also an ounce or more, with syrup of Violets or Sugar candy, or with the Decoction of Liquorish, or Sebestens, or convenient Waters, or seeds of Winter-cherries, or Gromwel, or a dram of Pouder of Turpentine, with Oyl of sweet Almonds to abate pain.

Also Turpentine two drams, with the yolk of an Eg, convenient Liquor, Sugar or Honey, or with Cassia.

Or with Benedicta laxativa, or two drams of the pouder thereof, with Sugar.

A loosning and cleansing Decoction. Take Liquo∣rish an ounce and half, Raisons stoned an ounce, Sebestens ten pair, Prunes five pair, Pease a pugil, the four great cold seeds half an ounce, Anise-seeds three drams, Senna and Polypody, each an ounce; Violets a pugil, boyl them, and add Sugar, syrup of Violets or Roses for two draughts.

It is better to add Fennel and Parsley-roots, each an ounce; Saxifrage and Marsh-mallow roots, each half an ounce; Mallows, Maidenhair, each an handful: Dill-flo∣wers a pugil, Alkekengi-berries two drams, and make the quantity of Senna an ounce and half, and to add Rbubarb and Agarick.

A purging Wine: Take Senna an ounce, Carthamus∣seeds a dram, Agarick or Rhubarb two drams, Liquorish an ounce, opening Roots half an ounce, Violets and Mallows, each two drams; Berries of Alkekengi, Anise and Lovage-seed,

each a dram; Currance four ounces, add Wine three pints, drink this to prevent the stone, and when it begins to purge.

A preventing Electuary, and to be taken in the fit. Take Cassia two ounces and half, Prunes and Sebestens, each an ounce; juyce of Liquorish two drams, with syrup of Vio∣lets make an Electuary, give an ounce with things against the stone, and some scammoniate Electuary, as that of Juyce of Roses, Diaphaenicon, Elescoph, and Bene∣dicta laxativa a dram and half.

Or give the gentle Electuaries with Rhubarb and Senna, as Catholicon and Lenitive, and the like, alone or with the Decoction mentioned.

Or gentle Pills, with things that break the stone.

Or these: Take species, Hiera and Benedicta laxativa half a dram, with Turpentine make Pills: Or a dram of Benedicta.

Or this Pouder: Take Senna an ounce and half, Rhu∣barb two drams, Turbith three drams, Ginger a dram, Cin∣namon two drams, Polypody three drams, Gromwel and Bur∣dock-seeds, each a dram; Broom-seeds half a dram, Orris a dram, the four great cold seeds, each a scruple; make a pou∣der, give two drams,

Clysters suddenly take away pain, by taking out the Excrements and Wind, which would increase it, by pressing upon the Ureters and Reins: And also by coming to the part being anodyne, and if they be nar∣cotick especially, and which break the stone. Then do they help in a threefold respect.

As this against the Stone. Take the emollient herbs, roots and all, Pellitory, Bettony, Groundsel, Beets or Mercury, each a handful; Chamomil, Melilot and Dill-flowers, each a pu∣gil; Liquorish two ounces, red Pease, Bran, each a pugil; Figs ten, Bay-berries three drams, Alkekengi-berries two drams, Gourd, Foenugreek and Linseed, each half an ounce; Fennel and Caraway seeds, each a dram and half; boyl them in Water and Wine, or Broath, strain and add Honey or sugar an ounce and half, Cassia an ounce, Benedicta or Hie∣ra two drams, Oyl of sweet Almonds, Nuts, Olives or Butter, each an ounce; Turpentine two drams, with Salt make a Clyster. If the Pain be great, add two drams of Philo∣nium Romanum.

Or you may use the anodyne Clysters for the Co∣lick, adding things proper for the stone. Or thus: Take Oyl of Chamomil, Dill, Lillies, sweet Almonds, each an ounce and half; Oyl of scorpions, Goose grease and sweet Butter, each two ounces; Turpentine dissolved with the Yolk of an Egg an ounce and half, Saffron a dram, with Milk make a Cly∣ster, add Opium half a scruple, if there be need.

Or this: Take Turpentine two ounces, dissolve it in white Wine half a pint, with the Yolk of an Eg, Oyl of But∣ter, Almonds two ounces, Oyl of scorpions an ounce, Goose∣grease two ounces.

Or this to help the stone to pass foreward. Take Lilly roots two ounces, Lapidium, Smallage, Purslane, Roots and all, each an ounce; Pellitory, Coleworts, Groundsel, sa∣xifrage-roots and all, Bettony, St. Johns-wort, Water-par∣sley, Crateva, Fennel, Dovefoot, Columbines, Beets, each half a handful or a handful; Lillies, Broom, Elder, Lavender and Stoechas flowers, each a pugil; Juniper-berries an ounce, Alke∣kengi-berries two drams, Gromwel, saxifrage, Parsley, smal∣lage, Cummin, Hally-berries and seeds, each a dram; boyl them in Wine and Water, strain and add juyce of Pellitory, St. Johns-wort, Fennel or Parsley, each an ounce; Benedicta laxativa or Indum majus three drams, Oyl of Dill, bitter Al∣monds, Peach-kernels, scorpions, each an ounce; Turpentine dissolved with the Yolk of an Egg two drams, with salt make a Clyster. Add the Electuary called Justinum or Lithontridon.

Alterers are given also to cleanse away Gravel, that it stick not to the Reins, nor grow to the stone, they are good to prevent and cure, they open the streight passa∣ges where the stone is lodged, and make them slippery And break the stone if it be crumbling or fastned to the Reins, but if it be old or flinty, it cannot be. Some do it by a cutting quality, and sharpness, or by cleansing which takes the Gravel from the Kidneys, and some∣what alwaies from the stone; and the rather, when they are drying and earthy, which they do not by their hardness, as one stone wears another as they suppose. for they are not given whol but finely poudered, but by the clensing quality which is in these dry bodies; and by a propriety known more by custome then reason, as in other things, which do it by their similitude of which hereafter.

Good broath of red pease is approved, with Butter, Sugar, and Honey, or a little Salt, this is used to pre∣vent, adding parsley roots, and Coleworts and topps of Sparagus, with Beans and Fitches.

Or Take; Red Pease a pugil, Parsley roots two ounces, Fennel, and Rest-Harrow roots and Liquorish, each an ounce; Colewort or Malowes, a few Melon seeds two drams, Aniseed a dram. boyl them in Cock Broath, til there be two mess∣es of it streined, give it Morning and Evening.

Or the Decoction of Alisma, Chamomile, Marsh-Mal∣lows, and of Corn Poppy, according to Diascorides, is good for such as make thick sandy Urine. Or the Decocti∣of white Saxifrage.

To this Decoction of white Saxifrage, Orris, Prim∣rose roots, Mallows, Venus Navel, and Holly, are added, also roots of Valerian, Musk; and wild flax may be boyled with Wine.

Some say that the Decoction of Lignum Vitae is good against the stone, by its cleansing and cutting qua∣lity. And therefore they give it in the fit, and to pre∣vent also, as ordinary drink for a long time together, with other clensers sometimes, as Liquorish roots, Rest harrow, and the wood of the Thorne Tree, with Sug∣ar, or Honey.

Of these and others make this gentle and pleasant De∣coction. Take Liquorish an ounce and half, red Pease a pugil, Raisons ten pair, Figgs five pair, the four great cold Seeds, Anise and Mallow-seeds, each a dram; Violets and Mallow-flowers, each a pugil; boyl and strain them, add Sugar or Honey a sufficient quantity for two or three draughts.

This is stronger; Take Marsh-mallow roots, Liquo∣rish, each an ounce; Mallow-flowers two handfuls, red Cole∣worts, Chervil, Bettony, each a handful; Melon seeds two drams, Foenugreek or Linseed a dram and half, seeds of Par∣sley, Alkekengi and Gromwel, each a dram; Chamomil and Broom-flowers, each a pugil; boyl and sweeten it, and use it as the former.

Or thus: Take Roots of Asparagus, Restharrow, low Bramble, each an ounce; Pellitory, Bettony, Poli-montain, each a handful; black Vetches a pugil, boyl them in Rain∣water, add Vinegar of squills an ounce, Goats blood prepared half a dram, Lapis Iudaicus a dram.

Or this Syrup: Take the five opening Roots, each half an ounce; Liquorish, Marsh-mallows, Dropwort, Burnet, sa∣xifrage, Restharrow, Ground-bramble, Horse-radish, each an ounce; Roots of Valerian, Dittany, Madder, Nettle, Bayes, Orris, Elicampane, Birthwort, Piony, Vervain, each half an ounce; Roots of Asarabacca, Cypress, each two drams; Sea∣onyon a dram, Roots of white Saxifrage, inner Rind of Ha∣zel and Elder, each half an ounce; Mallows, Pellitory, Cher∣vil, Lovage roots and all, Saxifrage of Dioscorides (which Dodon takes to be wild Time) Bettony, Pauls Bettony, Maidenhair, Ceterach, Rupturewort, Bupleurus, Ground-I∣vy, ••red Coleworts, wild Parsley, Sea-fennel, Celticknard,

each a handful; Flowers of Chamomil, Lillies, Broom, Wal∣flowers, St. Johns-wort, each a pugil; red Pease a pugil, Peach and Cherry-kernels, each an ounce; Juniper, Winter-cherry and Ivy-berries, each half an ounce; the four great cold seeds and of Mallows and Marsh-mallows, each a dram; the four great and small hot seeds, each half a dram; Foenugreek and Linseed, each a dram; Raisons stoned two drams, Jujubes and Sebestens, each five pair; make a Decoction, add to the straining Sugar or Honey six ounces, with a little Cin∣namon make a Syrup: Take two or three ounces alone, or with convenient Water or Wine. Some boyl Lapis Judiacus and Lyncis in it, but in my Iudgement to no purpose.

Or the opening and cleansing Syrups, which are sel∣dom given alone but with Powders and Electuaries that expel the Stone, as, Oxymel Hydromel, Syrup of Liquorish, Radish, or Byzantine.

There is also an Infusion made of Wine to ex∣pel the stone, as winter Cherries, bruised and steept in Wine.

Or bruised Radishes, or Hors-Radishes steept twelve houres in Wine, which is very good.

Dioscorides commends Wormwood-Wine against the Stone.

And this is better; Take Liquorish, Rest-harrow, Burnet, Saxifrage, Lovage, Fenel, Radish, each an ounce and half; Bettony, and Pauls Bettony, Rupture-wort, Bup∣leur, Maiden-hair, Ground-jvy, all dried, each three drams; Violets, Dillflowers, each a dram; Winter Cherries, Ivy ber∣ries, each two drams; Parsley, Carua, Gromwell, and Broom∣seed, each a dram; bruise them, and infuse them in two quarts of Wine.

Groundjvie infused in Aqua Vitae, is a singular expe∣riment against the Stone.

Or divers Aqua Vitae's made of Herbs, and other things proper against the stone.

Or a Lixivium, or Lye, made of ashes of the same is good in four ounces at a time.

As of Vine ashes, or Bean stalk ashes, when Water or Wine is poured through them, so often til it be sharp.

Another strong enough in half an ounce. It is made of the Ashes of Bean-stalks, Pease, Coleworts, Vervain, Wormwood, Garlick, Ivy, Iuniper, Bayes, and Pali∣urus, if it may be had. Taking as much of them as you can hold in your hand, and letting a pint of Wine, and four ounces of Aqua-Vitae pass nine times through them.

Some Juices break the Stone. (as Hannibal did the Alps with Vinegar) as thin white Wine, and Vinegar, and Water.

A certain man was drunk with white Wine, and held his Water forceably, and then voided abundance of stones and Gravel. And another of our Citizens of a good family, by drinking the diuretick Wine in the Blasine-street, voided often stones of half a dram in weight, and hath shewed to me many of them which came forth with a little pain.

Hollerius teacheth us that the same may be done by much cold water, when the body is hot and dry from the pain, and it is better with Vinegar, also the spaw∣Waters that are sharp, are drank many dayes together against the stone.

Or an ounce of juice of Limons alone or with Sugar, or with three ounces of Wine, also juyce of Oranges, and the like.

Or the juice of winter Cherries, and Yarrow, or the Water of a Beet stalk, taken often in the same quantity, according to Mathiolus.

Or Take Juice of Fennel and Purslane, each half an ounce; white Wine an ounce. Drink it with sugar, or make a syrup thereof.

Or this Potion; Take Juyce of Pellitory clarified, an ounce and half, of Chamomile, Bettony, Honey, or Sugar each an ounce, drink it with Pease Broath or the like, or make a syrup thereof.

Another, Take; a Horse-Raddish, bruise it add the best Wine to make it three ounces, or four, strain it and add Blood of a Goat prepared a dram. this is highly commend∣ed, to which other Juyces and Pouders may be added.

The Urine of a Goat of four yeers old, or of a rock-Goat, is highly commended.

Also distilled waters which pierce to the Reins, in a good quantity as Pellitory water a pint, or Mallow, or Marsh-Mallow water, or of Broomflowers, or Bean flowers, Rest-Harrow, Asparagus, Saxifrage, Parsley, Fenel, Osyris, or that of wild Parsley, sea Fennel, Rad∣dish, Ivy berries, or winter Cherries, or that of Flix∣weed called Osyris, or of Oak leavs, and Leavs and Roots of Brambles, and of Dogs tongue, also of ceter∣ach, Vervaine, Chamomile, or that of Peach kernells or that of Turpentine which is oily. Mathiolus com∣mends the Water of Mans Dung or Pigeons Dung. The spirit of Wine which is thin, breaks the Stone.

These all may be given alone, or with sugar, or with other Pouders, or distilled of divers simples mixed to∣gether.

Or thus; Take the Roots, Herbs, Seeds, of which we make the Wine by Infusion, all dryed and bruised, and so much Wine, as it may be like a Pultes, and four oun∣ces of Turpertine, draw a water by distillation from it: give it as the other.

Or add to the dryed simples that will keep their Virtue, Roots of Spargus, Smallage, Parsley, each halfe an ounce; roots of Asarum, Maddir, Valerian, each two drams; Pellitory of the wall, St. Iohns-wort, Chamomile, and Broom flowers, each two drams; Smallage, Lovage, Sparagus, and Raddish seeds, each a dram; distill a water with Turpen∣tine as before.

All these are better distilled in Aqua vitae.

Or Thus; Take Peach or Cherry kernells, two ounces, Berries of Brambles, Strawberries, Winter Cherries, Ivy, each an ounce; Hors-Raddish three ounces, green Beans with the shales, Pellitory, each an handfull, wild Parsly, Sea Fen∣nell, each a pugil. bruise and distill them.

Or this; Take of Peach kernells, four ounces, Sebesten, and Jujubes, each five pair, four great coldseeds, six drams, Winter Cherries, half an ounce, Gith, and Smallage seed each two drams, Hors-Raddish, half a pound, bruise them, add Turpentine and Honey each a pound, distill a Water, give three ounces alone, or with other Breakstone-Medicines.

Or, distill this Water of Juyces; Take Juyce of Raddishes, Lovage, each six ounces, Juyce of Winter Cherries two ounces, white Wine Vinegar two ounces, distill them give half an ounce.

This is an admirable Water: Take juyce of Radishes a pint and half, of Restharrow and wild Tansey, Saxifrage, Winter-cherries, Pellitory, Burnet, Bettony, Marsh-mallows, Gromwel, each half a pint, Roots of Fennel, Parsley, Eryn∣gus, Restharrow, Orris, Elicampane, each two ounces; Basil, Gromwel, Burdock and Parsley-seeds, each half an ounce; Juniper berries bruised half a pound; infuse them, and stir them often two dayes, add a pound of Honey, and a pound and half of Turpentine, white Vinegar two ounces, distil them in Balneo, give two ounces, or two and an half, with as much syrup of Violets.

It is good to drink Oyls, for we may see them swim after upon the Urin, and therefore know that they pass through, and supple the Ureters.

Therefore in great Pains, when the stone is stopped in the passages, give Sallet-oyl, or Oyl of sweet Al∣monds, or Linseed new drawn or well washt, alone, or in Broaths or Cream.

Some commend an ounce of Sallet-oyl with Wine, wherein Flints have been often quenched.

But some Oyls are proper for the stone, alone given, or with other remedies, as Oyl of Peach, or Cherry-kernels, or of bitter Almonds, or of Scorpions; or that of Citron-seeds, or Dock-seeds; or of chymical Oyls given by drops with others, as that of Turpentine, or the fat Liquors of Calcanthium, or Vitriol called Spi∣rit of Vitriol.

Or this compounded: Take Juniper-berries four oun∣ces, bark of the Roots of Ash three ounces, beat them, add Turpentine two ounces, Honey an ounce, steep them and ad Water, and so distil an Oyl: Give six or seven drops with any convenient Liquor.

Some Simples are good taken in substance, Raddish and Salt in Sallets, Horse-raddish beaten with sweet Almonds, Roots of Lovage boyled or raw eaten in a good quantity before bathing. Roots of Fennel, Par∣sley, tops of Sparagus, Hops, Coleworts, Purslane, wild Parsley and Water-cresses in Sallets, Sea-fennel pickled called Samphire; also Lemmons, Raisons, Figs or kernels of Peaches, bitter Almonds, Cherries eaten with sugar, or made into Comfits. Also the Fruit of sweet Briar called Hepps, Hares flesh, especially the kid∣neys, or Sparrows or Wag-tayls roasted, or Goats blood boyled or five or six ounces of Fox blood, with wine and sugar which is highly commended.

Some Simples of a Rosin quality pierce and cleanse the Reins, and make the Urin sweet as a Violet, and expel the stone and gravel in time of the fit, by provo∣king Urin, as the best Turpentine alone not washed two drams and half in a Wafer, or with Liquorish, Pou∣der or Sugar; and it is better dissolved with the Yolk of an Eg, and given with convenient Liquor; or boy∣led till it may be poudered, two drams.

There are many other Simples for the same given in Pouder, in Wine, or the Waters mentioned, as Ditta∣ny-roots, Bayes, Knotgrass, Rupturewort, Buphleu∣rus called the Hares-ears, the seeds of Paliurus, Grom∣wel, Broom, Xanthium, Winter-cherries and Ivy-ber∣ries.

And pouder of Goats blood thus prepared. Take the blood of a young Goat fed with Herbs good against the stone, neither that which comes first or last, but in the middle of the bleeding, preserve it from putrefaction by a gentle fire, or by the sun, and give a dram in pouder with Wine. The blood of a Hare is as good.

Or the ashes of a whole Hare-skin, and all a spoon∣ful in Wine

Or the ashes of a Wag-tayl.

Or these stronger Pouders of scorpions, sows or hog∣lice, pouder of Earth-worms or ashes, which are very strong, and must be given warily, and in a small quan∣tity; or of Grass-hoppers, Beetles, pouder or rather ashes of Spanish-flies, or of those Hog-lice or sows cal∣led Onisci, which Hartman so commends in his Pra∣ctise of Chymistry.

Or the fine pouder of Lapis Judaicus, or half a dram of Lapis prunellae, with the thin water of Vitriol, given twice a week in the morning. This is a great secret a∣mong some.

Besides these, there are many Pouders and Electua∣ries and Pills, made of Roots of white Saxifrage, Bur∣net, Saxifrage, Dropwort, Restharrow, Valerian, Horse-raddish, Madder, Nettles, Lovage, Fennel, Parsley, Grass, Kneeholm, Sparagus, Bramble, Asara∣bacca, sea-onyons, Orris, Elicampane, Birthwort, Pi∣ony, Dancasonium, Horse-dock, Acorn-shells, middle Rinds of Hazel, the saxifrage of Dioscorides (called Ser∣pillum by Dodon) the Capillars, Celticknard, Bay and Colewort-leaves, Feaverfew, Ground-Ivy, Penny∣royal, Organ, Polymontain, Calamints, Hysop, Sou∣thernwood, Germander, Bettony, Pauls-bettony, Groundpine, Leaves of Oak and Willow, Scordium and Empetrum, the Flowers of Royal Comphrey, Chamomil, seeds of Fennel, Anise, Caraway, Cum∣min, Smallage, Dill, Carrot, Sesely, Parsley, Lovage, siler-mountain, Amcos, Parsley-pert, Coriander, As∣paragus, Kneeholm, Basil, Raddish, St. Johs-wort, white Thorn, Nettle, Ash-keyes, Gith, Water-cresses, Burnet, Saxifrage, Lupins, Vetches, Bay and Juniper-berries, Medlar-stones, Peach and Cherry-kernels, sweet Almonds, red Pease, the spunge in the sweet Bryar, Cherry-tree and Plum-tree, Gum, Gum of the Walnut-tree, Vine, Gum Arabick Traganth, Elemi, Olibanum, Bdellium and Amber. Also the ashes an an Hedghog, Swallow, Asses-liver, Doves-feathers, and pouders of a Hares-kidneys, Mans-skull, Horse∣hoof, Astragalus or Hare, Ivory, Picks or pickerel Jaws of Crayfish and Snails shells; or of Eg shells hat∣ched; or of stones in Cray-fish, Crabs, spunges; or of stones taken from men, commended by Paracelsus, and Oyl of them taught by Hartman: Also pouder of Mouse dung. And of Lynx stone, Ocher the third Alcyon of Dioscorides, and ashes of Glass. To which we add things to enlarge the passages, as Liquorish, Marsh-mallows, Venus-navel, Violets, seeds of Mal∣lows, Cotton, Marsh-mallows, Foenugreek, Linseed, the four great cold Seeds, sweet Almonds, Pistakes ashes of Nuts and Gourds. And things that help con∣coction, and expel wind and obstructions, and spices that expel the stone, and make the Medicines pleasant; as Ginger, Galangal, Calamus, cypress, cinnamon, Wood-cassia, Wood-aloes, red Sanders, Nutmeg, Mace, cloves, Pepper, carpobalsom, cubebs, spike, schaenanth, saffron.

Give of these mixed a dram or two, with Wine, Wa∣ter, Lye, Decoctions or Infusions; or with sugar make gross Pouders or Lozenges, with Gum Traganth, or with Honey or Syrup make Electuaries, with other conserves or candyes, given from two to three drams. Or if they be unpleasant make Pills with Turpentine, and give a dram, and after them give a convenient Draught of proper Liquor to help their working. Ex∣amples of Pouders, Pills and Electuaries, are these.

The first pouder: Take dryed Coleworts a dram, Oak∣leaves dryed and Acorn peels, each half a dram; Pepper and Ginger, each a scruple; make a pouder, give a dram or a dram and half.

A second: Take Peach kernels parched half an ounce, Melon seeds two drams, Fennel seed a dram: Give it with Parsley-broath.

A third: Take Gromwel seed and Winter-cherries, each a dram; Parsley seed half a dram: Give it in five ounces of Lemmon-water.

A fourth: Take Broom seeds half a dram, Amber two scruples, Sugar candy a dram: Give it with Wine.

A fifth pouder: Take stones of Medlars a dram, Pick∣rel-jaws half a dram, Lovage seed a scruple: Give it as the other.

The sixth: Take Crabs-eyes and Astragalus, each half a dram; Broom and Basil seed, each a scruple: Give it at once.

A seventh: Take of the stones that have been voided by the same Patient or others, and Lapis judaicus equal parts, make a fine pouder: Give it with Hydromel or Water of Sea-fennel.

The eighth: Take the ashes of a Wag-taile or Hare a dram, Eg-shels hatched two scruples, with Sugar and Cinna∣mon, make a Pouder.

The ninth: Take boyled Turpentine half a dram, Pou∣der of Earth worms a scruple, burnt Harts horn two scruples, Lapis Iudaicus a scruple, Gum Traganth half a scru∣ple.

The tenth: Take Goats blood prepared a dram, Jews stone half a dram, Ashes of Earth worms a scruple give it as the other.

The eleventh: Take Goats blood prepared or ashes of a Hare two drams, or of each a dram; the Spunge stone and Jews stone, each a dram and an half; Fennel, Parsley, An∣nis seeds, Gromwel seeds, Medlar stones, each a dram; water∣cress seeds half a dram, Mellon seeds a dram, Liquorish half an ounce, Roots of Burnet, Saxifrage half a dram, Cinna∣mon a scruple, sugar two ounces make a pouder, give a spoonful or two; drink after it some convenient Li∣quor.

The twelfth: Take Liquorish three drams, Rest-har∣row, Dittany, Bays, Hors-radish, Burnet, Saxifrage and white Saxifrage, of each two drams: Asarum, Orris roots, each a dram; Dodons, Saxifrage called Serpillum, Mai∣den-hair, Bupleurus, Rupturewort, Pennyroyal, each a dram and an half; Fennel, Seseli, Parsly, Lovege seed, Sea fennel, Radish Basil seed, of each two drams; Watercress and Gith seed, each a dram; Medlarstones a dram and an half: Peach kernels two drams, Plum tree Gum two drams, Crabs Eyes, Pickrel jaws, Egg-shels, Wolves Liver prepared, each a dram; Jews stone and Spunge stone, each a dram and an half; Oker and burnt Glass, of each half a dram: give it as the for∣mer.

A thirteenth excellent Pouder: Take Mouse dung five or seven, Olibanum a scruple, Fennel seed half a dram, Cinnamon a scruple.

A fourteenth stronger: Take one Grass hopper of half a scruple, Crabs eyes two scruple, Cinnamon a scruple, give it with the Decoction of Juniper berries.

The fifteenth yet stronger: Take dryed Spanish flies four, Spung stone two scruples, Melon seeds a dram and an half, Sugar candy a dram, give it with the Decoction of Lineseed or Whey.

The great Electuaries of Nicolas, Lithontribon, Ducis or Justinus: are made of these, and that of Arnoldus de Villa Nova; and that called Nephrocathartike and Phi∣lanthropos, and the Diuretick of Baptista and Montag∣naria.

There is also an Electuary called the Queens Ele∣ctuary, which hath Senna and Turbith in it.

And a red Pouder make thus: Take red Sanders and Cinnamon, each an ounce; Annis, Fennel, Parsley, Gronwel, Creta of the Sea, Winter-cherries, Melon seeds, of each two drams; Spunge and Jews stone and Lynx stone, each a dram; blood of a Goate prepared half a dram.

The Electuary of Ashes, by Avicen is prepared for the stone. Thus: Ashes of Glass, Spunge and Jews stone, Scorpions, Hare, Egg-shels, Pouder of Goats blood, Ashes of Coleworts, Calamus, Penny-royal, Parsley seed, Carrot, Marsh-mallow seeds, Pepper, Wallnut tree, Gum and Gum Arabick made into Pou∣der and with Honey into an Electuary.

This hath been often used by me with good success: Take Liquorish, Bay roots, of each two drams; Rest harrow roots a dram, Winter-cherries, Paliurus seeds, Gromwell, of each two drams; Smallage, Parsley and Fennel seed, each a dram; Water-cresses half a dram, Gum of Cherry or Plum tree and Amber, each a dram; make a Pouder, with Cin∣namon and a little Sanders: and to mitigate pain, Hen∣bane seeds a dram and an half, give a dram with sugar or make Lozenges, or an Electuary, or Pills, with syrup that is proper, with Peach kernels and juyce of Liquorish, instead of Liquorish.

With Conserves, you may mix them thus: Take Conserve of smallage roots or Orris an ounce, Conserve of Broom flowers and Maidenbair, each half an ounce. The tenth, twelfth or thirteenth Pouder. Or the Electuary Ducis, Justinus or Lithantribon a dram and an half. Or if you will have it stronger, the fourteenth Pouder and juyce of Liquorish, each a dram; with syrups aforesaid: make an Electuary.

Agarick is somtimes added: Take Agarick a dram, Pellitory of Spain two drams, roots of Dropwort a dram, Gromwel seeds half a dram, Madder half an ounce, conserve of Maiden hair half an ounce, with Honey of Violets: make an Electuary.

Convenient Pills: Take seeds of Paliurus, Gromwell, Winter Cherries, each a dram; Saxifrage seed and Sea fen∣nel, each half a dram; Mallow seeds two scruples, juyce of Liquorish a scruple, Gum of Cherry and Plum tree, each half a dram; Bdellium a scruple, Goats blood prepared a dram, ashes of Scorpions, or Mouse heads, Earthworms, Hog lice or Sows, each half a dram; with Turpentine, make Pills, give a dram.

F•••• pain, give Anodynes with the former.

An Emulsion: Take Peach kernels four ounces, Melon or Gourd seeds half an ounce, white Poppy seeds two drams, beat them, and with half a pint of Pellitory or Mallow wa∣ter, make an Emulsion with Sugar or Honey, give four ounces.

A pouder again pain: Take white Poppy tops two drams, Henbane seeds a dram and an half, the four great cold seeds and Mallow seeds, each a dram; Gromwel seeds and Winter Cherries and Broom seeds, each half a dram; Liquo∣rish two drams, Restharrow roots a dram, sugar two oun∣ces.

It is good in pains to add white poppy seeds or Henbane seeds, as I shewed in my pouder.

Or to give Opiats, as Asyncriton, Philonium, Roma∣num, with pouders against the stone, or others mentio∣ned in the Colick.

And Narcoticks may be given with purgers: As, Take Asyncriton or Philonium Romanum two scruples or a dram, Diaphaenicon a dram and a half or species Benedicta a dram and an half or six grains of Diagredium with sugar make a Bolus.

Or thus: Take senna half an ounce, Carthamus seeds two drams, Liquorish, parsley roots, each half an ounce; white poppy seeds two drams, Mallows and Lineseed, each a dram; boyl them and dissolve Asyncriton or philonium a dram, Mithridate two drams, or half an ounce of syrup of poppies.

Or these pills: Take species Laxativum two scruples, Opium prepared and dissolved in sack two grains, Storax, saffron, Castor, each three grains; Oyl of sweet fennel seeds a drop with Turpentine, make pills.

We give Anodynes in Clysters also, as in the Co∣lick.

And outward things to remove the stone, by dila∣ting the passages.

Sitting in a moist and hot Bath takes away pain, if up to the Armeholes, in a Vessel made on purpose cal∣led Lumbrorium.

In time of necessity, hot water alone will do well and better then potential heat, to take away pain, though things potentially hot, may be added to help the Decoction, and which loosen, expel wind, open and move the stone, such as Clysters were made of.

Or these, a Decoction of Mallows and parsley and Chamomil flowers in a straight Vessel, the less will serve.

Or adding Lilly roots pellitory and Violets.

Or a Decoction of Coleworts, Spinage, Arrage or

Turneps, or Parsneps, or Scirroots, and Horse-radish, which is best.

Or of Marsh-mallowroots, opening Roots, and all three pugils, Foenugreek and Linseed a pugil, Smallage, Parsley and Caraway seed an ounce.

We add to the former some stronger things to expel the stone, which are mentioned in Remedies taken in∣ward, and may be used outwardly, to remove it as some think.

Chiefly Madder roots, and sea-fennel, or Sisymbri∣um, Columbines, Dropwort, Dovefoot, Bupleur, sou∣thernwood, Mugwort, Broom flowers, and of Verbas∣cum, Gromwel seeds and Winter-cherries, and the like.

For rich people we add Milk, Oyl, Butter to loosen more, and Wine to make it penetrate.

We make Fomentations (when baths cannot be u∣sed) of the Decoctions aforesaid, with a spunge, stu∣phes or bags, with Wine and Oyls.

Some use Embrochations or Infusions upon the pe∣cten if the stone lodge there, to remove it; they are made of the aforesaid Decoctions.

Also to bath in, and to drink of sharp Waters, is good against the stone, as those of Sulphur.

After Bathing or Fomentation anoint the Reins, Pri∣vities and Perinaeum, to take away pain, and open the passages warm, stroaking the Hand downward.

If there be heat of the Kidneys, this Oyntment will open and cool. Take Oyl of Violets and Water-lillies, boyl Marsh-mallows therem, fresh Butter, or Cream and Goose grease, each half an ounce; with white wax make a Liniment.

A stronger Anodyne: Take Oyl of sweet Almonds an ounce and half, Oyl of Chamomil, or Melilot, Dill and wall∣flowers, each half an ounce; Conies grease six drams, Mu∣cilage of Linseed or Fleabane an ounce, Saffron a scruple, with wax make a Liniment.

Or anoint with the Oyntment of Marsh-mallows, or that called Resumptive.

When we will drive along the stone: Take Oyl of bitter Almonds an ounce, Oyl of Peach kernels half an ounce, Oyl of Scorpions and Goose grease, each half an ounce; Tur∣pentine a dram, with wax make a Liniment.

With Juyces thus: Take juyce of Pellitory and Marsh∣mallows, each an ounce and half; wine an ounce, white wine∣vinegar half an ounce, Oyl of wall-flowers and Earth-worms, each an ounce; Oyl of Scorpions half an ounce, boyl them to the consumption of the Juyces, ad Goats grease six drams, and with wax make an Oyntment, or with Turpentine.

Another stronger: Take Oyl of Lillies and bitter Al∣monds, each an ounce and half; juyce of sea-fennel, Horse∣raddish and white wine, each an ounce; boyl them and ad Grass-hoppers, or quick wood-lice, spanish-flies, scorpions dry∣ed twelve, or more.

Or thus: Take Oyl of bitter Almonds, of Peach, or Cherry-kernels two ounces, Oyl of scorpions, or burnt Grass∣hoppers half an ounce, with wax make an Oyntment.

A more compound Oyntment. Take Oyl of Cha∣momil, Dill, Lillies, each an ounce; Oyl of bitter Almonds an ounce and half, of scorpions an ounce, Goat and Badgers∣grease, each half an ounce; Mucilage of Foenugreeck seed an ounce, Madder and Asarum roots, each a dram; water-cres∣ses, Raddish and Lovage seeds, each half a dram; Myrrh a dram, ashes of Grass-hoppers, or Beetles two scruples, ashes of Beech mast a dram, saffron half a scruple, Oyl of Amber half a scruple, with wax make an Oyntment.

Trallianus commends the blood of a Goat newly killed to anoint.

This Cataplasm is good to the pained part. Take roasted Lilly roots half a pound, of Pellitory of the wall heated upon the Tiles and bruised two handfuls, and of Groundpine so prepared three drams, Marsh-mallow roots bruised two oun∣ces, Chamomil flowers and Dill tops, each a pugil; Flower of Foenugreek and Linseed, each an ounce; boyl them in milk, add fresh Butter two ounces, Oyl of Lillies and scorpions, each an ounce; saffron a scruple, make a Pultis.

Also the actual Heat of Bags made of dryed simples, or Chaff of Milium is good here, as in other pains.

Also Pillows, and Skins, or Furrs, Coney-wool, and Hares skins are the best.

Also some Stones tyed about the Waist prevent the stone. Great folks by a greenish stone like the Galacti∣tes. It is called the Nephritical Stone, because it expels stones from the Kidneys, and also strengthens the Sto∣mach.

It is good to apply a Cupping-glass, not upon the Kidneys, least it stir the stone, and cause pain which is not great, till the stone gets into the Ureters, and then apply the Cupping-glass still a little below the stone, and so remove it downwards, beneath the place of the pain, till you have brought the stone into the Blad∣der.

The same may be done by chasing with the Hand or with Cloaths, and hot Oyls that loosen. Especial∣ly after so doing you use a Cupping-glass, alwayes ta∣king heed that we go not too high with these things to the part pained, which will increase pain.

Some rub the Leggs in time of bathing.

Moderate motion also keeps the sand from stopping in the passages; and it is good to stand upright, or to exercise a little to move it.

And if a stone from the Kidneys stick in the entrance of the Ureters, and cause pain, it is good to lay the leg so high that the stone may get back by a little motion, into the hollow of the Kidneys, this will soon take a∣way pain.

Vomiting by its force in straining, doth help to re∣move the stone, therefore at the first if it come not Na∣turally provoke it, or provoke Neesing.

It is good in great pain, when the Patient is pletho∣rick, to open a Vein in the Foot on the same side, least it run to the Kidneys by reason of the pain, and cause Inflammation, or when there is Inflammation.

The pricking pain which is vulgar∣ly called the Spleen, * 1.20 though it be sharp, yet because it comes from a cause that lasteth not long, as attracti∣on of the Muscles and Wind, it goes away of it self, otherwise it must be cured.

If it come often or from little motion, rest prevent∣eth it, and gentle Motion, and good Diet, not windy, but such as expelleth wind, and by keeping the side ve∣ry warm. And if the Party must exercise or ride, let him not do it upon a full stomach, and then bind him∣self about the waist with a Swathband.

When this pricking pain comes, also it is good to bind, with a Rouler as in a windy Cramp, of which this is a sort, and by so doing the Muscles will be drawn into their place, and the pain removed by expelling the wind.

If after rest and binding, or rouling, the pain yet re∣main, you must use the same way of cure; as was shew∣ed in the Cure of a windy Pleurisie.

First, use outward things that are hot actually and potentially that expel wind, and take away pain, as Fomentations, Bags, Oyntments, Plaisters and Baths dry and sweating, such as are described in the windy Pleurisie, and other outward Diseases from wind.

If for all these the pain abare not, you must use di∣verters

and Derivers, as Clysters and Cupping-glas∣ses. And (as is there shewed) if the Body be foul, you must purge, provoke Sweat, and give Alterers, which by a hidden quality take away pricking-pain.

Notes

• * 1.1

  A heavy dull pain in the Hy∣pochondria.
• * 1.2

  The stone in the Kidneys is called Lithi∣asis.
• * 1.3

  A burning pain of the Hypochon∣dria, is from the Liver or Spleen.
• * 1.4

  A pricking pain in the Hypochon∣dria.

  The pain of the Spleen, falsly so called.
• * 1.5

  A cutting and stret∣ching pain in the Hy∣pochondria, is from pain of the Womb.
• * 1.6

  A twitching and grievous pain of the Hy∣pochondria.

  Nephritis or Stone in the Kidneys.
• * 1.7

  Inflammation of the Liver, Spleen, Reyns, is the cause of burning pain in the Hypochondria.
• * 1.8

  The obstruction of the Liver, Spleen, or Kidneys, causeth a blunt and heavy pain in the Hypo∣chondria.
• * 1.9

  A stone and sand in the Liver or Gall, is the cause of heavy and dull pain in the Hy∣pochondria.
• * 1.10

  The stone or sand in the kidneys, is the cause of hea∣viness in the Hy∣pochondria.
• * 1.11

  A Stone and Gravel in the Vreters, is the cause of Ne∣phritis
• * 1.12

  The stretching of the Perinaeum by wind, is the cause of a pric∣king pain in the Hy∣pochondria, Oedema, which some falsly call the pain of the spleen.
• * 1.13

  The stretching of the Cawle from the Ves∣sels and Bowels that are joyned to it, cau∣seth stretching or tea∣ring pain in the Hy∣pochondria.
• * 1.14

  A Disease in the stomach, causeth a Hypochondri∣ack pain.
• * 1.15

  The Colick causeth the Hypochondri∣ack pain.
• * 1.16

  The cure of heavy, dul or stretching pain from the Liver, Spleen, Reins or Cawle.
• * 1.17

  The cure of pains from the stomach, Colon, or Womb.
• * 1.18

  The cure of the Inflam∣mation of the Liver, Spleen and Kidneys.
• * 1.19

  The preventing, and curing of Gravel in the Kidneys.
• * 1.20

  The cure of the pricking pain, called the spleen but falsly.