Platerus golden practice of physick: fully and plainly discovering, I. All the kinds. II. The several causes of every disease. III. Their most proper cures, in respect to the kinds, and several causes, from whence they come. After a new, easie, and plain method; of knowing, foretelling, preventing, and curing, all diseases incident to the body of man. Full of proper observations and remedies: both of ancient and modern physitians. In three books, and five tomes, or parts. Being the fruits of one and thirty years travel: and fifty years practice of physick. By Felix Plater, chief physitian and professor in ordinary at Basil. Abdiah Cole, doctor of physick, and the liberal arts. Nich. Culpeper, gent. student in physick, and astrology.

CHAP. VII. Of the hurt of Seeing.

The Kinds.

THe Sight is wholly abolisht in some, * 1.1 that at all times and alwaies they see nothing, and it is called Blindness; in which Species if no fault appear in the Eyes which may hinder seeing, & they are blind with open and cleer Eyes, it is called Amaurosis; * 1.2 for if either a Speck or a Coat, or a Humor appearing about the black of the Eye, makes them Blind it obtains a private name from the Cause as shall be said in the Cause.

But otherwise they lose their sight only, at a certain time, the which nevertheless by and by returns again, no impediment then also being conspicuous in the Eyes; as when from an external cause by reason of brightness or darkness, objected too much or too suddenly to the Eyes. * 1.3 Tthey are so darkened, that the seeing being hin∣dred first as it were with a Cloud or Fume impeding, through which there seem to run, certain smal bodies som∣times dyed with a red' yellow, or black color, by and by is for a while wholly taken away, in the affect which is called Scotoma.

Somtimes the Sight is only impai∣red in some, * 1.4 when those species of things which the sight otherwise ought naturally to attain to, whereso∣ever and whensoever, they behold not wel, or obscure∣ly; and that for the most part, no cause also shewing it self in the Eyes and they call it Amblyopia that is an obscurity, dulness or darkness of the sight. * 1.5 Although some think if the Eyes by some manifest fault do see impairedly as with a mist before them, it might more properly be called a dulness, and in old folks they call this fault a darkness.

Hither also is refer'd that weak∣ness of sight, * 1.6 when the sight perceives things neer no better than those re∣mote as naturally it ought to do, but those neer the Eyes it apprehends less than things distant, and therefore when they would see small things, or read them, they are forced to remove them far from their Eyes; a fault familiar to those that grow old, which when it may be amended by a fit pair of Spectacles, let them continually use them in appre∣hending of smaller things, for which cause I am wont to call it The old folks sight.

But it happens also on the contrary manner that some can no waies judg rightly of things remote, * 1.7 yet not so re∣mote that sound men also cannot suffici∣ently see them by reason of the too great distance, but only removed for a little space, although they be very great; whence oftentimes not knowing their Neighbours, they pass them by unsaluted; Pictures, Writings, unless they draw neer with their Eyes, they can neither see nor read handsomly, unless they use spectacles appropri∣ate to correct this fault, imbred for the most part with yong folks from their birth and remaining even unto extream old age, which approaching, sometimes it comes to pass, that then they see better those things di∣stant which they saw less in youth, and how much the elder they grow, so much the farther sighted, which species therefore I am wont to call, The young mans sight.

But of those also who do less be∣hold things somewhat remote, * 1.8 there are some who unless they apply close to their Eyes things somewhat smal or writings as it is commonly said, touch them with their Nose, they cannot rightly discern or read them, beholding them with askew and closed eyes who from their cradle even unto old age for the most part, seeing after this manner are called Myopes, some of which are helped by the benefit of Spectacles, others not.

We meet also with another weakness of Seeing, * 1.9 when at night by the light of a Candle, they see little or nothing almost, but in day time by day-light they perceive no impediment in

their sight which they call Nyctalopes, the Latines call Lusciosi.

But it happens also in some, that they see in the Night in the dark without light more acutely than in the day time, * 1.10 as Owls, a rare disposition which they call the Evening Eye-sight, for we would rather retain those names which are usual and rightly design the things, then confound them amongst themselves as commonly they do, signifying many things by one name.

The Seeing is depraved first of all when things are represented unto it otherwise than they are indeed, * 1.11 as if they see those things which are single for double, as somtimes it fares with Drunkards, who behold streight things for crooked, or some other way things under a false shape, which fault is called Hallucination.

Secondly if they think and Imagine with themselves that they see things that are not whence they call this affect Ima∣gination; * 1.12 as it happens when in an Alienation of mind and Ravings, as hath been said there, they think that they see divers apparitions whiles they are waking, such as otherwise they are wont to meet with in Dreams, or that Flies, or Gnats, fly up and down, * 1.13 Straws, Locks of Wool ad∣here to things, the which also some∣times is wont to happen to those no waies besides themselves nor otherwise sick; that the same insects or locks of Wool, and fila∣ments, Spiders webs and the like small things and A∣tomes, seem to appear to one Eye or to both toge∣ther, in which because for the most part they think that they see also a little Cloud, this fault is called Nube∣cula.

Thirdly hither belongs that false vi∣sion when also without any hurt of the mind other colors then are, * 1.14 are offerd to the sight, now red, then yel∣low, * 1.15 or green or some other way re∣presenting themselves with a ful light; the same appear coloured like a Rain∣bow in the compass and as it were the circle of the flame of a Candle, or of some other thing lighted: or Brightness like lightning, or other shining bodies obscure the sight.

Fourthly to the depravation of sight these also must be referd, when the things which they behold, although they be firm and stable yet they think that they are car∣ried about, driven round, and wheeled about, so that though they know this is a false imagination, yet when from that turning round of things, the sight doth no more perceive a firm seat where the body may subsist, that also stumbles & staggers; somtimes also if the pave∣ment on which he stands seems to him to be inverted, as if he also were inverted with it, unless he be sustained or kept up, he falls and suddenly rusheth down, and beats the Earth with his Feet, whiles he endeavors to stay himself, all the other senses being nevertheless entire, by which sign this fault called Dinos, or Vertigo, is easily di∣stinguished, from an Epilepsie. Apoplexy, Syncope, with which those that are strucken, do presently also fall on the ground.

But besides this unquiet Vision those troubled with a Vertigo there comes also sometimes another depravation of it, * 1.16 which we have called Imagination and a little Cloud (and upon this account, they have named these imaginations, A beginning or smal Vertigo) a Cloud or other bodies, or Colours also with them offering themselves to the sight; the which notwithstanding if it doth happen, for the most part it is wont to go before a Vertigo.

Somtimes also a darkness of the sight which we have formerly called Scotoma doth accompany a Vertigo, * 1.17 when also the Eyes being shut nevertheless al things are objected to the Internal sense as if they were turned round, and then the Disease com∣pounded of them both is called Scotodinos.

All which Depravations of the sight for the most part happen, no fault being conspicuous in the Eyes (unless it be offerred in that, when a strange color doth somtimes appear with which the Eye is indeed extrin∣secally coloured) whether this be in the Sound or Sick.

The Causes.

The Cause of all the declared Accidents of the Sight is either in the part communi∣cating the visive power, viz. the Brain, * 1.18 or consists in the Instrument receiving that power and al∣so the species of external things, to wit the Eye; which when as it consists of many more parts, then the other Organs of the senses, and humors also, in every one of them some causes prejudicing the fight may arise.

First of all in the visory or net-like Nerve implant∣ed into the Eye, and the principal Instrument of See∣ing; then in the three humors that fil up the Eye and serve the visory Nerve, last of all in the Membranes themselves that constitute the Globe of the Eye and in∣trinsecally distinguish the humors. If the Cause lie in those places where they are pervious to the sight as a∣bout the Black of the Eye, and where only if the impe∣diment of seeing do consist, it may be seen and known, for if it be elsewhere it is so hidden that it doth no waies appear to those that behold the Eye.

As all Senses may be hurt by reason of the Brain so also Seeing is weakned; * 1.19 both if it suffer a Disease General or Special and especially in that part where the optick Nerves come forth, or those Nerves themselves produced from the Brain and car∣ried unto the Eyes, are affected; which affects may be various.

A Cold Distemper sometimes breeds Blindness the other senses be∣ing somtimes unhurt; * 1.20 if the Fore∣head and Eyes being much and a long time refrigerated by cold wind, which being less cover'd, are the more exposed to the injuries, and the cold penetrating even to that part, where the optick Nerves have their original, the said parts are so hurt, that they become Blind; or there remains afterwards a certain weakness of sight, which I have seen befall a noble Matron in the Head-ach from the too much application of Oxyrrho∣dines actually most cold, who all her life time could no waies recover her sight any more; that this also doth happen, if the whol brain be hurt by the same distem∣per hath been shewed in a stupidity, but then the rest of the senses are abolisht too, and its easily known by that, whence the cause proceeds, as if it be from exter∣nals 'tis plain of it self.

That a Hot Distemper of the Brain doth bring together with a Depravation of the Mind also * 1.21

a Hallucination of the sight, and the said Imagination in which various false Images of things are offerred to the sight, hath been said in a Phrensie.

As also it hath been explain∣ed there, * 1.22 that that distemper which ariseth from the Pertur∣bation of the spirits in the Brain from Malignant hu∣mors, together with Madness and Melancholly, doth likewise represent false Apparitions to the sight.

Too much Driness of the Optick Nerve induced by burning Feavers the easier into that Nerve, * 1.23 seeing it is thick, doth produce a Blindness remaining after these Feavers.

The beginning of the Nerves be∣ing comprest or bedewed as we have shewed that an A∣poplexy is caused, in which all the Senses are taken a∣way at once, so also if this be only about the rise or meeting of the Optick Nerves, or in the other car∣riage of them out of the Eye, which then must needs be from an afflux either of a bloody or flegmatick humor, it is somtimes wont to happen, that a Blindness doth suddenly follow, if the humor presently fall down thi∣ther.

But more commonly the Optick Nerves being irri∣gated or too much moistened by the watry flegmatick excrements of the Brain, which in this middle seat of the Basis of the Brain, where the optick Nerves break forth, alwaies flow down to the Infundibulum which is next to these Nerves; and together with the Nerves, and neer them break forth into the Chamber of the Eye and amplitude of the Nostrils, a darkness of sight is wont to happen in old folks and flegmatick; or if they be refrigerated by the same humor or be comprest in those streights rather then obstructed as they would have it, a blindness also is wont to follow; which abo∣lition or weakness of the sight, together with the hurt of the rest of the senses happens, if this fault be extended to their rise or progress in the Basis of the Brain, or the sight only is abolisht, if that seat chiefly be affected, and that commonly in both Eyes by reason of the meeting of the Optick Nerves and their short passage to the Eye, that is rare that one Nerve only can be so affected; the which doth proceed from flegm or a wate∣rish humor as is sufficiently manifest, by the signs of that humor abounding in the brain; and it is easily known also that a Nerve is affected, when nothing appears in the Eye, which can bring such loss or Obscurity of the sight, neither have we found this sign to be true, which they have thought most certain, to wit, if the unsound Eye being comprest the Apple is not dilated, this comes to pass by default of the Nerve, because the influx of the Spirit into the same is impeded, seeing the animal spirit doth not distend the Eye like wind, neither fils it up but persists in the netlike Nerve.

Hither also shal be referred that not unusual Cause, * 1.24 but by no man as I know rightly described, of that blind∣ness which is somtimes left, after grie∣vous and frequent Convulsions; the which is not from an afflux of humor as they would have it, but because in those great Convulsions by the Convulsion fits of all the parts and the Eyes also, in which they also oftentimes appear convulsive and very much stretcht out and bowed down, the Optick Nerve growing to them being thus attracted and too much distended, and that being wreathed too, and hurt, and the passage or visory spirit being hindred it happens that the Eyes are deprived of Seeing, and that it proceeds herefrom we have found out by diligent examination, and conside∣ration.

The Substance of the Brain being hurt as by an Apoplexy there is a pri∣vation of all the senses, * 1.25 so a Nerve be∣ing contused or wounded there which some do testifie hath somtimes happe∣ned from a puncture made by the Forehead a manifest Blindness by rea∣son of the Solution of Continuity or a Callus left hath suddenly happened, and so from a blow.

A Weak Constitution of the Brain, the spirits being dissipated and wasted by reason of old Age, or by some grievous and long continued disease, too much eva∣cuations, especially of Blood and Seed whence is a great effusion of spirits and immoderate Venery for that reason doth very much prejudice the sight; * 1.26 al∣so by reason of too much Watchings as hath been said there, it induceth an Am∣blyopy or weakeness of sight and also of the other sen∣senses especialy of those that have a more subtile object as of Hearing, often familiar to old folk, as appears in these external causes of them, remaining in those that are recovering, and accustomary to those that live in∣temperately.

Besides this cause which proceeds from a defect of spirits which there can be no doubt, we can by no means be induced, to feign another here in the thickness or thinness or subtilty of the Spirits as many indeed do propose these things with more subtilty than truth, out we are moved by many things to dissent from them; seeing the animal spirit being wel nigh aethereal, doth no waies suffer such changes, but is most easily dissipat∣ed, as no man neither hath ever dared so much as to fan∣sie the Vital Spirits to grow thick or be attenuated; as also wesee, unless now the defect of seeing happen from the Spirits its other discommodities, whence things far distant or neer, are less truly discerned, do happen ra∣ther from the fault of the Instrument as by and by shall be explained, not by reason of a certain thickness or subtilty of the spirits, as they have thought, seeing they are so subtile, that they cannot be more subtile.

Divers sorts of hurt of the sight are wont to pro∣ceed, by reason of the perturbation or agitation of the spirits of the Brain and the brain, also being affected by consent with them; as if being mixt with a hot, subtile vapor, * 1.27 either tur∣bid, or malignant, they do not only pervert the mind, but corrupt also the sight so that they think they see many things which are not; as if from the like vapors the spirits and brain grow hot, then together with the Raving, false Apparitions also are objected to the Eyes, as hath been said in a bastard Phrensie, and as if a certain Narcotick vertue be joyn∣ed with the heat, as hath been shewed to be from the e∣vaporation of Wine then together with the Drunken∣ness of the mind, that there is also an error in the sight in which they think they see divers things which are not, or those things which are they judg of falsly, hath been declared in Drunkenness (as the story of him who being drunk alwaies thought things to be double, being decived by his Wife, burned his hands, gives cre∣dit to this business) furthermore when other filthy and malignant vapors from the Region of the Hypochon∣dries do assail the Brain & disturb it and its spirits they

do not only pervert the Mind but also sometimes pro∣pose the sight being caused by consent seeing they trou∣ble the Mind too they belong to the Alienation of the mind where it hath been largely treated of them.

But also it oftentimes comes to pass that the seeing is hurt by the too much agitation of the spirits, * 1.28 not by that which in the affects of the mind, the spirits being not only agitated, but rather confounded to∣gether with the humors conteined in the Head, Heart, and whol body, doth only disturb the mind, and scarce hurts the sight: but by that in which the spirits in the Brain being moved either themselves or with the mix∣ture of a vapor, without any perturbation of the mind, those called a Vertigo, Imagination and Scotomie are wont to be raised.

For the spirit contained in the Brain and its Arteries and Ventricles, being moved and stirred more vehe∣mently, even without the mixture of a vapor, represen∣ting to the Imagination the like commotion in things without it breeds the said Vertigo of which commoti∣on there may be divers causes; for a vehement moving of the head after the same manner continued long doth cause that the spirits for the same reason being stirred and following the Head afterwards resting, yet never∣theless they stil for a while run up and down after the same manner as the motion of the head was made, till they rest again; as it comes to pases if the Head toge∣ther with the body be turned long Round, for then a Vertigo follows, so that if this be done longer a strong one comes, that they cannot stand on their Feet, but somtimes necessarily stagger and fall, as it oft happens we see these things both in men and beasts; so the head being bowed a long while downwards, the spirits then tending from that upwards to the beginning of the Nerves, when that it is erected again, the same spirits with violence going back again to their proper seat, from that motion somtimes a Vertigo is perceived.

But if it happens not from this motion of the body only, but also from a persevering or vehement com∣motion of the mind the spirits being often and strong∣ly exagitated, in profound and dayly cogitations, and other passions of the mind, as also in Watchings, that those thus accustomed, moved from some light internal cause, fall into a Vertigo; as we do observe Vertigoes do somtimes trouble them that do very much labor at their Studies when they are fasting, for the causes by and by to be mentioned.

But from the long beholding of a thing whirled round or otherwise moved swiftly whether this be so, or seem to be so, as the Earth seems to be moved and run, to them that sail, which happens to some from their Imagination when their Eyes are shut, some are seazed with a Vertigo, the spirits also by that agitation of the sight which follows at the sudden commotion of the object, being stirred after the same manner, and as it were following the swiftness of the sight; which as it happens to those whose spirits are easily stirred, so in those disposed to the Vertigo it gives occasion for the fit to seaze, although the cause be but light. Also look∣ing downwards from a high, steep, and dangerous place breeds a Vertigo in those that are not used to it, the spirits being too much diffused, and drawn back again with fear, and so moved unequally; and there∣fore this no waies happens to those that are not afraid, unless they be otherwise disposed or some other cause joyned, as if from such a high place they behold things which are wheeled about, or Whitle-pools of Wa∣ters.

But as this Vertigo doth happen from external cau∣ses by reason of the too great impulse of the spirits, so also the spirits of themselves collected in the Arteries of the Brain, especially being more hot and plentifull because they are unquiet do cause a Vertigo and are ea∣sily agitated of themselves, or from a light occasion joyning; the which doth long and much torment men from a light cause either alone or also with a pain accompanying it, whose Arteries do beat vehemently in their Head and Ears, with a tingling of them some∣times and often in the rest of the body, and they are scarcely cured unless by opening of them, as shall be said; but this may come to pass by it self, the blood being so heated and attenuated in the Arteries, or by the mixture of a thin Vapor, as shal be said by and by.

But we have found our another cause of a Vertigo proceeding from the spirits in the Arteries and Vessels of the Head, by dissecting a certain Merchant our Country-man, who many yeers being sick of a Verti∣go was neither able to walk nor to rise out of the bed, but he fel down, to wit, the veins of the Brain and all its Arteries from their rise and ingress within the Skul, in their whol passage through the Brain, grown together, and hard, and distinguisht with little Glandules in their whol progress; from which obstruction of them, the spirits being impeded and retained in the Brain, being wheeled about by a light motion, bred an incurable Vertigo.

But by reason of vapors mixt with the now declared spirits of the Brain, there are wont to be produced not only a Vertigo, but also the said Imagination and Sco∣tomie, either seazing at once, or apart; and they ac∣cording to the diversity of the nature of the Vapors and place from which they arise, and to which they are carried in the Brain; for if they being plentifully con∣founded with the spirits of the brain in its Vessels, fil∣ling up those places and seeking passage out, together with them they be brought to the sides, by offering to the sight, such a sense and motion in things externall they breed a Vertigo as hath been said formerly; ligh∣ter or more grievous according as their agitation is greater or less

The which also doth affect a man alone, if the Vapor be subtile and no otherwise polluted, or if it be too hot there is joyned also a pain of the Head; if it be tur∣bid or some other way polluted, coloured, shining, as it may diversly exhale from divers humors and Choler as shal be said by and by, then there are caused Imagi∣nations also with a Vertigo by which there falsly repre∣sented to the sight divers small bodies, Insects, Atoms, Colours, Shinings; or if by their obscurity rather than thickness, as they would have it, they darken the sight, they cast Clouds, Fumes, or Darkness before the Eyes together with the Vertigo in the said Scotodinos affect for though they see nothing, (as formerly hath been said of their Eyes closed) yet they may feel a Ver∣tigo.

The which Imaginations notwithstanding and Ob∣tenebrations or Darknesses do oftentimes also happen apart without a Vertigo, if that Circumaction of the spirits in the Head be not made, but only a mixture of the Vapors with them; the which for what reason it can befall the sight, in so great a variety of Opinions concerning this thing, we must a little more diligently search out.

Many have beleeved these Vapors ascending and breaking forth of the Chamber of the Eyes which are before the Eyes like a Fume, do either deceive, or hin∣der the sight being moved with this reason, because they saw tears provoked, and the Eyes look red from

Vapors which in like manner did penetrate to the Eyes and prick them; yet this seeing it rather comes to pass, from the pricking of the sensible coat of the No∣strils, by reason of its communication with the adnate coat of the Eyes, this comparison will no waies take place; and seeing the vapor, if it did so come under the orbite of the Eyes, and creep about them, it would presently fly forth before it could touch them, we re∣ject this Opinion as weak.

But others have thought that these Vapors do wholly go under the Eyes and penetrate even to their inner∣most parts so that intrinsecally they are seen by the Eyes, but whenas after this manner there is no passage to the Globe of the Eye, and that is so thick by reason of the horny coat on every side whol, that the Vapors can no waies pass through it, into which a Needle can hardly be thrust, when a Suffusion is to be taken off, this Opi∣nion of some is vain, and by so much the more foolish, because they would palliate and cover their errors with the perspirability of our body.

But others that they might explain after what man∣ner these vapors might enter into the Eye, seeing they knew that there was no other entrance into the cham∣ber of the Eye, then of the Optick Nerve, Vein and Artery; they have writ that these Vapors indeed did first assault the Brain, but from thence descended by the Veins and Arteries to the Eye; not understanding what we have deliverd in our Anatomy, that these ves∣sels only run through the adnate coat of the Eye and do no where come neither into the horny coat of the Eye, nor the inner part of the Eye, seeing if blood should en∣ter the Eye, by its colour it would represent all things red unto the sight (as it comes to pass when being poured out of the Vessels it falls upon the Horny coat) for this reason it hath been proved by this de∣monstration that the Vapors are not carried neither af∣this manner to the Eyes.

Others more considerately teach that it comes to pass, by reason of the optick Nerve, which they hold to be the chief instrument of sight, the which we also do admit of, yet we grant not that this is done for that rea∣son, as they who have thought that the vapors can en∣ter the optick Nerve and through that as through a pipe are carried from within the Scul even to the Eye; seeing turbid vapors can no waies be carried through the Nerves ful of animal spirit, and seeing this is against the nature of vapors to be carried downwards unless they be driven by some violence (which here is not at all.)

But we rather probably think that it happens thus, to wit, that these vapors assaulting the fore parts of the Brain especially, and being confounded with the ani∣mal spirits, there with the brightness of the Images which are offered to the Brain by the optick Nerve, where all sensation and distinction is made, by the mix∣ture of some sparks, by which their light is rendred un∣equall, or darkned in certain places, they represent to the Brain these like false apparitions confounded with the true Images, in this hurt of Seeing which is called a little Cloud; for that this is done in the Brain and not in the Eyes, the Vertigo which for the most part doth accompany these imaginations as hath been formerly demonstrated, doth sufficiently shew, the spirits then in the Brain being affected and agitated too, whence they that then labor of a Vertigo have not these imaginati∣ons, but seem to themselves wholly to be turned about, and a Scotomie or Obtenebration of the sight, that they become almost blind sometimes following these little Clouds, the spirits being then wholly obscured by a multitude of vapors, doth evidently declare it; all which hath been sufficiently demonstrated to happen in that part of the Brain which gives the Original to the optick Nerves, and is higher than the rest, and therfore seems chiefly to prejudice Seeing, but not in the Eyes if it proceed from vapors.

As in an internal fault of the Eyes arising from a Coat growing there, we shal by and by shew, that that these Clouds also, and the other aforesaid may be offered to the sight, and the sight also be wholly obscu∣red, in that called A Suffusion of the Black of the Eye; wherefore these little Clouds generated from vapors they have falsly called by the name of a Suffusion be∣cause they thought that then also vapors were spred o∣ver the Eyes, and did there generate a little skin, which we have more rightly indigitated to be little Clouds, & Imaginations; which also are distinguisht from a true Suffusion by these signs, because in a Cloud & imagina∣tion there is no Speck in the Eyes of the affected, these accidents of the sight being objected to both Eyes at once, which do somtimes abate and cease and return a∣gain at a certain time, seeing in a true suffusion the fault appearing in one Eye, but scarce perfectly in both at once, it hinders the sight without intermission, as shal be said there.

But the Cause of these Evaporations whence a Verti∣go imagination and Scotomie proceed, may consist in divers parts of the body, seeing somtimes vapors raised from the lower parts are sent into the Head, most com∣monly they proceed from the Stomach, in which a cholerick humor especially, bringing a hot subtile eva∣poration, and sending it not only into the Nose (as the vapor rising from Onions Radishes, Mustard, is wont only to vellicate the Nostrils and presently again is dissipated) but also into the head it self, sometimes causeth a Vertigo, somtimes Imaginations: which for the most part imitating the nature of Choler, somtimes are yellowish, somtimes green, or blackish: and seeing Choler in the Stomach is most fierce and boyling hot whiles it is empty, and the vapors then being hindred, are the more freely carried upwards, it happens that the said accidents are troublesome to the cholerick whiles they are yer fasting, and that upon the taking of meat, because the vehemency of Choler is abated and the vapors represt, they grow milder, and at last cease; the which happens also the vapors in the head being discust of their own accord, and so much the sooner by how much they are more subtile, till new evaporations being made, these evils do return; but it is known that this proceeds from Choler, by the bitterness of the mouth and gnawing at the mouth of the stomach, which they call the heart, and by other signs of this hu∣mor; which also somtimes brings with the same labor a pain of the Head too, with a Vertigo.

The same vapors proceeding from the Mesaraick Veins in which the cholerick juyces are wont often∣times to abound, as hath been shewed elsewhere (as by those vapors raised from the same place, and carried upwards by the Veins and Arteries, intermitting Fea∣vers, hypochondriacal Melanchollies do invade a man by intervals) so also they oftentimes raise the said symp∣toms, which is done the vapors being carried upwards from thence through the Veins, and somtimes through the Arteries which are annext to the Mesaraick Veins; then especially when those vapors are subtile, that they induce rather these accidents than Perturbations of the mind which hath been shewed do rather proceed from their malignity the which therefore do somtimes pro∣duce Vertigoes only or as they are qualified, Images and Scotomies together with them, or without them; which we had rather alleadg as the truer cause than

Pretend Crudities, from which Wind rather than these like Vapors are generated.

But also from some other seat of the body these like vapors raised from a thinner blood through the Veins and Arteries may cause the same: as from that part which is about the Womb, as the Courses being stopt this symptom also doth happen; as other also often∣times upon this account: and from some part of the Foot or of another member a vapor proceeding like to some Air being carried upwards, as we have observed it hath been the Cause of an Epilepsie, so also of a Ver∣tigo, whence somtimes Vertigoes go before an Epilep∣sie and presage that wil presently follow, when from the like vapors vellicating the Brain, Epilepsies also may be caused, as shal be said in its place.

But the cause of these diseases sometimes consists in the Head it self, in which not only spirituous, hot and plentiful blood collected, may cause the same (as hath been said formerly) but also from humors contained there, the like Vapors raised and mixt with the spirits may produce these accidents; which we do beleeve doth arise rather from the Blood of the Vessels and Ventricles of the Brain, and the humors mixt with it than from flegm, the which also we do not deny to be a cause of the Vertigo, but not because it sends forth vapors, but after this manner now to be explained.

'Tis certain that a Repletion of the Brain caused by a watry humor, * 1.29 as well that Serous as Flegmatick doth cause that Vertigo which is wont to precede and threaten an A∣poplexy or Carus; which being frequent and of long continuance unless it be prevented, is wont to terminate in these Diseases with great danger of life; but it doth not this by cooling and moistning the brain, seeing this agitati∣on of the spirits which is in a Vertigo would so rather be hindred than promoted; but this comes to pass, when filling up the windings and spaces of the Brain by its great plenty filling the Skul, and also generating plenty of Wind (which are oftener ingendred from waterish humors than Vapors) it waves in it; for then as in the cover of the heart, water abounding doth cause a Palpitation of the heart, when it is stirred; so here also, it every where filling the Brain when the Head is moved, the humor being stirred and following the mo∣tion of the Head, as we have said of the spirits, it gives such a sense to the head; which doth sufficiently ap∣pear by their relation, who complain of such a fluctua∣tion, and the Skul being opened, we have often found an immense plenty of this humor, as hath been said in an Apoplexy, and in him in whom even now we said that the Arteries too were grown hard, we have found so great plenty of it, that the Skul being opened it hath come forth by floods, the which together with that ob∣struction of the Arteries, producing a double cause of the Vertigo, made it so lasting and incurable, in which that humor for continuance watring the Brain, had bred that Carus of which he died. But it is known that this is the cause of a Vertigo not only from that sense of fluctuation, but also from other signs of flegm abound∣ing, explained in a Carus and Apoplexy, to which those that are prone become at once sleepy and more stupid, and at last fall into these Diseases unless pre∣vented.

By occasion of the Visory Nerve implanted into the Eye and dilated like the form of a Net, * 1.30 most discommodities of the fight do happen, seeing that is the principal Organ of seeing; and that for the most part by consent of other parts, when by reason of them it is disappointed of those things which are re∣quired to Seeing, viz. the spirit and the proper object, or else it cannot rightly enjoy them, for otherwise be∣ing immersed in the Eye 'tis so grounded, that 'tis scarcely troubled with any disease, unless by consent of the Brain.

It is disappointed of the Animal spirit either altogether in blind∣ness, * 1.31 or in part in a weakness of the sight, by reason of the Optick Nerve, such as are Distemper, Compression, Hurts, and Weak∣ness proceeding rather from the defect of spirits, than that fansied thickness and subtlty of them.

The same happens also, the spirits flying from the visory Nerve towards their beginning: in the Eye prest a long time, and by consequence the Net-like Nerve by reason of humors filling up the Eye, it some∣times happens that they are afterwards so long blind til the spirits return again.

And also the spirits being too much idle in the viso∣ry Nerve and as it were laid asleep, or being retreated when there is no use of them, the Nerve it self being made dull, in those who being kept in darkness for a long time, as in Prison or other dark places, have seen nothing for a long time, when they return into the light, they scarce recover their fight, or slowly, or never any more.

And seeing the Animal spirit hath a constant need of the vital, this by swooning being for a while dissipated, and the Animal spirit being hindred by consent, a∣mongst the cessations of functions, the Seeing first of all is darkned in those that swound, and by and by it is taken away with all the rest so long till they come to themselves.

By reason of the proper Object, * 1.32 viz. the Images of things entring the Eye by light and brightness; the Net-like Nerve suffers a hurt of seeing if it be offered to it too violently and it be so affected with it, that afterwards it perceives no more, or nor rightly.

As when one very much strucken with the brightness of the Sun, Lightening, Fire, afterwards thinks that he sees sparks for a while, and either their Eyes are altoge∣ther blinded for some time, or as it often happens, they afterwards continue blind.

Or if the Eye be destitute of light by which the things ought extrinsecally to be illuminated, and the Eye in∣trinsecally that it may see; by reason of the external darkness, it cannot know the species of things.

Which also how they happen by reason of the stop∣page of the black of the Eye, we shall explain in the faults of the Membranes of the Eye, as also when it happens by reason of humors, it shall be said there.

Likewise an Impediment in the sight may happen, * 1.33 by reason of hu∣mors contained in the Eye, especial∣ly of the Chrystalline, through which as through a Spectacle, the Net-like Nerve doth first collect the Images of external things, and again receives in its cavity, those dispersed, dilated, & made bigger, to which Chrystalline humor the other humors are servants only, and this comes to pass, when either they fail because either they have flown forth, or are wasted; or when they change their natural scituati∣on,

or their substance is changed, or they are infected with a strange color, which how it may be done we shal explain in the particulars.

And somtimes the humors flow forth of the Eyes more commonly the watry one seeing it is placed in the fore part, * 1.34 and is more fluid, the others seldom unless the cause be great, and then Blindess is caused; for the watry humor being flowed forth, the Globe of the Eye is somwhat fallen together and wrinkled; whence the hole of the black which ought to let in the light, is shut up; and the rest of the humors falling forwards out of the cavity of the Net∣like Nerve, do cause that that doth somwhat fall toge∣ther, whence it must needs be that seeing doth cease; and by much the more if the Chrystalline humor doth fall forth with the glassie, in which it inheres, seeing that (as hath been said) is altogether requisite to seeing and then the Net-like Nerve being wholly fallen together, can no longer comprehend the species of things in its cavities.

Of all which the apparent Cause is wont to be a Wound or Ulcer of the Eye; if a large wound being made 'tis open'd through the horny coat so thick and hard; for by a light puncture with which they are wont to perforate the Globe of the Eye in takeing off a Cata∣ract, the watry humor which hath its tenacity also, cannot flow forth,: and I have somtimes seen that an abscess of the Eye hath been generated from an Inflam∣mation also, in which part of the horny coat is conver∣ted into matter, which being broke, it somtimes pours forth the humors of the Eyes with the matter; and I have observed in a pestilent Feaver that it hath hapend in both Eyes, the Crystalline humor slowing down to the Beard, and sticking there.

The Humors of the Eye also are wasted especially the glassie seeing it is thinner; * 1.35 and then the Eye not be∣ing sufficiently distended (which is required that the black may remain exactly open) but somewhat fallen together, the hole of the apple of the Eye although not wholly shut up, yet loosing its large∣ness or roundness, and the situation of the rest of the humors being troubled by the way there follows a weakness of the sight, or if the confusion be greater, Blindness: as in long acute Diseases wasting the body with a high and long continued pining it happens to some more rarely, but more frequently in extream old age, in which both the glassie and crystalline humor may be dried up, as shall be said by and by; whose Eyes appear somwhat wrinkled, which the vulgar ther∣fore are wont to call Crackt, especially when in the A∣gony of Death being now destitute of heat and spirits they flag.

A Perverting of the natural situation of humors, the Chrystalline and glassie (which seeing they are more solid, being restrained by their proper membranes they ought to stick fixt in their proper place) doth also bring hurt to the sight whose places being changed, the watry humor filling up the space left by them easily gives place.

The which somtimes happens in the glassie humor (to which the crystalline humor is set over, * 1.36 and a little way im∣merst in its former part) if the same part of it carried forward be set before the crystalline humor; where also be∣ing oftentimes contained, it may be seen lie a white Speck under the apple of the Eye, for then it is not necessary that blindness do yet happen, seeing the humor is bright as Glass, but some Error; see∣ing it is thicker than the watry humor, as it is wont to come to pass in a Suffusion beginning, as shall be said: unless perhaps so great a quantity of it be fallen thither, that it wholly obliterates the crystalline humor, and presses it backwards, or very much inverts it, for then both humors being troubled, more grievous accidents of the sight are wont to follow, as shal be said in the crystalline humor; but the cause of this may be a blow, or Contusion, or more frequently a puncture in couch∣ing a Catarract, being forced too deep to these humors, and breaking their thin membranes to which they co∣here: for otherwise scarce as they would have it, can a great straining by holding of the breath in going to stool, in Labor, or Convulsions in which the Eyes ap∣pear as if they were thrust forth, cause that intrinsecally in the Eye.

The Crystalline humor being especially hanged like a Sun in the middle of the Cavity of the glassie humor, somwhat distant from the hole of the apple of the Eye looking directly on that with its bulk, and receiving the light through that equally disperst into it, and dif∣fusing it to the cavity of the visory Nerve, or the Net∣like semiglobular, placed in the hinder part of it, so that it fils it every where with its brightness, if it doth very much change this natural situation, it cannot be done without hurt of the sight; which faults of it, seeing the humor it self cannot be seen in the Eye, are no waies conspicuous in it, unless it wholly fall into the apple of the Eye, as hath been said of the glassie humor.

But this comes to pass, * 1.37 if being in some manner inverted by its broader part which is flat like a great Lentil, it is not rightly op∣posed to the hole of the apple but declining a little to the side it looks on it obliquely or trans∣versly; or when being carried upwards or downwards or to the sides from the middle seat of the Eye, it doth somwhat decline from the aspect of the hole of the Apple; the which happening either from the birth in some, in others from some violent cause, as was said even now in the glassie humor, it hap∣pens that either blindness is caused, if the recess be great from the natural situation, or if it be less an obscurity of the sight or rather some Error in which things seem to be either double, or crooked, or bent: moreover some light declination only of the crystalline humor from the center of the apple although yet it doth little hurt the Sight may be the cause of Squinting; for as in Seeing if the crystalline humor be rightly opposite to the hole of the Apple, the Apple also doth directly look upon the external things which it beholdeth, so if the crystalline humor be a little turned from the center of it, that they see with the apple not rightly but obliquely opposite to the things, those troubled with a Squinting do so invert the Eye, that they are judged to look upon somwhat else, than the thing objected; the which not∣withstanding may happen also by reason of the con∣torted situation of the apple as shal be said by and by, which things do thus befall men for the most part from their birth.

But especially if the crystalline humor have its seat a little in the hin∣der part of the Eye to∣wards the Netlike nerve it is the cause of this * 1.38

sight in which they cannot rightly discern things more distant, the which happens to many from their Birth, that the Crystalline Humor doth not reside more towards the fore parts at the Apple, as it is naturally wont to do, but hath its Scituation exactly in the middle of the Eye, and it is so common, that Anatomists for the most part have described its Natural Scituation in the midst of the Center of the Eye; whence it is no wonder that this sight which we have called the youthful, doth befal many from their Birth, that they can discern things neere righ∣tly and acutely, but not things distant, and that when the Spectacle is too much inclined backwards from the things which we behold, which therefore will be suffici∣ently illustrated only with those neerer, but from those Images objected at a distance, unless being collected by the Mediation of a thick Spectacle made of Crystal they be so offered to the Eye more effectually, they cannot suf∣ficiently illustrate that: And hence it happens that see∣ing the Scituation of it doth so continue, this seeing is no waies altered the whol course of life, unless this be from some other Causes.

And also if it be yet more removed from the middle of the Eye towards the hinder parts, they are forced yet to apply far neerer to their Eyes, the things which they would see, and use a thicker Spectacle: the which yet is not very common, and happens only in them, which we have said are cal∣led Myopes or Purblind.

Which truer Causes, which happen by reason of the In∣strument vitiated, and therefore may be corrected by a∣nother Instrument to wit a Spectacle, he had rather alledg then to refer them to the Spirits, which in those young Folkes, with whom this fault is familiar, and who see most acutely things neer, are neither defective nor chan∣ged, because they may be mended by a Spectacle.

And also for the contrary Cause, after a different manner, there ariseth an Impediment of the sight, to wit when the crystalline Humor from the said Natural Seat doth more in∣cline forwards, towards the Apple, for then with a greater dis∣commodity they less see things neer but the same removed far from the Eye, they behold more rightly, unless they correct this defect, by applying a thin Glass Spectacle, which as it performing the place of the Crystalline Humor and re∣ceaving and differing the Images of things, and through the Crystalline representing them greater to the Eye, and therefore they have alwaies need of a Spectacle to read and see acutely; the which happens to most people growing old, to some sooner, to others later, not by reason of the defect of Spirits as they have thought, seeing so there would follow rather a weakness of the sight, as also of the other Senses, which a Spectacle could no waies mend, nor suggest new Spirits; but because by that bow∣ing down of the Head which the whol time of our age we must needs cast down our Eyes, in reading, and in what Business soever proposed to our Eyes, and acted by our Hands, the Crystal Humor by process of age together with the glassy is carried by degrees to the fore parts, and at length subsisting there, brings this defect to the sight, especially if in them also, the watry Humor being somwhat wasted no∣thing do resist it, and the glassy Humor lying upon it, do more strongly depress it; which defect and a far more grievous, Blindness or Weakness of the sight do follow, if the crystalline Humor wholly falling down to the Apple, be manifestly seen to stick there, and to stop up the Eye: which is wont to be more frequently the Cause of the hurt of seeing, in Horses and other Creatures, which go with their faces downwards: the which as it happens by degrees by reason of age, so somtimes suddenly after a Blow.

The substance of the Humors of the Eye changed doth also bring a fault in the sight, * 1.39 as it comes to pass, if the Crystalline Humor be too much har∣dened, as it may happen either by reason of age or other Causes, but with which, not unless the Body be vehemently & a long time dryed; and then be∣cause it looseth its Transparentness either in part or wholly (as it appears being boyled) it is the Cause of Blindness or Dulness of sight, which as in that so also it may happen af∣ter the same manner in the glassy Humor.

But if yet by its Natural Conflitution or progress of age, * 1.40 it become more solid or obscure, because then it hath need of a greater light that it may be illu∣minated, it comes to pass that they cannot see perfectly but by a ful light, and when that fails, though it doth a little clear, with the splendor of light, yet they see not rightly, and thence follows the said Nyctalopy.

But that is the watrish Humor whose substance is more easily changed, * 1.41 seeing it is wont oftentimes to ac∣quire a Tenacity by which by degrees growing to the hole of the Apple, and at length drawn out and turned into a skin by breeding Clouds first, and aferwards a Suffusion, it makes blind: which fault being very common, and to be seen outwards also, shall be explained in the grapy Coat.

The Humors are scarce infected with a strange Colour, * 1.42 seeing no veins or other vessels carrying the humors do enter into the inward parts of the Eye, or touch its Humors: the which notwithstan∣ding they have delivered doth sometimes come to pass from the moistures of the Eye, in the Crystalline Humor, and that as also the glassie humor is dyed with a grayish co∣lour, and therefore they have called it Glaucoma, and they have writ that the sight is then vitiated as if they saw thorough a Cloud; when notwithstanding the Ancients made a Glaucoma the same disease with a Suffusion, then especially calling that so, when the Skin being not yet well confirmed, it appeared to the Beholders like a thick Glass, of a greenish, or azure Colour, and was not yet white.

The sight is hurt by reason of the Membranes constituting the Globe of the Eye, * 1.43 if that do consist in that part which appears darkish or black by reason of the Apple or Hole opening the inward Chamber of the Eye which is black and opa∣cous, which Hole seeing it doth transmit the outward light into the inward part of the Eye thorough a trans∣parent Horn spread over it, if it be so obliterated in any part that the Passage of the light into the Eye is hindered, it must needs hinder the sight; the which happens either by reason of the outward thick Membrane, bestowing a Horn on the Eye, or of the grapy Coat under it, that makes the Hole, those giving occasion for this thing either severally or joyntly.

This happens by reason of both Membranes, * 1.44 if an Impediment be ob∣jected out of the Eye, which may in∣terrupt the light, that it cannot come to the seat of the Eye to which it ought, as it is wont to come to pass the Eye-brows being shut, with the Hands and other things.

But from this following fault also that may happen, * 1.45 if the seat of the Eye which is pervious and transparent is hindered by the Neighbouring parts that seeing cannot rightly be perfor∣med; as it comes to pass if the Ap∣ple be not placed in every fore part of the Globe of the Eye, bare and in that middle, but declining from it, is more to the sides of the Eye, which befalls some from their Birth in a squinting in one side of those Eyes, for that rea∣son

there appears more white; so that every one by that may know that they look a squint; and because when they would look upon things, wreathing the Eye that they may oppose the apple right to the things, they make such a stern aspect.

Although this may happen also, the apple consisting in its natural place, by Convulsion of the Muscles of the Eye, the Eye drawn somwhat to one side and so in∣verted that the apple do rather look that way; whence it comes to pass, that when they would look upon any thing would direct the apple to it, either they bend their head aside, or draw back their Eyes by the oppo∣site sound Muscles, that the apple may be redu∣ced again some way to the fore parts: as they also whose eyes have a natural situation after this manner drawing them aside purposely, can express the eyes and looks of Squinting, which Convulsion unless it befalls the eyes in a true Convulsion of the whole body, to wit, an Epilepsie, in which they shew the like aspect, for the most part it befalls the Squinters from their birth; the Muscles being somewhat contracted rather, then convelled, and continuing in that situation. And that hath been explained by others to be the only cause of Squinting, when notwithstanding that very thing as hath been said may come to pass, the apple being im∣prest on one side and the crystalline humor being re∣moved out of its natural place that they behold things by distorting their eyes after the like manner: all which notwithstanding do hurt the sight only on this account, that the Eye being left in its seat, they see those things rather which they meet with sidewaies, then those which are placed before their face, til the Eye being re∣duced so far, that 'tis opposed to the things placed right before the eyes, they behold them•• also.

But this rare and memorable thing befell one from a wound made neer the inner Angle of the Eye by which the Globe of the eye was so inverted, * 1.46 that the apple being brought even to the great corner, and covered with the Skin of the wound healed, he was forced to see through the cavity of his Nose, and he could see, nothing any more, unless through the hollow of his Nose as through a pipe, whence he must needs direct his Nose to that, which he would see, which by the relation of men worthy to be beleeved, is apparent was done in our time.

The private faults of the horny coat, do then preju∣dice the sight, when they possess that part of it which is set over the apple like glass or a transparent horn and either only stick there or are dispersed further through the white of the eye; which then may be ma∣nifestly seen and known when it is spotted or covered.

This diaphanous seat of the horny coat being steined with a strange color, so that it is not any more bright and cleer, but obscure and colored, it either stops the brightness which in seeing ought to enter into the Eye, like a foul glass which lets in the light, or offers some∣thing false to the sight.

And this chiefly comes to pass, * 1.47 if it be infected with an obscure or white color with which somtimes the whol seat of the horny coat appears changed, and brings the said darkness especially in old men, to whom this chiefly hap∣pens; but if that only in some part of it such a white speck do grow it is called Albugo; in which fault if the speck be perfectly white and spred over the whole region of the apple, there ariseth blindness; but if it first begin to grow white, it darkens the sight as if it were hindred with a Cloud drawn over it, or if it comprehend a little space of the apple, or from that incline more to the Circle, it breeds a certain error in the sight.

But such an Obfuscation or whiteness of the horny coat ariseth either from the driness and hardness of the whol horny coat: or if there be only a speck from the driness and and in duration of that part only which is seen white. For as we see other things which are trans∣parent as the white of an Egg and the crystalline humor in the Eyes of creatures being dried by boyling do be∣come white and lose their transparency, so it happens here to the horney coat that by old age in which the membranes are wont to be dried, or by a disease of the eyes after Ophthalmies, Epiphories either it being wholly dried up, or driness being left only in certain places of it, it doth allor in part become white; the which also we may see somtimes come to pass from the thicker part of the nourishment with which it is nourished, being carried thither, and remaining there, and leaving a white Speck, as in the Nails, which in the like manner are marked with white specks som∣times are superficial, and other times being more deeply imperinted they penetare the whol horny coat.

And also from a Wound or Ulcers of the eyes espe∣cially after the smal pox in Infants, a Skar or Callus being left, higher somtimes deeper and thick for the most part causeth such a white Speck in the white of the Eye, sometimes large somtimes oblong which is cal∣led a Skar, which doth obliterate the fight either whol∣ly or in part, or if it be long and narrow, it cuts it in two as it were and divides it.

Besides these discoloring of the hor∣ny coat we meet with red specks or somtimes yellow, * 1.48 from blood rushing from a blow of the Eye, or from an infusion of choler in those troubled with the Jaundise, but for the most part appearing only in the white part of this coat, which the adnate coat carrying the vessels doth only invest, and then they do not prejudice the fight. But if they reach so far as to the bright part of the horny coat (where oftentimes a red speck is con∣spicuous a long while, the blood persisting in the sub∣stance of the horny coat without corrupting, as it were an insect in Amber) they represent to the sight the same color, either red, or yellow in all the Images the Eye seeth.

The same transparent part of the horny coat is extrinsecally invested with a new coat growing to it; * 1.49 which somtimes wholly growing to it grows in one, or adheres to it without any connexion, unless where it ariseth, and in the compass, on the other part 'tis only spred over; somtimes proceeding from the greater corner of the Eye, and somtimes from the less, and being first spread over the white of the Eye by and by it covers the black of it, either in part or all: and it is at first thinner then growing thicker it becomes fleshy interweaved with many bloody veins and 'tis called a Pannicle. And oftentimes it is so augmented that it may be laid hold on by the fingers, and a little way be elevated from the Eye; and somtimes a part of it hath been cut off, that hath weighed two ounces. But at o∣ther times being hardened it grows white and then it is called Ungula, Unguis, Pterygium, Zebel, putting out the

sight wholy or in part, as it occupies the Black of it more or less.

The which growing out either from a Spontaneous afflux of Blood, or after Exulcerations tis called a Hy∣persarcosis or Chymosis: otherwise from a private fault offensive especially to the Membranes, it very often befals the Elephantiacal as shall be explained there, o∣therwise seldom betiding man: as I have often seen it befal Fishes if they be kept a long time in Fish ponds in foul water, the mud growing to them and blinding them. Somtimes the said Unguis grows from the Su∣perficies of the horny coat corroded, when part of that nourishment then breathing forth, doth concrete into a matter like unto that which resembles a Horne or Nail, only tis not transparent; as the Periostia of the Bones being corroded we have said elsewhere that Knobs are generated, and from the Skin wounded, Skars, from the Juyce that was wont to nourish them.

The faults of the grapy Membrane hurt the sight, when its hole, which they call the Apple, being pervious in that part of the Grapy coat which lies under the hor∣ny coate, yet no waies grows to it, and letting in that light into the Eye, is either stopt up with some humor, or filth, or is Contracted, or Dilated; all which may be seen and known, Extrinsecally also in the Back of the Eye and its compass, whenas the horny coat which is seated over it, is transparent, although the hurt lie un∣der it.

Somtimes this hole is stopt by a Humor and the Passage for the sight is intercepted; * 1.50 and this come to pass somtimes from the proper humors of the Eye the Crystalline and glassy falling in∣to it; as from the change of the Scituation of the Humors as hath been said, and from the too great largness of the Apple as shall be said, it may come to pass, and the sight may be so hindred; which is seen then also when it appears lik an Albugo, in that seat of the Eye.

The same may come to pass from blood infused by a blow not only into the horny coat as hath been said before, * 1.51 but also penetrating even unto this emp∣ty space, between the Horny and Grapy coat, and filling up that either wholy or in part, and stop∣ping up the Apple, which being red at the first, but then growing livid, by and by blackish, it appears that it lies there (because blood infused into the spaces of the Body is presently corrupted, otherwise then when the horny coat drinks it up, where without any change it persists red oftentimes for a long while, as hath been said) and then it either depraves or darkens the sight: more or less, as it Possesses a little or the whol space and tis properly called Hyposphagma, a sugillation of the Eye.

The sight also may be hindered by matter collected in that seat, and then that Disease is called Pyosis, in which if the matter collected plentifully do seem to possess all the black of the Eye, or to fill up the whole space of the Circle, and to shine thorough the Horny Coat, it is called Hypopios; but if a small portion of that said seat do seem onely to shine through like the pairing of a Nail, it is called Onyx or Unguis, the Nail.

The Cause of the collection of which Matter for the most part is wont to be, Blood fallen into the Eye, as hath been said, and at length converted into Matter; or an Inflammation of the Eye going before, and leaving an abscess behind it, not that, in which the horny Coat is corrupted too, and being broke it pours forth the hu∣mors of the Eyes, as hath been said formerly, but in which the Blood being discust after an Inflamation, or External cause: this collection of matter also is som∣times caused after pains of the Head; which when it comes to pass, tis probable this was done, by the wa∣try humor so suppurated and ripend, as we have else where shown, that matter may be generated by the like humors; because the Blood otherwise can scarce be brought hither, unless the horny coat be contused by violence, the Veins as hath been said, no waies rea∣ching thither.

A Tenacious snivel sticking in the compass of this hole, * 1.52 or on the brink of the Apple, and spred over it, and by degrees thickening, for the most part only in one Eye although the other somtimes also doth presently begin to be affected in like manner, the seeing doth most commonly suffer a Blemish; and, because it is suffused or poured out on the Apple, it is called Suffusion, Hypochyma: which at the beginning seeing it is yet a transparent snivel and doth transmit the Light, yet by reason of its thickness it breeds an Impediment and Error in the Sight, as if it were darkned with a Cloud spread over it, and things were seen with many Atomes slying as hath been said, whence then it is called Imagination and a little Cloud, as hath been shewn: and this is not yet wel con∣spicuous in the Eye, but that the black of it, which they cal the Star, doth not appear exactly black as it ought to be wholly black, but somwhat troubled; by which also, if this be seen only in the Eye, the other being yet pure, it is distinguished from that Imagination and Clouds which by reason of Vapors offer themselves to the Eye almost in the like manner, except that they do affect both Eyes equally.

But at last that Snivel by degrees being more and more thickned and loosing its perspicuity, is easier known by the sight, and doth commonly manifest it self, by a grey or ash Colour, as the Oculists call it, and somwhat blotting out the black of the Eye, then also it doth more offend the sight: because when it is yet more soft and watrish, it cannot yet be deprest with a Needle, as shall be said; which the ancients have named Glau∣coma, from the grey colour which is a fault of the Cry∣stalline Humor, and because the Crystalline Humor being dyed with this Color doth carry before it a shew of an immature Suffusion, some not knowing that, have made a Glaucoma properly called, the same with a Sussusion.

But last of all, the forementioned Snivel, being whol∣ly incrassated and made white as we have formerly said that bright things by drying do becom white, and loose all their perspecuity, so it happens here also, and then the sight being wholly taken away, a perfect Blindness follows: unless by chance as I have often seen, a very little of the black do still appear pointing or circularly in some part of it, or in its Compass, thorough which the Sparks of a little Light, do still illustrate the Eye with an obscure Light, by which notwithstanding they can judg rightly of nothing; and this is called a confir∣med Suffusion, which they are wont to call ripe, if so be it can be exactly seen, because then first of all the Chyrurgion may take it in hand; and they common∣ly call it a small Skin and Web, because being spread before the Apple like a Coat it intercepts the Light: not unlike in Colour and Tenacity to the skin grow∣ing

to the white of an Egg that is boyled; and though of it self it seems to be of no moment, yet it is wont to bring so great calamity to many men in the loss of their fight.

They refer the cause of this snivel growing to the ap∣ple to the rising of a Vapor, or influxion of a humor, but it hath been shewed formerly that from a Vapor this Suffusion is not caused, but those simply called Imagi∣nations, and how that comes to pass, and truly it were the work of a man too much at leisure, to confute with many words so vain an opinion.

But all the rest do think that it is caused by an influx of humor, and do vainly apply all their care to turn away this, as shal be explained, and therefore they foolishly call this affect a Catarhact, others a discent of waters into the Eyes; the which notwithstanding can be pro∣ved by no reason, nor shown by demonstration. For first of all if it were caused from an afflux of water or humor into the globe of the Eye, not only this small matter would grow, and scarce as big as a Lentil, but the whol Globe of the Eye would be distended, and swell as it were Hydropical; besides that there is found no empty space in the Eye which can admit this water, seeing it is all every where so filled and distended with its proper humors bred there from the birth, that there is not room for one strange drop, or can the horny coat by any means be distended or dilated more: and then by what way I pray, shal this water flow into the Eye, when that cannot be through Veins and Arteries which as hath been declared formerly, do no waies en∣ter the inward parts of the Eye: but they say this comes to pass through the Optick Nerve, an excellent shift indeed, to hold so noble a part fit to conveigh these excrements, through which nothing can pass be∣sides the aethereal animal spirit. But grant that humor doth descend through this Nerve, How I pray can it be the hole of the Apple? when neither the Net-like Nerve can come to admit it into its cavity, which is wholly filled with the glassie humor, neither can it pass through the Grapy Coat which every where about grows transversly to the horny Coat with browy pro∣cesses: the which certainly, they who do patronize such like opinions, contesting with sense and reason, if that the fabrick of the Eye were throughly known and perceived by them, with that dilgence as is meet, they ought first to consider and rather to search out the true waies through which the humors may be carried, than being ignorant of the proper causes of Diseases al∣waies to fly to that common refuge of Ignorance, De∣fluxions, and I know not what transpirability of the body.

But we having throughly searcht into these things a long time and much, and by long observation having more neerly contemplated innumerable suffusions and their beginning, encrease, and pricking, we have found that the cause of this snivel doth proceed, from the wa∣try humor acquiring some tenacity: for that as hath been said formerly in the explication of that and other humors) seeing from the birth it is more tenacious (for we have seen also oftentimes that those new born have brought this fault with them into the world, or it hath presently followed upon them) either being dri∣ed by process of age, in old age, in which it often hap∣pens; or arising from very hot Diseases after Burning Feavers or Inflammations of the Eyes or from a vehe∣ment external heat in those who perform most business sitting by the fire and looking upon it; or the watry hu∣mor being thickened by the use of Collyries too hot & drying, and being made more viscous as hath been said, by degrees it grows to the brink of the membrane of this hole which it continually washes, and by little and little thickening in that part where it stops up the hole, as we see the said Skin grows on Frumenty, for that reason as it hath been shewed being hardened it looseth its brightness, and successively but in a long time being converted into a Skin it takes away the sight: which if it be deprest, as shal be afterwards explained, the remain∣ing portion of the warry humor, on whose superficies it grew, being yet transparent, the Sight presently returns, but if that also by much drying hath already lost its brightness, as most commonly it happens, although the superficies of it be taken off, nevertheless they re∣main blind, and by reason of that the Oculists labor wil be in vain.

The too much narrowing or Immi∣nution, as they call it, * 1.53 of that hole in the Grapy Coat wich is called the Ap∣ple, doth scarce take away the Sight, when even thorough the narrowest hole the light may enter the Eye, and illuminate it, as much as is sufficient for seeing; whence we have observed that those, who from their birth have happened to have a very small Apple, nevertheless do see as acutely, as those that have it large, may sometimes more acutely, and things more distant: and as we can behold the Sun through a little hole with less offence to the Eye, so they are less offended than others, by an external brightness and great light; of which seeing they have a more abundant need to see wel, beyond others; it comes to pass that a little before night, or darkness som∣what growing on, they see less, than by a ful light, & this is the chief cause of that Nyctalopie in which they see not sufficiently, by a sleight brightness of the Moon, Stars, or light set up: although this also as hath been formerly explained, may happen by reason of an ob∣scuration of the horny coat or humors, because then al∣so they have need of a greater light, that they may be illuminated, neither is a smal Apple observed in all those that are Nyctalopous or cannot see in the Night.

Which as it is born with some, so it can scarce come to pass, as some teach, that by reason of the spirits di∣stending the Eye, or so great driness of the Globe of the Eye, that by that means the Apple may wholly fall together; as somtimes it happens from a wound of the Eye, the humors flowing forth, and the coats falling together, they become wholly blind, as hath been de∣clared formerly.

A Dilatation of the Apple called Mydriasis by shedding plenty of light into the Eye, * 1.54 hinders the cleerness of the sight, darkening it with too much brightness; and if the enlarging of it be great, in a light somwhat more ob∣scure and darkish they see more rightly than in that too much shining, and that by reason of the internal brightness of the Eye, sufficiently illuminating the Air for seeing: as we have had an example of this rare dis∣ease, in a certain Foundling living in our Hospital the year 1625. who by day time, and in presence of light was blind, but by night and in the dark, did see the smallest things; hence we have observed that amongst Birds, the Owls; and amongst Animals the Cat which also do see by night, can by twinckling contract the hole of the Apple, and of their own accord dilate it a∣gain, and so streighten it at the brightness of the Light, or a Candle, that only an oblong black cleft doth ap∣pear, but by night and in the dark, dilate it so, that the whol former region of the Circle seems black, and for that cause Owls also receive obscure Images, with a very

open Eye, and in the day time, that they may not be hurt by them too much appearing, they joyn them a∣gain, and covet darkness. For otherwise this largeness or narrowness of the Apple, makes little for the seeing things distant, better, or less, as some have thought; seeing these defects of seeing which we have called the yong & old mens Sights, may happen as we have often observed, both to those endued with a long and a nar∣row Apple, and what I have observed in many, and in my self, that though the Apple of one Eye be far lar∣ger in the same man, than that of the other Eye, yet the seeing is alike in both Eyes; neither could we observe yet, that though such a dilatation of the Apple do hap∣pen, the things which are seen should be represented less than they are, as some have been opinionated.

But for the most part this dilatation of the Apple be∣falls certain living Creatures from the birth, as those for which it was convenient to see by night; and unless it altogether exceed a mean, otherwise than hath been said, it doth no waies prejudice the seeing, but rather seems to bring some benefit, as one hath declared unto me; who seeing he had a most large Eye-ball, he could comprehend and know by his sight without moving his head, not only those things which were before his face, but those things vhich were far apart on one side, which could not be seen by others, unless by bending the head that waies; the which I did so much the easi∣er beleeve him telling me, seeing this hath happened to me my self in my youth, and at one look at the Ta∣ble I was able to see at once many sitting round about, and to take notice of their gestures; but if that by a wound or some other hurt, the apple of the eye be ra∣ther dilacerated than dilated, than upon that account, because the humors are too much carried to the fore∣parts, as hath been formerly expounded, it sooner of∣fends the sight than it can bring a change after that manner as hath been said; from influx of humors as they have thought, it hath already been declared that it cannot come to pass; but from a vehement impulse of of the spirits by straining, if the eye being dilated, the apple also were inlarged, yet the same ceasing it would by and by return to its natural largeness.

The Cure.

The Cure of all these hurts of sight, viz. of Blindness, an Amblyopy, of that which we have called the old and young mans sight of a Myopie, Nyctalopie, evening sight, of Error, Images, a Scotoma, Vertigo and the rest, is ordered in relation to the cause, which is, as hath been said either in the Brain, the affects of that bring∣ing hurt not only to the sight, but also to other Senses; or privately and chiefly prejudicing the sight, to wit, a Hurt, Contusion, Driness, Refrigeration, Agitation and trouble of the spirits, or a repletion from a watery humor; or it is an affect of the Net-like Nerve caused by consent; or Diseases especially organical in the humors & membranes of the eye, to wit, a defect of the humors of the Eye, the situation of the hole of the Grapy Coat or Apple, or a perversion of the humors of the Eye, and a change of their substance, the smalness or too great largeness of the Apple: a white speck appearing from a Suffusion, Albugo or Skar, and a pannicle spred over the Eye, or a humor as Choler, Blood, matter collected in the Eye, concerning which we shal explain in order what is to be done and foretold in every one of them.

If the hurt of Seeing be by fault of the Brain, * 1.55 and that be general not on∣ly viriaring the sight, but also taking away, impairing, or depraving the o∣ther senses also, both internal and ex∣ternal and by consequence prejudi∣cing also the sight, the Cure, as also the whole handling of them hath been explained in these general hurts. As in an Apoplexy, Blindness hapen∣ing together with the other abolitions of the senses; in a madness and Raving, Aparitions, Images, and Ver∣tigoes which are supervenient to them also with other accidents; and in a weakness of the mind, the weakness of sight which accompanies the defect of the internal senses.

But if these diseases consisting yet out of the Eye in the Brain or Optick Nerve do chiefly hurt the sight, * 1.56 they shal be han∣dled here, and according to the nature of the Cause the Cure or prediction must be ordered.

If therefore the sight be taken away, by some emi∣nent hurt, or by a Wound about the Eye, forced even to the Optick Nerve as we have said hath sometimes hapned no other hurt following it, that Blindness wil be incurable.

And if also blindness be induced, the Optick Nerve being contorted by Convulsions as hath been said, un∣less the sight return of its own accord within some few daies as I have seen it come to pass, the Recovery is desperate; as afterwards I have observed them to re∣main Blind the whole time of their life.

Neither wil there be any hopes of Cure if Blindness be left by too much driness of the Optick Nerve after most Burning Feavers, seeing those things which we have said ought to be applied outwardly to the Fore∣head and Head for to moisten, in the weakness of the memory contracted by driness, although they be con∣venient here also, yet for the most part they profit little, and can hardly put forth their strength unto the Nerve.

And also if Blindness be caused by external cold from Wind, or by the application of cold Oxyrrho∣dines, seeing cold is wholly an enemy to the Nerves, that hurt is almost incurable, yet the Forehead and Head must be fomented and anointed with things actually and potentially hot; and chiefly sweer things must be ayplied to the Nostrils which are hot, and do reach neerer even to the Nerve, the forms of which Remedies we have already explained, in a Stupidity caused by cold.

Neither is there any health to be hoped for if that long continu∣ed Vertigo be caused by fault of the Arteries hardned, * 1.57 as we have said hath somtimes been found; the which notwithstanding seeing it can scarcely be guest at while the man liveth, to fore∣tel any thing certainly of it, were rashness, till after death dissection being made, the cause of the evil being discovered, may excuse the Physitian.

But if a Vertigo be caused by an Agi∣tation of the spirits in the brain only, * 1.58 from an external cause by reason of a motion of the Body or only of the Mind, no other cause intrinsecally concurring, the cause ceasing, that also ceaseth of its own accord, and the sooner if by a contrary motion made, the spirits be reduced and stopt; as if a Vertigo be caused by turning round of the body to the right or

left side, by an opposite motion to the left or right side, it ceaseth the sooner. In whom also lying on the Back doth good, the which notwithstanding, if the Vertigo proceed from an internal cause or from drunkenness, it doth rather provoke it; if it cease not so, Frictions of the extream parts do help, and Sleep comming upon it, takes it away.

But if this Agitation and Perturba∣tion of the Spirits arise from Vapors carried upwards, * 1.59 whence are caused Vertigoes, and Scotomies and Ima∣ginations, either severally or together; then the Humors which are contained either in the Stomach, or the Mesa∣raick Veins about the Womb, or else where in the Ha∣bit of the Body, and somtimes in the Head it self, from which these Vapors rise, which we have said were cho∣lerick, sanguine, impure rather then flegmatick (seeing we have shewed that Flegm doth cause a Vertigo and Amblyopy for another reason) must be purged forth, and diverted together with the Vapors, by letting of Blood, Scarifications, Frictions, Cauteries, Vomits, and Purges; and that with things given inwardly and ap∣plied outwardly; and by Course of life these Vapors must be inhibited, as followeth.

Letting of Blood by opening the Shoulder-vein of the Arm is good in the Plethorick not only if the few∣el of the evil lie else where in the Blood, but also if ei∣ther plenty or spirituous Blood abound in the head and be a Cause of the Vertigo; for seeing in the Cavities of the Brain, both the blood of the Arteries and Veins is confounded, by opening a Vein the spirituous blood also may be drawn forth, in which if the whol evil al∣most do lie, the principal scope of the Cure is in blee∣ding; and for that cause they commend also to open the jugulars in the Neck: The which notwithstanding cannot be done without danger, and fear of a great flux of Blood and Barrenness, if we beleeve Hippocrates; Nay, spirituous blood causing a Vertigo; most men do teach, that it cannot be cured, unless the Arteries behind the Eares be opened, and tis proved by experience, that after divers remedies a long time tryed in Vain, this kind of remedy hath helped at last, the which never∣theless ought not to be done, unless all things else have been first tried, and when we are certain of the cause, and we know that it doth proceed from that spirituous blood by the continual beating of the Arteries, as hath been said, yet using the greatest diligence, because the Wound doth hardly grow together, the Arteries being first laid bare, that afterwards it may be tryed. Also a Vein may be opend in the Fore-head in a Vertigo ari∣sing from this cause, and in the Foot, if Vapors ascend from thence; and if the Courses were supprest, the Ankle Vein, especially if the cause sending up the Vapors lurke about the Veins of the Womb; upon which account the Haemrhoids also are most profitablly provoked if the Fewel of the Evil be contained in the Mesaraicks. Scarifications for the same reason do good, being made instead of bleeding and after it, for Derivation, on the sides of the Neck, Shoulders, Cupping-glasses being applied to, although the cause be in the Head, or from elsewhere be carried upwards by Vapors and Scarifica∣tion in the Region of the Wrist, or that outward part of the Hand which is betwixt the Thumb and the fore Finger is thought a peculiar remedy in the Vertigo the which also made in the extream parts is good, if an Air be felt to ascend from thence, in that place from whence it is known first of all to arise.

Frictions ought to be made from the Neck by the Back-bone to the lower parts by degrees comming to the extream parts and rubbing them. For so the Vapors and Spirits are recalled; after which, that that collected in the Head may be discust, let the Head be rubbed with a new cloth (not heating it, as otherwise they are wont to do, that there be no attraction of Vapors to the Head.)

And also if a Vapor proceed from some part, binding it with Ligatures, the Vapor may be hindered that it ascend not.

A Cautery in a persevering evil, or a Vesicatory which empties more humor, must be applied for geater diversion sake, upon the same account in the middle of the conuext part of the Head or behind the Eares, whe∣ther it be Actual or Potential; and somtimes also in the Feet or other places, if a Vapor be felt to rise from thence.

A Vomit will help very much, if the matter in the Stomach or Mesaraick Veins especially the Cholerick as hath been said, doth produce Vapors; in imagina∣tions, Scotomies and Vertigoes proceeding thence; which must be caused first with the gentler, by and by with stronger, if the matter lurke in the Mesaraick Veins, many times repeated, if they are able to bear it.

Purges must be used in all those Species, if the mat∣ter sending forth Vapors consist in the same first passa∣ges, or else where in some other seat of the body, and if such an Evaporation arise in the Head from impure blood, that filth must be purged forth, fitting them ra∣ther for the drawing forth, of Cholerick, And impure humors from which these Vapors rather, which are subtile, are elevated, then for the purging of Flegm: of the Evacuation of which, if it be the cause of a Vertigo or weakness of sight, we shall treat hereafter, having respect also in the interim to the constitution of the the Body, in the choice of them. But this will be per∣formed by giving first of all some gentle Stomach Pills made of Aloes and the Hierae, or a Bole.

Then we must first prepare the matter if it want pre∣paration, and chiefly open Obstructions, after this manner.

If the matter lie in the Stomach, and Choler, or cru∣dity be the cause there, Take of simple Oxymel, Honey of Roses, of each one ounce; Syrup of wormwood Wine, Po∣megranates, of each half an ounce; the waters of Wormwood, Marjoram, as much as is sufficient. Make a Julep.

Or if it lurke chiefly in the Mesaraick Veins, Take of the Syrup of Snccory, of the juyce of Endive, of each one ounce; of the two opening Roots half an ounce; the waters of Wormwood, Succory, as much as is sufficient. Make a Ju∣lep.

Or, give Wormwood Wine which especially in those, Species of a Vertigo is very much commended; and that either simple or in which the opening Roots and Marjoram and other opening things have been first infused.

Then he shall be purged with a stronger Medicine. As, Take of Pills of Hiera or Mastick half a dram, Cochiae half a scruple, Oyl of Fennel, or Anise, or Carawaies (by reason of the Vapors) one grain, Piony seeds four grains with white Wine. Make Pills.

Or usual ones may be made thus, of which let him take somtimes two scruples: Take of Pills of Hierae Com∣pound, Aggregative, of each two drams, Agarick Trochis∣cate, Rhubarb, of each one dram; seeds of Cummin, Piony, of each one scruple, with Syrup of Roses solutive. Make a Mass for your use.

Or let him take this Bole; Take of Cassia three drams, the Hiera of Hermes two drams. Mix them.

Or make a good quantity, of which let him take by intervals a Bole of half an ounce: Take of Cassia one ounce

and an half, the Hiera of Hermes one ounce, of the five kinds of Myrobolans of each two drams; Dodder of Time one dram, pouder of Peony root half a dram, Cummin seed one scruple, Syrup of Roses solutive as much as sufficient: make an Ele∣ctuary.

Or give this Potion or Infusion. Take of Rhubarb one dram, Agarick two scruples, Citrine Myrobolans two drams, Wormwood one dram, Cinnamon half a dram, Gin∣ger one scruple, infuse them in thin white Wine, strain them and dissolve Syrup of Roses solutive one ounce, Give it.

Or thus, Take of Agarick trochiscate infused in Oxy∣mel and strained one dram, of Rhubarb infused in wine dilu∣ted with Wormwood and Bettony water, two drams; Cinna∣mon infused with Rhubarb half a dram, Syrup of Roses solu∣tive two ounces: make a Potion.

In the Interim the Vapors must alwaies be represt, which in the Vertigo, Scotoma, and Imaginations do assail the Head, the place in the mean while being con∣sidered from whence they arise.

For if this be from the Stomach and Mesaraick Veins the following Electuary is convenient, which shal be given after Dinner and Supper, and sometimes in the morning the quantity of a Chesnut, as, Take Conserve of Roses two ounces, Marjoram one ounce, Flowers of Peony half an ounce, Quinces candid one ounce, Citron pil half an ounce, one Emblick Myrobolan, the Rob of Currans (in Cholerick bodies) half an ounce, the pouder of Dia∣citonites without the species one dram, Coriander seed prepa∣red one dram, Fennel, Peony root of each half a dram; Coral one dram, Mastick half a scruple, with the Syrup of the Con∣serve of Citron pill make an Electuary.

Or let him use one spoonful of this pouder called Post pastum, Take of Coriander seed half covered with Su∣gar one ounce, Anise seed condite in like manner half an ounce, the pouder of Diacytonites without the species one dram, Di∣arrhodon Abbatis, Red Saunders, dry Citron pil, of each half a dram; Leaves of the greater Eyebright one scruple, Mastich half a scruple, Lozenges of Sugar of Roses two ounces, make Pouder.

Lozenges may be made of the pouder of Diacytonites without the species one dram, Red Coral half a dram, Sha∣vings of Ivory one scruple, with Sugar dissolved in Rose water to two ounces: make Lozenges.

A most excellent Remedy also to hinder Vapors is, if the Paroxysm befall them fasting as it is wont to be, to give them meat, the which being taken it presently grows mild, or the Vertigo, Imagination, Scotoma cea∣seth, and by this only some have been restored, shun∣ning Fasting.

Sleep because it discusseth Vapors doth help very much in these cases,

Plaisters, Cerecloaths are applied outwardly to the Region of the Stomach if the Vapors proceed from thence and the Mesaraick Veins, that they may hinder them; which they wear in the night.

As a Plaster of Mastick or some other made for the Stomach, malaxed with some astringent Oyl, or Galens Cerecloath for the Stomach.

Or such a one, Take of red Roses, Leaves of Worm∣wood of each two drams; dried Citron pil, Labdanum of each half an ounce; Mastich two drams, Pouder them and with Oyl of Quinces or Mastich, adding Wax, make a Cerecloath.

If these Vapors rise from about the region of the Womb, let the same Plasters of Mastich or pro matrice be applied to that part, and let the Woman wear it for some time, unless the stoppage of the Courses forbid it, for when they flow, they must be omitted.

If a Vapor ascend like an Air from some other part of the Body as the Feet, or others, doth create a Verti∣go, as hath been said; then the washing of those parts doth very much divert it, as also if it be done in other causes.

The which may be done thus, Take of the Leaves of Sage, Rosemary, Celtick Spike, Groundpine, St. Johns wort, flowers of Chamomel, Roses, Lavender, as much as wil suffice, boyl them in Wine and Lye.

Afterwards let him anoint his Feet with the follow∣ing Oyntment, Take Oyl of Bays, Worms, Wall-flower, of each one ounce; Aqua Vitae half an ounce, a little Salt: boyl them for your use.

If necessity urge very much, Oxyrrhodines must be applied to the Head which may repel vapors, and if it continue, we must add things more strongly astringent, as Juyce of Plantane,

And successively such a Cap may be worn, as, Take of the roots of Galangal, the true Acorus, Citron pill, of each one dram; Coriander seed, two drams, Myrtles one dram, flowers of Roses, Rosemary, of each half a dram; Cloves half a dram, make a Pouder for a Cap.

Some have put Remedies upon the Eyes in Imagi∣nations and Scotomaes, which we think superfluous, seeing the Vapor doth no waies reach unto the Eyes.

In course of Diet let all things be moderate, the meat simple, not too much; also let them drink Wine spa∣ringly or diluted; let too much motion of the body be avoided and chiefly too much agitation or bowing down of the Head, and let them beware of looking on things wheeling about, or very bright; and let them abstain from too much agitation of the mind by study and watching.

They think that Crystal worn is of very great force in a Vertigo, and for the same benefits sake they drink out of a Cup made of it, or they put crystal into their Cups.

It hath been said that a Reple∣tion of the Brain from a watry, * 1.60 serous, and flegmatick humor doth cause a Vertigo by its flu∣ctuation and wind, and by an af∣flux of the same humor to the op∣tick Nerve, Blindness doth some∣times arise, or by an irrigation of it an Amblyopie, and besides these hurts of the sight which are by reason of the Brain, it hath been demonstrated, that no other faults of the Eye prejudicing the sight can be caused from flegm or any afflux of such a humor which can neither enter the Net-like Nerve nor the Eye; and therefore we apply this Method of Cure only to these Diseases which is due only to this cause, neither do we refer it as others have done, to Suffusions or other affects of the Eye which also they beleeved did proceed from an in∣flux of flegm.

But here although such a Cure be convenient, as is due to a Carus, Apoplexy, and other flegmatick Disea∣ses of the Brain, and therefore perhaps ought not any more to be repeated in this place, yet that we may un∣derstand after what manner they are to be applied to the sight in these Diseases, we wil here explain.

But a Vertigo springing from thence is dangerous, if there be a great Repletion of the Head, such as hath been demonstrated, we have often found, which seeing it can hardly be taken away, somtimes it ends in a Ca∣rus and Apoplexy, the which it presageth: as also an Amblyopie, if it happen from thence in space of time is converted into blindness which sometimes is wont to be at the first presently from the beginning, the humor flowing abundantly: the prevention of which therefore in a Vertigo and Amblyopie springing from thence we shal study to Remedy this following man∣ner.

First we wil endeavor to take away those excremen∣titious, serous and flegmatick humors of the Head, by Emptying, Revelling, and driving them from the brain; then by heating the brain which doth generate them, and again is moistned and cooled by them, and by strengthening it, by those things which are appro∣priate to it, the Nerves, and the Eyes; and also the hindring that the cause be not generated anew, or fo∣mented: which shal be performed by Remedies ap∣plied inwardly and outwardly, by Purging by the stool by the Mouth, and Nose, or by drawing away of Blood: Or by things applied to the Head, or other parts consenting with it; or by giving things that alter, and by course of diet, not neglecting Amulets.

Purgations by the stool for drawing away of flegm from the Head, and for hindering that the cause be not generated anew, are thus methodically ordered.

A Goading and sharp Clyster is premised, the which also is profitably injected by intervals or weekly.

And in these hurts of the sight it wil be thus more ap∣plicable. Take of the fresh roots of Orrice, Peony, each two ounces; the herbs Centory the less, Betony, Rue, Eyebright, Fennel, of each one handful; flowers of Camomel, Lavonder or french Lavender of each one pugil; Fennel seed two drams, Carawaies one dram, Senna (which by a propriety is good for the Eyes) half an ounce, Agarick tied in a rag three drams, Bran one pugil, make a Decoction, dissolve of common Honey or Honey of Rosemary flowers one ounce, Hiera of Logadius or Hermes half an ounce, Oyl of Rue, Lillies, of each one ounce, Niter a little; make a Clyster.

The humor is prepared before Purging for some daies, by a Julep, or Decoction, or Wine.

A Julep shal be made thus, Take of Honey of Rose∣mary flowers (instead of Honey of Roses or Oxymel, which by reason of the Vinegar, wil not be so profitable for the Nerves) Syrup of French Lavender, of Betony, each one ounce and an half; the waters of Eyebright, Peony flowers, Fennel, Marjoram, each three ounces; mix them, aroma∣tize it with Nutmeg and Cinnamon.

Thus may be the Decoction for some Doses, Take of the roots of Orrice, Peony, each one ounce; the herbs Speed∣wel, Eyebright, Fennel, Rosemary, Mint, each one handful; flowers of Rosemary, French Lavender, Peony, each one pu∣gil; seed of Fennel, Anise, each two drams; Carawaies one dram, Damask Prunes ten, Raisons twenty, boyl them and in one pound and an half infuse of the pouder of Galangal, Ginger, each one dram; Cinnamon two drams, afterwards strain them, adding of the best Honey or Sugar as much as is sufficient, or of the forementioned Syrups, till it grow sweet.

Or make a Wine when bitter things are added as Centory which here is very profitable, Take of the Leaves of Eyebright, Speedwel, Centory, all dried, Fennel seed each half an ounce; Carawaies two drams, Nutmeg one dram, bruise them, for one measure of white Wine for your use.

Afterwards Catharticks that purge flegm must be gi∣ven, but such as are appropriate to the sight, as those which have in them Senna and Fumitory, and of com∣pounded ones those which admit the juyce of Fen∣nel.

Such as are the greater and lesser Pilulae lucis, so called beause they bring light to the Eyes, and those also called Arabicae and sine quibus; and of Electuaries the greater and lesser Indum, we may use these that fol∣low.

First of all Pils which he ought to take at midnight, if he be not unfit for swallowing of them, Take of pils sine quibus half a dram, Lucis the greater, the Arabick pils, pouder of Hiera of Coloquintida, each half a scruple; with Water of Eyebright, or juyce of Fennel, make Pills.

Or let him take this Bole, Take of Electuary Indum, the Hiera of Hermes, each two drams and an half, with Sugar make a Bole.

Or Decoction, Take of Fumitory, Eyebright each one handful; Senna half an ounce, make a Decoction in Water and Wine and Honey (instead of Hydromel or Oxymel) infuse Agarick, Turbith, each one dram; Ginger one scru∣ple, Sal-Gem half a scruple, strain it and dissolve Syrup of Fumitory compound one ounce, make a Potion.

Or we may take one dose of the following composi∣tions and give it instead of these, for seeing in these dis∣eases of long continuance, we ought to use once in a month or week by course, Phlegmagoges, and in the in∣terim Purgers appropriate to the sight, sometimes the Preparatives being repeated again, the following forms may be prepared for this use.

The Form of Pils is wont commonly to be more fit and usual than the rest, by which they may more com∣modiously swallow things that are ingrateful, which here are very necessary; by making a mass for your use, the quantity of whose dose shal be from two scru∣ples to a dram, Take of Aloes two drams, Turbith, Aga∣rick, Rhubarb, Senna, each one dram; Myrrh, Mastich, each half a scruple; Tartar, Salt Gem, each half a scruple; Ginger one scruple, seeds of Fennel, Rue, each one scruple; Castor six grains, with the juyce of Fennel and Rue, make a mass and if you add Hiera of Coloquintida and a little Scammony they wil work more strongly.

Or make them thus of the usual ones, Take of the Pills sine quibus, Aureae, each one dram; Lucis the greater, Arabicarum, each half a dram; Pouder of Hiera of Colo∣quintida one scruple, Oyl of Fennel two drops, juyce of Fennel as much as is sufficient, make a mass.

If he had rather have an Electuary make such a one, of which let him take from three drams to half an ounce, at once by it self or dissolving it with Eyebright and Fennel water. Take of Electuary Indum the greater, Diaphoenicon each half an ounce; Hiera of Hermes five drams, Fennel seed one dram, Cinnamon, Cloves, each half a dram; with french Lavendar, make an Electuary.

If he delight more in a Pouder, let the third part of this following be given with a Julep made of Syrup of French Lavender, and Eyebright water, Take of Tur∣bith, two drams, Senna half an ounce, Tartar two drams, Ginger half a dram, Fennel seed one dram, Scammony one scruple, Sugar one ounce, mix them, make a Pouder.

A usual Syrup wil do it, prepared after the following manner, from which first of all a Decoction being made may be given for three daies together, and after∣wards out of all the same in double quantity a Syrup may be boyled to be kept for use, Take of the roots of Fennel one ounce, Orrice half an ounce, Acorus, Galangal, Elecampane each two drams; Liquorish six drams, the herbs Fennel, Vervain, Eyebright, Betony Fumitory, each one hand∣ful; Time, Hysop, each one handful and an half; flowers of French Lavender, Rosemary, Borrage, each one pugil; seeds of Fennel two drams, Carawaies, Anise, Hartwort, Mountain Seseli of Marselles, Rue, each one dram; Raisons twenty, Senna two ounces, Oak-fern, wild Saffron, each one ounce and an half; Agarick trochiscate half an ounce, Tur∣birth two drams (for the rich you may add Rhubarb) Ginger one dram, Cinnamon two drams, make a Decocti∣on, add Sugar two ounces, for three doses, or all things be∣ing doubled as hath been said, let it be reduced into the form of a Syrup.

A purging Wine is more pleasing to some, and more effectual, seeing it is made only by maceration, or with a light boyling, and bitter things given after this manner, are not so ungrateful, which after the same

manner as the Syrup may be drunk three daies toge∣ther, and afterwards the Pouder being divided into three parts, and one alwaies being infused in the Wine for one dose may so be given by course without corrup∣tion.

Which Pouder for to steep may be made thus: Take of Wormwood two drams, Centory one dram, Eybright, Ver∣veine, Rue, of each three drams; Seeds of Fennel two drams, of Rue one dram, Senna one ounce, Turbith two drams, Aga∣rick half an ounce, Barke of black Hellebore two drams, Tar∣tar two drams, Ginger one dram: Make a Pouder for the Wine.

After the Body hath been purged, we must derive it from the Brain, by the Mouth and Nostrils as through a way destained for the purging forth of Flegm; which purging is so much the more convenient because it pre∣sently purgeth from the very seat affected it self, those Excrements of the Brain collected there, to which seat this way leads strait; and this is done by Head purgers or those called Apophlegmatismes used in the morning fasting, in the form of an Errhine, Masticatory or Gargil; of which the following may be here used.

Errhines which are attracted with the Nostrils, shall be made thus: Take of the iuyces of red Pimpernel, of the roots of Beets or Mercury, Marioram, of each one ounce; Fennel, Rue, of cach one ounce; white Wine half an ounce, Mix them: if the juyce of Sowbread can be had, and be added it would be more effectual, as also Gauls, but if they be attracted into the Jaws they offend them with too great bitterness.

When they do not willingly use Errhines, anointing of the Nostrils is good, by daubbing them even to the very bottom, with some of the stronger forementiond juyces especially of Sowbread.

Or with this Liniment: Take of the juyces of Marjo∣ram, Sowbread, the roots of Beets or Mercury, of each two drams; Elaterium six grains, Oyl of Orrice three drams, Honey and Tupentine a little, that you may make it like Nutritum.

Let him chew the following Masticatory spitting of∣ten; Take of the Roots of Pellitory of Spain, the seeds of Staves-acre, of each one dram, Cubebs, Pepper, Fennel seed, of each half a dram; Marjoram one scruple, Mastick two drams, receive them in the Pulp of Raysons adding a little Wax ••f they stick not, to make smal Bals.

Such a Gargle will be convenient, with which he may wash his mouth and Gargle his Throat, Take of the Roots of Pellitory of Spain, Orrice, Angelico or Master∣wort, of each half an ounce; the Herbs Marjoram, Sage, Hyssop, Rue, Ey-bright, of each one handful; flowers of Lavender, Rosemary, of each one pugil; seeds of Fennel, Rue, of each two drams; Nutmegs two dram; Let them boyl in Wind and Water, adding Honey as much as is suf∣ficient: And make a Gargel.

By drawing of blood by a Vein opend we cannot turne forth the Flegm from the Head, unless it be Fleg∣matick in the Brain, and so by drawing it out we do by this means in some manner substract the matter that did generate these Flegmatick Excrements, which not∣withstanding is not to be done except in the Plethorick and to whom it is accustomary and whose blood ap∣pears very impure, unless some other Disease joyned with it as a pain of the Head, do perswade it.

And also that revulsion of the blood to another part, which is done by Scarification will do good upon no other account, but as by the attraction of Cupping-glasses applied, the serous humors also are emptied too, as shall by and by be explained.

Remedies are applied to the Head that these Excre∣mentitious humors, which are the conjunct or Antece∣dent cause of the Disease, may be altered, discust and called forth, and the part it self may be strengthend too, and that after divers manners.

Lotions of the Head being somtimes made, are thus convenient, which being very appropriate do consume the Humor. Take of the root of Orrice, Bay or Galangal, of each one ounce; the leaves of Marjoram, Rue, Sage, the tops of Fennel, and Rosemary, Verveine, Celandine, Eybright, Betony, Ground-pine, of each one handful; Flowers of Chamomel, Lavender, French Lavender, of each one pugil; Berries of Bayes, Juniper, of each one pugil; Fennel seed half an ounce, Rue one dram, Senna one ounce, Agarick three drams: Make a Decoction in a Lye, made of the Ashes of Juniper, Roses, Bayes, adding a fourth patt of white Wine for a Lye.

A Cap performeth the same but successively, being worn, especially by night, stuffed with these things fol∣lowing, which also breaths forth a pleasant smel: Take of the Roots of Orrice, Angelica, of each two drams, the true Acorus, Galangal, of each one dram; the Leaves of Marjo∣ram, Rosemary, flowers of Roses, Lavender, of each half a dram; Nutmeg, Cloves, of each one dram; Coriander seed prepared one dram and an half, Gith half a dram. Make a Pouder for a Cap, the which also if it be strained on the Hairs somtimes doth work more powerfully.

Suffumigations do the same, whose vertue enters the Head and dries the better, whose clausets, and Caps tis better to suffumigate, then their Nostrils, for thus they would move a Vertigo and hurt the sight.

Which prepared after divers manners, and being made of Juniper berries, they are also appropriate to the sight. Dioscorides writes that smelling to Galbanum doth take away the fits of the Vertiginous.

Lotions of the Feet being somtimes used, by a cer∣tain communion with the Head, do very much divert the Excrements from it, and strengthen the Head; which may be prepared of the same things, with which we have said the Head ought to be washt, or also with other lyes hot, sweet, especially Cephalick things being first first boyled in them.

Vesicatories and Cauteries do more strongly call forth serous Humors, and the Excrements of the Brain, applied to the upper part of the Head, or behind the Ears or in the Neck.

A Puncture made in the Skin of the Neck and a string run through it, which they call a seton or Setaceum doth the same.

And Hollerius writes that Scarification made in the hinder part of the Head with Cupping-glasses applied, hath somtimes suddainly restored the sight lost by rea∣son of the Optick Nerve, even whiles the Cupping∣glass hath yet stuck on.

The same things given inwardly in a Vertigo and weakness of sight proceeding from flegm, do agree with both, the which ought to be appropriate to the Head and Eyes, and to heat and strengthen them and to hinder the production of flegm by helping the first and third Concoction, and especially to repress Va∣pors which by oppressing the head do hinder the fit and hurt the sight and to discuss those as also wind; which are used in divers forms and manners.

Some things given in Bread do good, as if seeds of Carawaies, Fennel and Mace be mixt with it in wor∣king, or if Ginger, Cloves bruised, with Aqua vitae poured to it, be added to it in like manner, which Pa∣racelsus did very much approve off.

And also the other meats may be season'd with these, or such a Pouder be prepared for the Meat: Take of Annis, Fennel seed, of each two drams, Carawaies, Mace, of each one dram; Cinnamon three drams, Sugar two

ounces, make a Pouder, to be strewed on Rice or other Meats.

But such a one may be made, which is used with Meats, or with a potched Egg. Take of Salt one ounce, Nutmeg, Mace, Caraway seed, Leaves of Eyebright, Marjo∣ram, each half a dram; mix them.

Other most effectual Pouders are divers waies made thus, to be given themselves in the morning, or with some particular water as of Eyebright mixt with Wine (seeing Waters given alone, are not so grateful or fit for the Stomach) of which this singular one hath of∣tentimes been happily used, as Take of Mace two drams, Cinnamon one dram, Leaves of Eyebright one ounce, Sugar the weight of them all, give two drams.

Another very profitable if the Vertigo doth threaten an Epilepsie, Take of the ashes of Swallows, a Mans Skul each two drams; Viper half a dram, Fennel seed two drams, Carawaies one dram, Peony, Mace, each half a dram, Cu∣bebs one scruple, Leaves of Eyebright, Marjoram, each two scruples; Lozenges or Sugar of Roses the weight of them all, make a Pouder.

Of those mentioned Lozenges, may be made, as al∣so of the usual species, especially of Diatrion Piperion, Diacuminum, Dianisum, Arromaticum Rosatum, Di∣agalanga, Rosata Novella, Diambra, Diamoschum, adding of those that are more temperate, Diarrhodon, Trionsantalon, the Cordial species and of Gems.

After meals Pouders are used especially to drive a∣way Vapors and to order a good concoction, after this manner, Take of the following seeds half coverd with Su∣gar, Coriander one ounce, Anise half an ounce, Fennel two drams, Carawaies, Cubebs condited also each one dram and an half; Leaves of Eybright, Marjoram, red Roses each one dram and an half; Cinnamon three drams; Mace half a dram, the species Diacitonites cum specibus one dram, Sugar the weight of them all, make a Pouder, let him take one spoonful.

Some add to the pouders after Meals, Senna two scruples, and so they think the Vapors are more strong∣ly represt.

Others prepare them thus of Rhubarb in manner fol∣lowing, to repress Vapors yet more powerfully, Take of Rhubarb two drams, Cammels hey, Origany each one dram; Tables of Sugar of Roses two ounces with syrup of Mint make a mixture, let him take one spoonful one hour before Dinner.

If he going to bed doth swallow two or three grains of Mastich, the Vapors are very much repressed.

In like manner dry Sugard Confections are taken after meat, made of seeds of Coriander, Senna, Anise, Carawaies, Cummin and Cubebs covered with Sugar, Citron pil and others.

But also the bare seed of Fennel or Carawaies, or Juniper berries eaten in the morning do good in a Ver∣tigo and weakness of the sight, especially if afterwards they so receive their breath with their hands before their mouth, that thence it ascend upwards to the Eyes.

The usual Electuaries are approved of to be taken in the morning, as Treacle, Mithridate, Asyncritum, if they be very old. Also the Tryphera of King Sabor, and Hollerius his Electuarium Regium, by themselves or mixt and taken with other things.

Of the other Conserves and Conditures that are kept and are convenient here, we may make such an Electu∣ary, Take of the Conserves of Sage, of Rosemary flowers, Marjoram, French Lavender, Lavender, Betony, flowers of Clove Gilly-flowers, Groundpine, each half an ounce; of Ro∣ses, Borrage, Diacorus, each one ounce; Emblick Myribolans condited one, Citron pill one ounce, Leaves of Eybright, Orga∣ne, each one dram; Fennel seed one dram and an half, with the Syrup of Green Ginger make an Electuary, let him take in the morning the quantity of a Chesnut.

Or the following Confection which is most effectu∣al may be made thus. Take of the roots of Peony Missleto of the Oak, each one dram; the leaves of Eyebright, three drams, Marjoram, Rosemary flowers, each two drams; Organy one dram, Fennel seed two drams, Anise, Carawaies, each one dram; Cummin, Hartwort, Basil, Peony, each half a dram, Cubebs, Mace, Cloves, Cinnamon each half a dram; Corral two scruples, Pearl half a scruple, the Skul of a Man one dram, Ivory half a dram, make a Pouder, mix it with Honey of Rosemary flowers or with the juyce boyled, let him take in the morning, the quantity of a Nutmeg.

Stilled Waters are commended which maybe taken by themselves or after other things, as Cinnamon Wa∣ter somtimes taken.

And such a one may be provided, Take of Vervain, Eyebright, Rue, Marjoram, Groundpine, each half an ounce; seeds of Fennel two drams, Cinnamon half an ounce, steep them in Mallago Wine and distil them, let him take som∣times one spoonful, to which you may add Sugar, that it may be the more grateful; the rest you shal find in the cold Diseases of the Head.

The Chymists magnifie the Salts, Essences, and Oyls of the forementioned things.

As concerning the Course of life that is necessary to the conservation of life, it shal be so ordered, that the cause of these affects be not augmented by it, but rather di∣minished, and the symptoms themselves be mitigated, which wil be done by temperance and mediocrity in all things, of which we have spoken already, as also of the Amulets which are agreeable to the Sight also, in the former Cure, of the Cause of a Vertigo the other Remedies of it we shal describe by and by in explain∣ing the Oxydorcical or sight-cleering Medicaments.

The Net-like Nerve being affected by consent, * 1.61 which is made for the spi∣rits sake with which it ought to a∣bound; if this come to pass by reason of the influx of the spirit hindred, by occasion of the Brain and the Optick Nerve growing to it, what must be foretold and acted, hath been already explained in their diseases.

And if Blindness be caused by pressing of the Eye the spirits flying back and staying for a while, by and by that ceaseth of its own accord, the spirits returning back again, unless there have been some eminent hurt caused.

But if they being laid asleep in the Nerve by reason of long continued darkness cannot for a while enjoy the light which is at length offerd to them, and they are Blind or dark-sighted, then the spirits must be raised again and brought into act with Light, by degrees not by too bright an one at first, by and by offering a grea∣ter light, that so by little and little they may accustome to endure, until they come again unto the perfect cu∣stome of seeing.

But the contrary must be done in those whose sight is darkned by too much brightness, that they may the sooner and truer receive the use of it, to wit, by offer∣ing them Darkness by degrees, first placing them in the shade then in a more obscure place, at last for a while in the dark it self.

Which custom of Light and darkness in them both being reduced by degrees, unless it do good, there is danger of a persevering blindness or dulness of sight the which we ought to foretel, not neglecting in the mean time sight-clearing Remedies.

But if the Net-like Nerve be affected by consent, be∣cause it is destitute of the external light, and that ceaseth by reason of darkness induced in the air, by and by, by the brightness of the Sun or fire (besides which nothing hitherto hath been found out, which can sufficiently do it) that being illuminated again, the light returns, and the Eye sees again.

But if the light be withdrawn from it, by the impedi∣ment of the humors or Membranes of the Eye, the Cure shal be declared in their faults.

If a defect of humors of the Eye cause Blindness, * 1.62 all the humors falling forth together, through a Wound or Ulcer, nothing must be attempted here besides the Cure of the Wound and Ulcer, which shal be explained in the pains of the Eyes, and the evil must be foretold to be incurable.

The which also is to be done and said, if only the watry humor be poured forth, seeing it cannot be repai∣red; unless by chance, if a narrow puncture being made in the eye, either by chance or purposely, by reason of taking away a Suffusion, the watry humor threaten a flowing forth (the which notwithstanding scarce comes to pass, if the Needle be thin and drawn forth gently) then shutting close the Eye-lids and afterwards press∣ing the Eye and laying astringent things upon it, and a Roul applying (as we shal declare by and by in prick∣ing a Suffusion) we repress the flowing forth of the hu∣mor, til the hole grow together again.

But some part only of the watry humor being pour∣ed forth out of a Wound, or being wasted by Diseases or Age, so that it hurt the sight if it be little, and there is yet no other fault in the Eye adjoyned. In young folks in whom that humor may be repaired by the nourish∣ment of the Eye, we may yet Hope wel, and commit it to nature, but in other there is no Good to be judged.

If the Perversion of the natu∣ral situation of the structure of the Eye do hurt the sight, * 1.63 and the whol Eye be so contorted, that the apple stand not forth in the middle seat of the forepart of the Eye, but be hidden in either side, as we have said hath some∣times come to pass by a Wound, that being thrust to the inner part of the Nose, it could not see but through it; or otherwise from the Birth, the Eye being invert∣ed it is so coverd with the Eye-brows that the Sight is hindered, these faults can by no means be amended; as neither that, if from the first Nativity the Apple be∣ing not altogether hid, but yet enclining too much to one side, the Eye being as it were neer Convulsed, or o∣therwise drawn thither doth give occasion for a squint∣ing as hath been said; the which also are let alone see∣ing they little or nothing prejudice the sight.

But if that the Crystalline hu∣mor by some means bowed or a little way drawn from the Cir∣cumference of it, * 1.64 doth breed a weakness or Error of the sight, or be one of the causes of a Squint∣ing; then if this were suddenly done by some violent cause, unless by and by of its own accord it re∣cover its natural situation, it is now impossible to effect by art; and by so much the less, if this fault be contra∣cted from the Birth.

But if that the same crystalline humor otherwise pla∣ced right, except that a little going backwards from the forepart which it ought naturally to occupy, * 1.65 possessing the exact middle or more hinder region of the Eye, doth induce that sight in which they do not rightly see things a little more distant, and for that cause they are compelled to apply things neerer or close to their Eyes; seeing this for the most part happens from the birth, and we cannot reduce the humor into its natural state, it is impossible to alter this seeing, unless it be changed by course of Age, by that long con∣tinued bowing down of the head towards the fore parts the whol life time, the crystalline humor alwaies bear∣ing forwards and by degrees being brought thither: as I have often found by experience, both in others and my self, that this seeing, is changed when they grow old, so that then they can see things better at a distance, than when they are yonger; and then this benefit accrews in the correction of this fault (if so be it be a fault, see∣ing what is lost in the sight for knowing of things more distant, is gained by it in more rightly discerning of things neer) that when necessity requires to know things far distant, we can by applying a most bright prospective made of a thicker Crystal Glass which re∣presents things to the Eye lesser than they are, correct this defect of the inner prospective, to wit, the crystal∣line humor, because it is too neer to the net-like Nerve and so obtain in Seeing that which we desire: the which Prospective notwithstanding, it is not requisite should be alwaies of one kind, but as the crystalline humor is more or less gone backwards, it ought to be applied more or less neer to the Eye, and to be less, or much more thick; as we see in those that are called Myopes some are convenient for some, not others, and yet not much different, as experience shews us this, that what Glass ought to be chosen, is rather to be done by trying it by the Eye than by any explicable descrip∣tion, unless they that make them, know how to do it.

But as this sight springing from the Birth can no waies be changed, but only be corrected by another Instrument applied, that more grievous impediment of the sight by process of again which they cannot rightly see things neer hand, but better if they be far re∣moved from the Eye, which we have said doth come to pass by the crystalline humor carried too much for∣ward, cannot be amended any other way than by a thin Glass spectacle representing things to the Eye greater than they are; the which they having continu∣al use of, that they may see handle and read the lesser things, they alwaies carry about them; and two Glas∣ses are so formed in a frame, that fastniug such an In∣strument to the ridg of the Nose, by the great mercy of God they can use it to the right discerning of things.

The Crystalline humor being made more solid or obscure if it induce that weakness of sight in which, * 1.66 darkness growing a little on they see obscurely or nothing, or somtimes that being wholly hardned they become blind it cannot be corrected by Remedies nor Specta∣cles seeing they cannot bring brightness unto it.

A too small and narrow hole of the Grapy Coat called the Pu∣pilla if a too large hole effect that the sight be easily darkened with too much light, * 1.67 and it discern

more rightly in a darker place; because this fault is Original also it cannot be mended neither by Medi∣cines nor Spectacles; because the cause is in the Mem∣brane and not the humor unless in as much as they whose sight is offended with brigh∣ness, * 1.68 may be prevented from too much light by partly shutting up their dwellings places, or from the brightness of a candle by interposing some glassy Obstacle, at night while they read, or earnestly behold some other thing, that they may not molest the sight.

Although many do attempt to Cure these and other faults formerly mention'd, no waies appearing in the Eye (being ignorant of the true cause of them, and re∣ferring all things to the thickness of the Spirits and De∣fluxions) and for gains sake, do rashly promise that they will do it; in Vain tormenting the sick with purges and other things and applying Eye clearers: * 1.69 The which notwithstan∣ding we may use, if we are min∣ded to try, let the event be what it will: those things which can no waies hurt, but may be used with∣out trouble: of which sort you will find many in the remedies which are proposed almost the same, both in a weak∣ness of the sight and Nyctalopy and evening sight and Myopsie; of which we will add these few examples of our own.

If at any time it be needful to administer purges either because the Body otherwise hath need of Eva∣cuation or by reason of the Stomach from whence Va∣pors carried upwards do also prejudice the Sight or for some other causes rather then by reason of the Disease in the Eye which of it self doth no waies require Pugers; they must be made according to the Caco∣chymy abounding in the Body.

Yet they are chiefly to be made choice off, which amongst Purgers are appropriate to the Eye, as Senna, which we have formerly said both taken and applied, doth by its whol property refresh the sight; Fumitory also, which as is reported doth clarifie the sight.

Of which we may prepare such a Composition, as this following; adding also other things appropriate to the sight: Take of the leaves of Senna one ounce, dried Fumitory half an ounce, Dodder of Time two drams, Ey∣bright, Germander, of each one dram and an half; Fennel seed two drams, Mountain Heartwort one dram, flowers of Rosemary, French Lavender, of each one dram and an half: Make a Decoction in Goats Whey, infuse Rhubarb two drams, Cinnamon, Spike, long Pepper, of each half a dram; Or for the Flegmatiek, Agarick, Turbith, of each one dram and an half; Ginger half a dram, Salt Ammoniack half a scruple, strain it; add Syrup of Fumitory and Roses solutive, of each one ounce and an half: Make a Potion for two Doses.

Let the younger sort drink for some daies only Senna and fresh Fumitory with Fennel seed diluted in Goats Whey.

They use also stonger Compositions, and those flegm purgers for the most part, because they thought all those affects did proceed from a defluxion of flegm, the which may be used if otherwise it abound in the Head, and also prejudice the Nerves, as we have said formerly in a Weakness of the Sight and Vertigo, from Flegm of the Brain.

We must make choice off, Pilulae Lucis, Arabicae, Ele∣ctuary Indum, and others especially fitted for the Sight.

Of things taken inwardly which are appropriate to the sight and do help the Head and Stomach, we may make forms thus.

The which if we would use amongst nourishments let the Meats be often season'd with the following Pou∣ders and Salts.

A profitable Aromatick Pouder with which the meats are season'd instead of other Spices: fitted for the sight: Take of Cinnamon three drams, Cloves one dram, Nutmeg or Mace half a dram, long and black Pepper, Ginger, of each one scruple; Salt one ounce and an half: Mix them.

Neither are Radish or Mustard so to be feared a∣mongst Junkets; because as hath been shewed in the Remedies they help the Sight by a propriety, and be∣ing taken upon that account, they do good rather then harm.

The use of rapes boyled, especially with Caraway seed, as our Country men are wont to prepare them, is very convenient, because they are appropriate.

Eybright Wine, is wonderfully commended by all; which either is made simple by infusing the dried leaves of it in Wine or new Wine whiles it is hot; or that it may be more effectual and pleasing by mixing Worm∣wood and Fennel roots, because our Country men are rather delighted with Wormwood Wine, and Diosco∣rides reckons up Wormwood amongst the Sight∣quickners.

Distilled waters must somtimes be taken, which may be prepared thus, profitable for that purpose: Take of the waters of Rosemary flowers, the Herbs Fennel, Eybright, of each two drams; Cinnamon water half an ounce, Aqua vitae two ounces, Lozenges of Sugar, of Roses as much as you please, if you will; Mix them: let him take from half an ounce to one ounce.

More Compound waters: Take of the fresh roots of Radish one ounce and an half, of Fennel one ounce, of Celan∣dine, Avens of each half an ounce, the Herbs Eybright, Ver∣vain, Rue, Celandine, Germander, Fennel, of each three drams; Time, Sage, Marjoram, Savory, of each two drams; Rosemary flowers three drams, of French Lavender, St. Johns∣wort, of each one dram; Fennel seed three drams, Moun∣tain Hart-wort two drams, Carawaies one dram, the Liver of a Goat sliced with the filth and Gall sticking to it half a pound, Cinnamon half an ounce, Cloves two drams, Nut∣meg one dram, long Pepper one dram: Bruise those things that are to be bruised and sprinkle them with white Wine, distil them, and let him take part of it by it self or diluted with other Water, if it inslame too much.

The Pouders which are taken in the morning by themselves or with a crust of bread dipe in Wine, or going to bed also, are made thus: Take of Leaves of Eybright two drams, of Marjoram one dram, Rue half a dram, Rosemary flowers one dram, the seed of Fennel two drams, of Rapes one dram and an half, mountain Hart∣wart one dram, Carawaies, Bay-berries, of each half a dram, Cinnamon one dram and an half, Nutmeg, Cloves, of each half a dram, long and black Pepper, Ginger, of each one scruple, Curral one dram, the Ashes of the Heads of Swallowes or Serpents half a dram, Sugar the double weight of them all: Make a Pouder.

Lozenges may be made of this Pouder if you form one dram of that, with one ounce of Sugar, Dissolved in Fennel Water, adding some drops of Oyl of Fennel.

Which also being made only with Oyl of Fennel mixt with Sugar, are convenient here.

An Electuary shall be made of the same Pouder if you receive it in Skim'd Honey; Boyled with Wine or conveni∣ent waters, or Sugar into the form of a Syrup, with the same Waters in the same measure or more plentiful (if any one desire to have it so more grateful to the Palate.)

Or after this manner prepared of the Juyces, which are more effectual then the Leaves of the Plants: Take of the clarified juyces of Fennel, Eybright, Vervain, of each one ounce and an half; Marjoram, Rue, of each one ounce; Honey boyled off with Wine six ounces, or so much Sugar: Boyl them with the Juyces to a consistence; adding, of the Conserve of flowers of Rosemary, Eybright, of each half an ounce; the flowers of Sage, and French Lavender, of each two drams; Nutmegs condite two, Cinamon three drams, Cloves, Nutmeg, Mace, of each one dram; long Pepper, Cubebs, of each half a dram; seeds of Fennel one dram and an half; Mountain Hart-wort one dram, the dried root of Celandine or its Leaves one dram, Species Diambrae, Ro∣satae Novellae, of each half a dram: Mix them, make an Electuary.

Pouders or Confections to be taken after feeding or meat are allowed off, especially if Vapors also be troublesome; As, Take the sugar'd confections of Fennel seed one ounce, Coriander, Annu, Carawaies, the seeds of Rapes or Turneps cover'd with Sugar, of each half an ounce; Rocket seed two drams: Mix them, let him take one spoonful after meals.

Or, Let there be added of Liquorish roots scraped half an ounce, Galangal sliced and Citron pill alsomost thinly sli∣oed, of each one dram; Cinnamon one dram and an half, leaves of Eybright one dram, red Roses, Marjoram, of each half a dram; Curral one dram, shavings of Ivory half a dram, Species Diacytontes sine speciebus one dram, Sugar the equal weight with those things are not cover'd with Sugar: Make a dry Confection.

The Remedies to be applied to the Eyes, if they do not too much affect them, are put into them, but if they be very strong especially when they are used upon a hazard, without any respect to the cause, they are more rightly applied outwardly to the Eylids least some new affect may be caused by them; and if they strain them, wash them again in the morning with Fennel and Eybright waters, which are made as follow∣eth.

Of the Waters alone after this manner: Take of the Waters of Eybright, Vervain, Celandine, Fennel, Rue, Mix together, or Dilstlled together, equal parts, let him put it often into the Eyes, or let him wash them in the mor∣ning with these waters, adding somtimes a little Rose-Water,

If a darkness be from the thickness of the Coats the water of Honey is very convenient.

Or thus: Take of the fresh Herbs of Fennel, Ruc, Ey∣bright, Vervain, Celandine, wild Lettice, of each one hand∣ful; flowers of Rosemary, Sage, Roses, of each one pugil; Fennel seed two drams, Mountain Hart-wort one dram, Ju∣niper berries two drams, Cloves, long Pepper, of each half a dram; Sarcocol, Aloes Socotorine, of each two drams; Cam∣phyre, white Vitriol, of each half a dram; Bruise them and sprinkle them with a Boys Urine and white Wine; Till they are reduced into the form of a past; adding, (espe∣cially for a Nyctilopy) the Liver of a He or She Goat sliced half a pound, leaving out the Gall, Hens Galls one dram, Honey of Rosemary flowers one dram: Mix them and distil them for your use.

Waters or Liquors are made thus by long infusion without distillation: Take of the juyces of Fennel, Rue, Vervain, Celandine, sour Pomgranates, wild Lettice, of each one ounce; of the filth which flowes from the Liver of a she Goat, while it is roasted with the Gall half an ounce, the Gall of Hens or Partridg one dram, Sarcocol steeped in the juyce of Fennel, Socotorine Aloes, of each one dram; Honey, Sugar∣candy, of each half an ounce; Camphyre half a scruple, white Vitriol one scruple, Tutty one dram and an half, Pearl half a dram, Golden ducats two, long Pepper, Cloves, Lig∣num Aloes, of each one dram; add, of a Boys Urine and white Wine, of each three drams: Let them steep a long time in a glazed Vessel stopped, either in the Sun, or in a furnace, afterwads set them a part for your use.

Somtimes we anoynt the Eylids with juyces, or we drop them into the Eyes, after this manner: Take of the juyces of Fennel, wilde Lettice, sour Pomgranates a lit∣tle thickend, and afterwards wrought with Honey, adding somtimes a little of the Gall of Fishes or Birds.

Or which is good in a Nyctalopy: Take of the filth which flowes from the Liver of a she Goat two drams, the blood of a Partridg one dram, a little Honey: Mix them.

We use other liquors as followeth, let him chew Fen∣nel seed and Juniper berries and afterward anoynt his Eylids with his spittle, and carry his breath upwards to his Eyes by holding his Hands before it.

Divers mixtures which they call Collyries are prepared thus: Take of Tutty prepared two drams; Antimony often washt with Fennel water one dram, Curral one dram, Pearl half a dram, the Cacochymy of Gold half a dram, Sarcocol steept in Fennel water one dram, Mirrh, Socotorine Aloes, of each half a dram, the apples of the Eyes of Fishes hardend by boyling one scruple, Swallows heads burnt half a dram, Li∣zards dung one scruple, Salt Ammoniack, white Vitriol, of each one scruple, Camphyre half a scruple, long Pepper half a dram, Saffron half a scruple, Sugar Candy two drams: Make a Pouder like an Alcohol, receive it in the mu∣cilage of Fenugreek seed, made with Rose Water: Make a Trochiske for your use; Dissolve one when we would use it, in the Waters of Fennel, Rue, adding the juyces, and somtimes the Gaules.

An Oyntment for the Eylids may be made after this manner: Take of a Serpents fat, which is collected while it boyles, or of the Fish Thymallus, or of them both, the juyce of Germander, Honey, of each equal parts; for an Oynt∣ment; and there may be some of the aforemention'd Trochisks be mixed with it.

The Pouders which are strewed on the Eyes are used rather in specks of the Eyes, then here; yet they may be made of the Trochiskes described.

Or after this manner: Take of the leaves of German∣der, Eybright, of each one dram; Pearl, Tutty, of each half a dram; leaves of Gold three, Sugar-candy half a dram: Make a most fine Pouder.

Somtimes the Eyes are somented that the Oxydorci∣cal, or Sight-quickning Medicines applied, may work the better: after the same manner as shall be said in the Specks.

Or after this manner: Take of Fenugreek seeds half an ounce, Fennel two drams, mountain Hart-wort one dram, leaves of Eybright, Celandine, of each three drams; Radish roots half an ounce, Oate chaff one ounce: Boyl them in Wine and Water, for a Fomentation in a Spunge, or in Bags.

Also the Vapor of this Decoction receive'd into the Eyes do prepare the Eye, or others also do good to the Eyes, as the steem of a Goats Liver boyled received by the Eyes in a Nyctalopy.

Barly Bread baked with Fennel and Caraway seed and cut in two while it is hot, and the Exhalation from it received by the Eyes.

Looking upon green things doth refresh the Eyes, and things polisht, as a bright Glass of Steel, upon which account the beholding of Jewels and Gold, ra∣ther then the Application of them, doth recreate the sight, and strengthen the vital spirit.

They cry up many Amulets that do good being hung about the Neck and worn in Rings which we pur∣posely omit.

Mathiolus doth very much commend a stone of the Gaul put into the Nostrils.

Rhazes writes that burnt Ivory the quantity of a Len∣til put into the Nostrils with Oyl of Violets, doth quickly cure Nyctalopies.

A white speck appearing more or less in the Eye, if springing from the fall of the Glassy Humor or Crystal∣line in to the hole of the apple, * 1.70 it doth put out the sight; which we have said was somtimes wont to happen from a contusion of that Eye, the hole of the apple being cleft, or the Coats containing these Humors in their place, being broken, or by too deep forcing the needle in curing a suffusi∣on, then all hopes of recovering the sight being taken away, we will only fit the Cure to the external hurt if there be any. But if this white speck presenting it self about the Region of the apple, be a suffusion from the watry Humor by degrees and in a long time, converted into a snivel and at length into the said Skin bringing first of all an error of the sight but afterwards when it is hardned, a perfect blindness: or if from too much dri∣ness of the Horny coat, and induration of it, an Albugo doth proceed, or from a Wound or Puncture closed up there be a Skar left, which two last, as they are broad or narrow, they do more or less hurt the sight, then what must be foretold and done in them all three, be∣cause they do not much differ amongst themselves, we will explain altogether.

But seeing a Suffusion, Albugo, and Skar, are diffi∣cultly cured, we must not rashly promise any thing, see∣ing if the Skar be superficial only; possessing the thin lap of the horny coat, it may perhaps be taken off in the younger sort, and yet scarcely then, but if it be a lit∣tle deeper it cannot be taken away, unless that being shaven, we would make a new solution of continuity, which were to make a Wound afresh.

The same also we may affirm of an Albugo if it hath taken deep root; especially if the horny coat being wholly hardened hath bred the said darkness in old folks, or being dryed in some bright part of it only it doth cause an Albugo; the which how difficult it is to correct, we may see in the thin lap of some horn, Pecten, or Nail, affected in like manner, how it can hardly be wiped off: Yet if some portion of the groser nourishment being left under the Horny coat do cause this, because that doth somtimes change its place, and is carried from the region of the apple into the white of the Eye, then it no longer hurts the sight, which for the most part happens rather of its own accord, then by the use of Medicines.

A Suffusion also is a Pertinatious disease, which when it is confirmed and harden'd, makes blind, and can be taken away by no further Remedies, unless by a needle the which notwithstanding when it is done, doth not help or succeed in all, but only in certain suffusions as shall be said by and by, and is often attempted with ill success: that beginning which doth only cast clouds before the sight, can scarely be prevented, but that it wil increase in time.

Nevertheless in these cases Remedies must not be neglected, and in a Skar, Albugo, and Suffusion, the Cure must be order'd thus, to wit that we dispose the Body in general that we may rightly make the better Cure, and that we apply Topick means to the Eye, which may waist the Suffusion by discussing it, the which also are convenient in an Albugo, the which not∣withstanding that we may be able to wipe away also from the thin lap of the horny coate, we must try to take away with stronger Detersiues, and the more still, if there be a Skar in which the Detersives wont to be applied in a confirmed Suffusion must be used mixt with discuffives; so that the same Remedies almost are convenient for them all, yet so distributed, that we use the thinner Remedies in a Suffusion beginning, the thicker and stronger in an Albugo, Skar, and confir∣med suffusion, as you shall hear by and by, the exter∣nal Pannicle doth require stronger yet, the which not∣withstanding must be so temper'd, that the Eye be not wholly dried up, or inflamed by the use of them, if all these things help not, we must come to cut∣ting.

That the Body be clean and free from Excrements, we must procure by ordering a good course of Diet, and Emptiers, according to the Nature of a Plenitude or Cacochymy if there be any, for so the whol cure proceeds the righter: and though here many Practi∣tioners do wonderfully macerate the Body with many Evacuations, in a Suffusion especially, which they thought was a descent of water into the Eyes, and there∣fore was to be called by the name of a Catharrhact, by making Purgations was well by the Stool as by sweats and by the Mouth and Nostrils, also making Revul∣sions and Derivations, by Scarifications, Application of Cupping-glasses, and by Frictions, and then by Cauteries, Setons, as we have taught in a Flegmatick Vertigo, how these things onght to be done, yet we who have demonstrated that the cause of these doth consist in the Eye, and that a Defluxion of water can no waies be carried into the Capacity of the Eye, have many times seen and found by experience that these are administred to Bodies without any benefit, unless in as much as they may keep the Body pure, as we have said; let therefore this preparation of the Body by a fit Diet and decent Evacuations suffice, being made of the same Remedies which have been explained in a Flegmatick Vertigo, choosing the gentler or stronger as there is need, and fitting them to the constitution of the Body.

But neither can the Oxydorcial Remedies which are so much commended in this case being taken by the Mouth, or hung about the Neck, or otherwise applied do any thing singular here, unless they have that ver∣tue of clensing away and discussing the speck, as many of them are endued with it, because the sight is here no other waies hurt, then that the Eye by reason of an Impediment spred over it, is deprived of the external light; that if we would mend the sight with sharpning Remedies; they ought to bring to the Eyes the bright∣ness rushing from without, which certainly no man is able to do, or to take away the vail drawn over the Eyes.

We will propound therefore the more choice Topick Remedies that are convenient in these cases, in this or∣der, that the gentlest be first described, then stronger, at last the strongest of all which also are convenient in a Pannicle; the which are either put into the Eyes, if they can endure them, or are applied to the Eylids, where they retain them longer with less hindrance and hurt, especially in the night whiles they keep them shut, and though their vertue doth not so quickly exert it self, as when they are put into the Eye, yet by conti∣nual use, because their faculty doth easily penetrate through the thin Eylid, they do work at length being thus applied, because those things which are put into the Eye, do by and by flow forth again with the Tears, or do irritate the Eyes, and create some trouble.

The Distilled water of Honey, is very profitable and accustomary, which is oftentimes dropt into the Eye.

Also that called the Water of Wine, or Aqua vitae, doth discuss Egregiously, but it must be tempered with Water of Honey and Fennel, added to it in equal portions.

A more effectual one will be made thus: Take of a Boyes Urin four ounces, white Wine one ounce, Honey one ounce, Gaul half an ounce: Extract a Water.

Or yet a stronger: Take of a Boyes Urin four ounces, the juyces of Fennel, Celandine, of each two ounces, white Wine one ounce, the Gaul of Fishes (as Salmon or Carpe) or of Birds or of other creatures two drams, Honey two ounces, Turpentine half an ounce, live Sulphur two drams: Distill them, if the Urin before it be added to this composi∣tion, stand for some daies in a brass Vessel, afterwards washing the Vessel soundly with it, the preparation wil be yet more effectual, which if it bite, being temper'd and thicken'd with the white of an Egg, anoint the Ey∣lids with it. Somtimes such a Pouder is blowed in, but it ought to be very fine as an Alcohol, that it do not exasperate the Eye: Take of the Bone of the Fish Sepia of the Fungous matter of a Pummystone, of each two drams; white Pompholix, (which is the soot from Brass) half a dram, Sugar candy two drams, Bean flower half a dram: Make a Pouder.

The juyce sweating forth from Willows, being dropt in the Eye, is very much commended.

Of Acid juyces these are very convenient: Take of the thick juyces of unripe Grapes, also of the juyce of sour Pomgranates thicken'd, receive them in the Mucilage of Fenugreek seed, apply them to the Eylids.

Or thus, one more disgesting: Take of the juyces of the lesser centory, Fennel, Celandine, of each two drams; the Gaul of Fishes one dram, Aloes, Sarcocol, Mirrh, of each half a dram; Sugar candy one dram, Honey as much as is sufficient: Make an Oyntment.

Or thus, one Egregiously abstersive: Take of Li∣zards dung one dram, the bone of the Fish Sepia burnt, Hart-horn, Massacumia, of each half a dram; Honey as much as is sufficient: Make an Oyntment.

Or without Pouders but very effectual: Take of the juyces of Fennel, Celandine, soure Pomegranates, of each half an ounce, of Onions, Radish of each two drams, Gaul one dram and an half; Lizards dunge half a dram, Honey as much as is sussicient: Mix them.

Or make such an Unctuous Oyntment: Take of the fat of the Fish Thymallus two drams, of Gaul one dram, Li∣zards dung one scruple, Gum Ammoniack dissolved in Aqua vitae one dram, Sarcocol half a dram: Make an Unction.

Acrid Liquors that work vehemently are made thus, which if the Eye cannot endure, they are temper'd with Milk or Waters til they can bear them, or being mixed with the Mucilage of Fenugreek seed or the white of an Egg they are applied to the Eylids: Take of Antimony one dram, Marchasite half a dram: Pouder and infuse them in Rose and Fennel Water, of each four ounces; often passing it through a Filter; for your use.

Out of Urin thus: Take a Boyes Urin, let it stand in a Brass Vessel, for some daies; scraping or rubbing the Vessel often, for your use.

Or a linnen cloath is set one fire in a dish or on a Tin or Iron plate, and the juyce which sticks to the dish is taken for use; this juyce will be more effectual, or ra∣ther that Oyly substance sweating forth, if the cloth be first wet with the spirit of Wine and be dried again, but afterwards be lighted and burnt on a Plate of Steel.

Of those stronger yet tis made thus: Take of white vitriol one dram, rust of Brass six grains, being pouder'd; Mix them with the white of one Egg, beat them well, and pouring them upon a Paper, the greenish water collected by inclination is taken for your use so far as it can be endured, it is temper'd with Rose water or Milk.

A most effectual Oyntment is made thus: Take of white Vitriol one scruple, rust of Brass half a scruple, Anti∣mony half a dram, Marchasite half a scruple, Lizards dung half a scruple, the Bone of the Fish Sepia half a dram, Cam∣phire two grains, Fish Gauls half a dram, Honey two drams, Sugar one dram, with the mucilage of Fenugreek seed: Make an injection.

Somtimes a Fomentation of the Eye being made, before the use of these, it causeth that they work more rightly, and doth the better dispose the Eye to receive them, and it discusseth also by it self.

Which may simply be made thus: Take of the seeds of Fenugreek one ounce, of Fennel two drams, Chamomel flo∣wers, Oate chaff, of each one handful; Marsh-mallow roots one ounce: Boyl them in Water and Wine for a Fo∣mentation.

A Suffumigation from this Decoction if it be recei∣ved in the Eyes, will be instead of a Fomentation.

To breath into the Eyes after the chawing of Fennel seed doth the same; and in Infants if the Nurse do that it wipes away their Suffusions if they first chew Gum Ammoniack and the like.

Amongst Amulets the roots of Garlick, and Snake∣weed, hung about the Neck, is in high esteem with Chy∣rurgions.

By Manual operation or Chyrurgery, in a Suffusion when it is grown to a Skin or Web as they call it, to free and divide it from the compass of the apple, to which it is grown, by putting in a Needle through the horny Coate, and by degrees forcing it to this part, is the last remedy: which if it succeed, and the sight as yet be in the Eye, as the Chyrurgeons speak, that is, if by reason of that long continued blindness which hath lasted so many years, the Visory spirits as hath been said formerly being idle, be not extinguisht, or the Optick Nerves become sluggish: then this way being open'd, and its obstacle taken away, the light again entring and Illuminating the Eye, it causeth that in that very moment, in which the Web is taken off, they recover their sight again.

But before the operation be began, these things must first be consider'd, first of all that if both Eyes being cover'd with a Web they are render'd wholly blinde, by so much the rather let it be attempted, because worse cannot befal them, although the operation do not suc∣ceed they then remaining blind as they were before; but if that one Eye only be affected, the other being sound, because that is sufficient for seeing, and no grea∣ter necessety urgeth, the business is not to be attempted with such rashness.

Next of all that we do not attempt it before the Skin be wholly concrete and perfect, and as they call, it be ripe. Which somtimes is scarce compleated in the space of three years, somtimes five, or more, and it is known by the color of it, which then is exactly white like to the thin Skin compassing the white of a boyled Egg, although somtimes it represent somwhat an ash color, and then because it doth somwhat deceive the judg∣ment, it makes us more uncertain as concerning its Maturity, the which notwithstanding is known by this to be now perfect, because it is not changed, but per∣sists so for a long time. And although many do not re∣quire its absolute, but moderate concretion, yet we have found by experience, that there is less error, and tis more easily handled when it is perfectly concreted: for that which is unripe, because it is yet soft and snivel∣ly, it doth not resist the point of the Needle, and there∣fore cannot wholly be removed, but being cut and di∣vided grows together again, and then being made thic∣ker and more Callous and Sprinkled over the watry

humor, it causeth that then they do not only see no∣thing, but all hope of Cure by a new operation is taken away, because if it be done twice, for the most part it is done in vaine,

The which happens also, if the Needle being forced too deep, the Crystalline or Glassie Humor be hurt, or their Coats, or also the Grapy Coate it self be toren in the compass of the hole, for then the humors being confounded, they remain blind and a whiteness with a Tumor appears in the black of the Eye.

Therefore it is a very doubtful kind of Remedy in doing of which they easily err, or if it succeed rightly, yet by reason of a long continued blindness, as hath been already said, somtimes the sight doth not return, wherefore we must promise nothing rashly as Mounte∣bank Oculists do, who are nothing moved with shame, although they perform not their promises, if there be any hopes of gain.

Yet necessity urging, if they be altogether blind, im∣ploring Gods aide, and applying all diligence rather then promising safety, the operation shall be thus per∣fected as I have oftentimes seen it, and in part have my self put a hand unto it, seeing the thing otherwise hard, if you consider the Industry and Art, is not so very dif∣ficult as they make it.

Let therefore the Patient sit in a feat, and over against his Face, the Chyrurgion so neer that he may receive the Patient with his seat between his Thighs spred a∣broad, and let him bear up his hands leaning on both his Thighs, but let a Servant stand at the back of the Pati∣ent and hold his head raised up, fast with both his hands and if one Eye be sound and see, let him binde it with aswath, that he see not.

Which being done, first of all let the unsound Eye be rubbed, the Eylids being stretcht above the Eye, the Chyrurgion for a while drawing it up and down with his Thumb.

And let him often breath into the Eye being open'd, having first chewed Fennel seed.

Then take the Needle which they will have of Silver for brightness sake more then for profit, and so much the more if the point of it be guilt, the which ought to be long and with a wreathed handle that it may be held the faster, and towards the point, sharp and thinner by degrees: But also a common Iron Needle of a mean size fasten'd in a handle that it may be held fast, is as commodious for doing this, neither is there any rust to be feared in this short stay as they imagine.

This therefore being taken in the right hand if the left Eye be affected, or in the left hand if the right Eye and leaning the hand by the seat of the Eye, in the out∣ward side of the Eye, looking towards the middle seat of the Apple, in the white of the Eye somwhat distant from the circle, it ought to be imprest into the Horny Coat, and not violently thrust in, but wreathing it by degrees, til it penetrate that coat. The which because it is done without any pain, they easily suffer and remain quiet, and because the Eye is fastend to the Needle it is kept firme by it, and it is prevented from rowling.

The Needle being thrust in, by and by is directed to∣wards the Apple, and is forced so far, that comming forth in the brink where the Skin grew to it, tis set be∣fore the fore part in the mid'st of the Skin, the which is done by so much the more commodiously, because the Needle may be seen there, through the horny Coate, and thefore may be directed right. Being carried thi∣ther; 'tis so ofttimes prest gently backwards, that it may break off the Skin from the compass of the hole of the Grapy Coate, if it succeed not at the first time, and if it be any where freed, 'tis wholly seperated by the Needle from the hole where it yet sticks, and is deprest downwards from the Region of the Apple, into the lo∣west obscure part of the Eye. But others endeavoring to free it with the Needle, first of all from its upper part, and by degrees proceeding downwards, do after this manner force it to the lower parts. Which both waies may be rightly done, and as the Skin follows they must be order'd, or as they are easier done after this or that manner. Taking care chiefly that the Web peirced through be not cut in many parts, for so those portions of it, though prest down being easily again carried up∣wards before the Apple, by floating there would darken the sight; the which if the whol Skin thrust down doth do it, it must be deprest again, least if that should come to pass when the Needle is drawn forth, the Puncture must be repeated again, which would be incon∣veniently done, and for the most part with out suc∣cess.

Which being rightly performed if it succeed well, the Apple appears black again, and they see presently, but otherwise there will be little hope, but howsoever it be, the Needle must by degrees be drawn forth again, the Eylid being first deprest and the Eye shut. Neither is there any fear of the watry Humor flowing forth, be∣cause the hole in this thick Coate doth by and by close again, after the drawing forth of the Needle.

Then those things which do repress an Inflammati∣on of the Eye must be applied with a four doubled cloth dipt in the white of an Egg, being first beaten with Rose water, and other things to be mention'd in an Inflammation; and they must alwaies be renewed three times a day for the space of five or six daies, and the first Application if it stick fast, when it hath been first mollefied in the same humor, it must be taken off, and a new one applied, to which if you add milk it will stick the less.

At which time, that the Eye not yet accustomed be not overwhelmed with suddain and much light, they ought to stay in darkness, and by degrees to accustome the light. And least that the spirits may be forced to the Eyes by violence, they ought to have a care off all ve∣hement motion of the Body, as Coughing, Sneezing, Crying out, and off vehement straining in casting forth their Excrements and the like other things.

A Pannicle beginning, * 1.71 somtimes may be hinder'd that it increase not being increased it scarce yeilds to Medicines though most strong; it may be cut off if it grow not to the horny Coate; if it be harden'd like to a Nail, it yeilds to no Remedies. In the Elephantiacal, as neither the Disease, so neither can this part of that Disease residing in the Membranes of their Eyes be taken away. Yet somtimes it may be hinder'd that they be not wholly made blinde, which of all things which otherwise they suffer is to them most miserable.

The Cause which is an afflux of blood we will en∣deavor presently at the beginning to draw forth, Revel, Derive, by Bleeding, Scarification, Setons, Causticks, that the evil do not encrease, also by a slender course of Diet, and many Sweats and Purges, fit for a foul bo∣dy.

The Topick Remedies ought to be vehemently dry∣ing, and unless they help, they must at last be corrode∣ing.

We must make choice of the strongest of them which we said did clense away white specks, and those which we commanded to be applied to the Eyelids here must be laid on the pannicle it self, and Pouders seeing they

dry more strongly, must be laid on the Pannicle it self, not neglecting the more liquid mixtures which we drop into the Eyes; in the interim applying certain things to the Eyelids that they may do good by turns, and somtimes also applying a Fomentation to prepare the Eye, as hath been said there.

We may use at the beginning the pouder above men∣tioned in the white Specks, then we must proceed to a stronger; the which yet must dry without biting, and therefore it ought often to be repeated; which shal be made thus, Take of Curall, Tutty, each one dram; Pummy stone, Egg-shels, each half a dram; the stone of Dates and Myrobolans, each two scruples; make a most fine Pouder if it be sprinkled with Vinegar, or Urine, and dried, it will be more effectual.

Or thus a stronger, Take of the pouder of Diarrhodon Abbatis one dram, the bone of the Fish Sepia burnt, Lizards dung, each half a dram; the Bloodstone two scruples, Sugar Candy make a Pouder.

A stronger yet, Take of burnt Lead, Antimony, the stone Calaminaris, each two drams; Tutty, white Lead, each one dram and an half; the ashes of Horstail, the bone of the Fish Sepia burnt, each one dram; make a pouder wash it with Smiths astringent water, and dry it for your use.

Mixtures are made thus, Take of the compound wa∣ter described in the white Specks distilled with Urin steep∣ed in a Brass vessel, and to six ounces add the pouder of Na∣bath Lizards dung, the bone of the fish Sepia, each half a dram; being poudered mix them first in Mucilage of Fenugreek seed made in the foresaid water and use it.

Or a thicker after this manner, Take of the juyce of nuripe Grapes, and Lees of Oyl, and of sowr Pomegranates dried each two drams; add of the pouder of the bone of the fish Sepia, and Lizards dung, each half a dram; mix them.

Or thus, Take of the pouder of Nabath two drams, Tutty prepared, White Lead washed, each one dram; the bone of the fish Sepia burnt and washt half a dram, Sarcocol, Myrrh, Aloes, Lycium, each one scruple; the Gaul of Birds or fishes two scruples, mix it with Honey and the white of an Egg, for an Oyntment.

Of corroding Compositions, that is convenient which in the white Specks is prepared of Vitriol, the rust of Brass, Antimony, the Marchasite.

Or a Colliry of Coppras, but applied warily, because it is strongest of all, and 'tis made thus. Take of burnt Brass, Coppras, each half a dram; Rust of Brass two drams, Salt Ammoniack, Niter, Arsnick, Sublimate, each one dram; make a most fine pouder poudring it much and long; mix it in the mucilage of Gum Tragacanth make Trochisks, one of which dissovle with the Mucilage, and apply it warily.

Rondoletius commends the pouder of Precipitate, I have often used my Caustick which at first time burns, but presently abates.

Manual operation is made two waies, by Ligature, and by Cutting.

If the Veins which nourish the Panuicle be bound a∣bout the root, then the growth of that flesh must needs be hindred, or if it be already grown, it must needs wi∣ther, which may be done with a crooked Needle thrust under the Vein drawing the thred under it and tying it; this if it be made of Silk, or of a Bristle, or of a Womans hair wil be more commodious, because then it scarce putrifies.

Also if those veins be opened that the blood flow forth, and it be often repeated, the same will be ef∣fected.

The Pannicle is cut off after this manner, as I have seen it done, the Patient is placed in a chaire, and the Eye is first prepared, as hath been said in the cutting a suffusion, then a Needle containing a strong thrid is thrust through under the Panicle, yet so that it hurt not the Horny Coate, and laying hold on both the ends of the thrid drawn under it, drawing it a little way up∣wards, tis raised from the horny Coate and afterwards is cut from it with a sharp Razor, or Knife, by degrees and warily, that the horny Coate be not hurt; the which being done if the black of the Eye appear clear, the sight returnes: But if otherwise, or that the Pan∣nicle hath so grown to the horny Coat, that it cannot wholly be taken from it, the operation wil be in vain.

Section being made, the pain will be allaid in the same manner, as hath been said, in the cutting of a Suf∣fusion, and that it be not generated again anew, it will be prevented by cutting of the Veins of the adnate coat if they swel again, and laying on drying things, and lest the Eye, if by chance it were ulcerated should grow to the Eye-lid we ought to hinder it by often moving the eye.

If the bright part of the horny coat be possest with a strange humor so that either a depravation or darkness of the sight doth follow, than if choller which in those troubled with the Jaundies is wont to dye the white of the Eye, and what is more rare doth make a yellow a∣spect of all things be carried thither; that vanishing of its own accord this fault ceaseth, or it is taken away by some abstersive Lotion, as shal be said in the Jaundies.

But Blood being poured forth into the Diaphanous part of the horny coat if that Depravation of the sight doth happen, * 1.72 in which all things ap∣pear Red, or Livid in the said Hypo∣phagma, or if it penetrate the horny coat also, and under that concrete by the hole of the Apple, or being con∣verted into matter in the said Hypo∣pyon it darkens the sight, then the cure must be ordered thus.

If there be Pain and an Inflammation be feared by reason of a blow from which commonly these pro∣ceed, then presently at the beginning we must use, blee∣ding, and Repellers, and things that allay pain; and if that it being long retained do suppurate, and whiles the matter is generated there arise pain, the horny coat be∣ing affected, and then also the adnate coat by consent, the same must be done for fear of an Inflammation, o∣therwise if there be no pain we must abstein from Re∣pellers seeing they condense the blood more; and by and by we ought to apply our care to digest and dis∣solve that blood, which although it be converted into matter must be done nevertheless, if part of it can be consumed, seeing the greater part of the matter be∣ing resolved, that which remains sinking downwards from the hole of the Apple can then no longer preju∣dice the sight, and at length 'tis wasted either of its own accord, or by use of Medicines.

But 'tis discust after this manner, you must take the blood of Pidgeons, Turtles or other Birds, and that while it is yet hot must be cast into the Eye, or if a young Pidgeon be at hand, we must pul a feather out of his wing whose swelling root because it is newly grown is filled with blood which is contained there in its proper Vein as in an Intestine, and the blood must be prest out of that, and dropt into the Eye, for how much power blood hath in discussing of Blood we have taught elsewhere, in Haemorrhages that are to be stopt by blood of this nature.

Stronger discussives may be put into the Eye if it yeild not to these, such as are explained in discussing a

Sussusion, made of Waters, Juyces, Gums, Gauls.

To whice also we add these approved by their ef∣fects. Take Aqua vitae (which also doth wonderful∣ly discuss Black and Blewness elswhere) Rhadish water, each half an ounce; dissolve of Camphire (which doth the same in discussing as Aqua vitae) five grains, drop it in.

Or thus, Take of Radish water one ounce, steep in it Saffron half a scruple, til it looks yellow, strain it and dissolve in it Frankincense one scruple, Fish gaule half a dram, use it by it self or apply it with a Mucilage.

Or a thicker to anoint the Eyelids may be made thus, the which also may be put into the Eyes, Take of the juyce of Radish two drams, Fish gaule half a dram, Myrrh, Frankincense, each one dram; Saffron half a scru∣ple, mix them with a sufficient quantity of Honey.

Or thus, chiefly in the declination, Take of sour Grapes, Lees of Oyl, each two drams; Myrrh half a dram, Saffron half a scruple, mix them with Honey.

Or wholly to discuss it, the Compound waters ex∣plained in Suffusions are convenient, by themselves, or applied with a Mucilage.

Fomentations also shal be applied which do very much discuss, such as we have prescribed in Suffufi∣ons.

Or this which is very powerful, Take of Radish roots half an ounce, Fenugreek seed one ounce, Fennel, Hart∣wort, each two drams; the herbs Fennel, Celondine, Eye∣bright, each one handful; Flowers of Chamomel, Melilot, Elder, Lillies, Oat chaff cut, each one pugil; make a De∣coction in Wine and Water for a Fomentation.

Plasters laid upon the Eye to discuss are of force, a∣mongst which this is the best; If the Lungs or Liver of a Pidgeon being yet bloody and warm be placed and bound on the Eye, which if Pain and Inflammation also were present, upon that account also they would do very much good, as shal be said in an Opthalmy.

A Plaster also is made of a Rotten Apple profitable for discussion.

Or Compounded after this manner, Take of Ra∣dish sliced one ounce, the pulp of a rotten Apple half an ounce, Pulp of Raisons one ounce, Pidgeons Dung half a dram, bruise them with the Mucilage of Fenugreek seed, mix them with Milk, and apply them.

A Suffumigation from the Decoction of the Fomen∣tation prescribed, wil also discuss very much.

Manual Operation also takes place here, if the mat∣ter that is generated do not yeild to Discussives, and there be great plenty of it, which blots out the Apple, which may be attempted by Puncture as hath been said in a Suffusion, but with a greater Needle seeing other∣wise nothing would flow forth; and if it succeed not, by thrusting in a bigger yet, but in the same hole of the Puncture, or by putting in a hollow pipe so sharp that it may enter the same hole and so by suck∣ing out the matter, so long til the Apple be in some sort freed from it, for if we would draw forth all the matter 'tis to be feared that the watry humor may fol∣low. For that sucking, the Instrument or Pipe must consist of a large Belly that the matter suckt up may be carried into that and not into the mouth of him that sucks, such as Chvmists are wont to use, for the suck∣ing of Waters or Oyls in seperating them one from a∣nother.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Blindness.
• * 1.2

  Amaurosis a kind of blindness.
• * 1.3

  Scotoma an Obtenebration a kind of blind∣ness.
• * 1.4

  Amblyopia a weakness of the Sight.
• * 1.5

  Darkness a kind of weakness of Sight.
• * 1.6

  The sight percei∣ving things dist∣ant more right∣ly than neer.
• * 1.7

  Sight not rightly dis∣cerning things a little di∣stant.
• * 1.8

  Sight not right∣ly judging of things unless close to the Eyes is Myopia.
• * 1.9

  Nyctalopes.
• * 1.10

  The Evening Eye-sight.
• * 1.11

  Hallucina∣tion.
• * 1.12

  Imagination
• * 1.13

  Nubecula a species of Ra∣ving.
• * 1.14

  Colors a Species of Imagination
• * 1.15

  Brightness a kind of Imagi∣nation.
• * 1.16

  A Vertigo with Imin∣ginations.
• * 1.17

  A Vertigo with dark∣ness in Sco∣todinos.
• * 1.18

  The part affected.
• * 1.19

  The Cause of the Hurt of seeing in the Brain.
• * 1.20

  A cold Distemper of the Brain, is the Cause of Blindness, or weakness of sight.
• * 1.21

  A hot distemper of the brain is the cause of error of the sight and of Imagination.
• * 1.22

  A malignant distemper in the brain is the cause of error in the sight.
• * 1.23

  A dry distemper of the Brain is the cause of blindness.
• * 1.24

  The Contusion of the visory Nerve in the brain is the cause of blind∣ness.
• * 1.25

  The solution of continuity in the visory Nerve of the Brain is the cause of Blind∣ness.
• * 1.26

  A Weakness of the Brain the Cause of weak Sight.
• * 1.27

  A preturbation of the spirits of the brain by vapors is the cause of error and Imagination with an alienati∣on of mind.
• * 1.28

  The too much agi∣tation of the spirits of the Brain the cause of a Vertigo.
• * 1.29

  The Fluctuation of a watry flegma∣tick humor in the Brain is the cause of a Vertigo.
• * 1.30

  The Visory or Net-like Nerve in the Eye is the cause of the hurt of see∣ing.
• * 1.31

  A Privation of the animal spirit in the Net-like. Nerve is cause of Blindness or darkness of sight.
• * 1.32

  A Privation of the Object in the Net∣like Nerve is the cause blindness or dark sight.
• * 1.33

  The humors of the Eye the cause of hurt of sight.
• * 1.34

  A flowing forth of the humors of the Eye, is the cause of blind∣ness.
• * 1.35

  A Consumption of the watry hu∣mor is the cause of Blindness or Darkness.
• * 1.36

  The perversion of the situation of the glassie humor is the cause of error.
• * 1.37

  The situation of the crystalline humor in∣verted or departing from the middle to the sides is the cause of error and strabism.
• * 1.38

  The situation of the crystalline humor drawn backwards or for∣wards is the cause of that sight, in which they see not things unless very neer or things di∣stant better than neer.
• * 1.39

  The hardning of the chystalline Humor is the cause of defect of sight.
• * 1.40

  The Obscurity of the crystalline hu∣mor is the cause of a Nyctalopy.
• * 1.41

  A Tenacity of the watry humor is the cause of want of sight in a suffusion
• * 1.42

  A discolouring of the crystalline Hu∣mor breeding error.
• * 1.43

  The Membranes or Globe of the eye are the cause of the hurt of sight.
• * 1.44

  The shutting the eye is the cause of the sight taken away.
• * 1.45

  A Perversion of the Apple or black ap∣pearing in the Eye is the Cause of squinting.
• * 1.46

  A perversion of the apple, the cause of a won∣derful affect in the sight.
• * 1.47

  An obscurity of that transparent seat of thehorny coat, arising from an obscure co∣lor or white Speck of it in darkness, Albu∣go, a Skar, is the cause of want of sight.
• * 1.48

  A red or yellow discoloring of the bright part of the horny coat is the cause of error.
• * 1.49

  The horny coat being coverd by a little Skin or Ungula is the cause of blind∣ness.
• * 1.50

  An obstruction of the hole of the Grapy coat or the Apple from the proper Humors of the Eye is the cause of Er∣ror in sight.
• * 1.51

  An obstruction of the Apple from Blood and matter in a Hypospha∣gma and Hypopion is the Cause of Error or defect in the sight.
• * 1.52

  An obstruction of the Apple by snivel at length concre∣ting into a Skin, called a suffusion is the cause of want of Sight.
• * 1.53

  The narrowness of the Apple is the cause of a Nyctalopy.
• * 1.54

  A Dilatation of the Apple or a Mydriasis is the cause of an evening sight.
• * 1.55

  The Cure of the burts of the sight with the ober senses if they be by fault of the Brain.
• * 1.56

  The Cure of the proper defects of the sight if they be by reason of the optick Nerve yet lying in the Brain.
• * 1.57

  The Cure of a rare Vertigo happenning from the Arteries of the Brain being hardned.
• * 1.58

  The Cure of a Vertigo caused by an agitation of the spirits of the Brain.
• * 1.59

  The cure of a Vertigo, Scoto∣ma and Imagi∣nation caused by Vapors.
• * 1.60

  The Cure of a weak∣ness of the sight and Verigo proceeding from a watry and flegmatick humor of the Brain.
• * 1.61

  The Cure of the want of sight by reason of the Net-like Nerve in the Eye affe∣cted by consent.
• * 1.62

  The Cure of Blind∣ness from a defect of the humors of the Eye.
• * 1.63

  The Cure of some impediments of the sight and of squinting by reason of the situa∣tion of the Apple con∣torted.
• * 1.64

  The Cure of some hurts of the sight & of squinting from the bowing of the crystalline humor or motion of it to the side.
• * 1.65

  The Cure of those sights by which they see not things unless very neer; or by which they see things di∣stant better than those neer, by the carrying of the cry∣stalline humor for∣wards or backwards.
• * 1.66

  The Cure of Ny∣ctalopy proceeding from an obscure cry∣stalline humor.
• * 1.67

  The Cure of a Ny∣ctalopy from the narrownesi of the Apple.
• * 1.68

  The Cure of the evening sight from the largness of the Apple,
• * 1.69

  Oxydorcical reme∣dies which are con∣venient to restore the sight in its va∣rious hurts are here explained in general
• * 1.70

  The Cure of the defect of Seeing caused by the ob∣scurity of the horny coate by white specks and by the obstructi∣on of the Grapy coate by white specks.
• * 1.71

  The Cure of the defect of sight from the horny Coate co∣ver'd with a Pan∣nicle and Ungula.
• * 1.72

  The Cure of the darkness or de∣pravation of the sight from Cho∣ler, Blood, or matter, in a hy∣posphagma and hypopyon.