The book of the Revelation paraphrased; with annotations on each chapter. Whereby it is made plain to the meanest capacity:

Annotations on CHAP. IX.

¹ Here the Papacy is described.

(1.) Because that which appeared, is said to be a Star; which is the Symbol of the Gospel Ministry, Chap. 1.20.

(2.) It is said to be the Star that was fallen from Heaven; which cannot refer to Mahomet, who never had any Place in Heaven; i. e. any Place or Dignity in the Church; or any Dignity at all, from which he might be said to have fal∣len.

(3) This Star is said to have fallen from Heaven to Earth, and then to have a New Dignity bestowed upon him; where∣by it is evident, that the fallen Star, mentioned Chap 8.10. cannot be here understood; because that Star fell upon the Waters, this upon the Earth; and that was a Comet, this a Star, which fell from one Power to another; whereas the o∣ther was in a burning and consuming Condition, bereft of all Power.

(4.) This fallen Star is said to have the Keys of the bottom∣less Pit given unto him; that is, a Satanical Authority, con∣sisting of a Synagogue, a Throne, and Depths of Satan; which being proper to the Apostasy, especially the Papacy; ought here also to be understood concerning it: For as (according to the Observation of Dr.(a) 1.1 Lightfoot,) the Keys of Heaven were given to Peter, when a Door of Salvation was to be o∣pened to the Gentiles, by his Preaching, and Erecting the first Christian Church; so when the Christian World was about to fall, as it were, into its former Gentilism, the Key of the bot∣tomless Pit was given to Antichrist.

(5.) This Star is said to be already fallen, at the time that the Pit was opened, and the Locusts (that is, the Saracens) came out of it. Now the Rise of the Saracens is placed, by all Historians, in A.D. 622. when the Aera of the Hegira, or Flight of Mahomet began; and the Rise of Antichristianism in the Latin Church, as to the Point of Supremacy, is generally pla∣ced by Protestants, Sixteen Years before it; when Boniface the Third, A. D. 606. took the Title of Ʋniversal Bishop, and Head of all Churches; which(b) 1.2 Gregory the Great had con∣demned before in the Bishop of Constantinople; asserting, that he who usurped it, was the Forerunner of Antichrist, the Prince of Pride; and that he imitated Lucifer, in exalting his Throne above the Stars of God; that is, his Brethren, the Bi∣shops, who are the Stars of Heaven; and in ascending above the heighth of the Clouds. Which words are, as it were, a Com∣ment upon the Place; and a Prophecy (as one ingeniously speaks) of their High-Priest, who spake not this of himself, but as being High-Priest that Year; foretelling the Fall of that Eminent Star from Heaven, to a State of Worldly Domini∣on,

according to the manner of the Kingdoms of the Earth. So that in a few years after the Rise of the Papal Antichrist in the West; there arose in the East a new sort of an Anti∣christian Dominion, to be a Scourge to it, and in opposi∣tion unto it's Idolatrous Practices; the Chief of which called themselves Chalifs, or Vicars of Mahomet, (for so the word signifies) as the Popes have called themselves the Chalifs, or Vicars of Christ.

2 And he opened the bottomless Pit [i. e. Exercised this Authority, and entred upon the Administration of his Kingdom;] and there arose a smoak ² out of the Pit, as the smoak of a great Furnace [i. e. many gross and Antichristian Errors;] and the Sun, and the Air were darkned by reason of the Smoak of the Pit, [i. e. The Gospel, the Light of the World, was obscured by these errors.]

² As a great Smoak hinders the Sight, so do Errors the Ʋn∣derstanding. He keeps to the Allegory; for Smoak takes from us the sight of the Stars; saith Grotius on the Place. And the* 1.3 Locusts are wont to come in so great Numbers, that the Air hath been darkned, and the Sun, as it were, Eclypsed by them, Joel. 2.10.

3 And there came ³ out of the Smoak [contrary to the expectation of him that opened it;] Locusts ⁴ upon the Earth [i. e. the grie∣vous Plague of ⁵ Mahometism, with the Numerous and Destroying Armies of the ⁵ Saracens Exod. 10.3-15. Joel Chapters 1.2.] and unto them was given power, as the Scorpions of the* 1.4 Earth have power [as to the manner of the Mischief they were to do, Verse 5.10.]

³ Locusts do encrease most in very dry Seasons, and come in bliting burning Easterly Winds; which are usually ac∣companied with a smoaky Vapour: whence probably is that

Expression, Hosea 13.3. according to the LXX,-and like a Smoak, or Vapour from Locusts. Although Bochartus is of Opinion, that here is an Allusion to the Custom amongst the Ancient Arabs or Saracens, of hunting Locusts by(a) 1.5 smoak.

⁴ Great Armies of Enemies are resembled to(b) 1.6 Locusts in Scripture;

(1.) By Reason of their Number, Judg. 6, 5.7, 12. Psalm 105.34. Joel 1.6. The Multitudes of Locusts, which in∣fest the Eastern, and sometimes the European parts, being al∣most(c) 1.7 incredible. And it is not altogether improper to remark here, that vast Numbers of Locusts have been fre∣quently seen to appear, before the Approach of great Armies; which is frequently noted by Abul Pharajai, and by Du Fresne in his Notes at the end of(d) 1.8 Cinnamus.

(2.) Because of the great, and unavoidable Mischief they do in the Fields, in Houses, and to Men themselves, whom they set upon, and are thought sometimes to have killed(e) 1.9 them. Book of Wisdom 16.9.

(3.) From the exact Military(f) 1.10 Discipline and Order they observe in flying; and the strength which is in their Ranks and Divisions when they fly, or go, Joel 2.7, 8.

(4) From their climbing of Walls, and getting into Hou∣ses and Windows; like Men of War, in time of Seige, and Sacking of Towns, Joel 2.7, 9. Exod. 10.6. and from their not(g) 1.11 being subject to hurt, from Weapons, which they avoid by their Swiftness, and by the Subtilty and Tenuity of their Bo∣dies, Joel 2.8.

* Terrestrial Scorpions are (as Naturalists observe) of all the most(a) 1.12 hurtful.

(⁵) (⁵) The Saracens seem to be understood by Locusts, be∣cause,

(1.) They came from the East, as the Locusts did, Exod. 10.13. Whence they were called(b) 1.13 Saracens, which sig∣nifies the Inhabitants of the Eastern parts of the World.

(2.) Because of their vast Numbers, and their wandring State and Condition, they being of the Race of the Ancient(c) 1.14 Scenitae, who lived in Tents, roaming from place to place; with which agrees the Description of the Locusts, gi∣ven by the Prophet Nahum 3.15, 16. as the place is interpre∣ted by(d) 1.15 Bochartus.

(3.) Because the Arabians, or Children of the East, are ex∣presly likened to Locusts or Grasshoppers, Judges 6.3-5.

(4.) By Reason of the suddenness of their Invasions, and the Prodigious Swiftness of their Conquests, and the great ha∣vock and Ravage made by them; all which Circumstances are Notorious in the Plague of Locusts, who fall in prodigi∣ous Numbers in one Night, and sometimes almost in a mo∣ment, destroying all before them.

And (Lastly,) because these Locusts are said to come out of the thick smoak of the bottomless Pit; i. e. out of gross Er∣rors, and filthy Practices; which is the plain Original of Ma∣hometism; which began in a very corrupt and dark Age, when the Christians were divided into many Sects and Schisms, and vented very gross Errors; such were those of the Arrians, Jacobites, Melchites, Eutychians, Monothelites and Nestorians; from whom proceeded many of the Opinions of

Mahomet; who was(a) 1.16 assisted in the Contrivance of his Religion by Sergius, a banished Nestorian, by an Arrian Monk, and other Hereticks; with whom the Church was then infested, as it was also by Contests about the Supremacy; and with gross Antichristian Errors; which are the Chief Things intended in this Prophecy: Of all which(b) 1.17 Hottinger has treated fully. But that we may the better understand the true Meaning of this Vision; I•••• ••ll endeavour to give a brief Account of the Rise of Mahometism, and of the progress of the Saracenick Empire, from Authentick Historians, chiefly from Elmacinus, and Abul Pharajai, Two Arabick Writers; which will be of great use in the following Annotations.

The Saracens are properly those Arabs which lived about Meccha and Medina, and the places adjoyning; who, under their Prophet Mahomet, began to be Famous, about A.D. 622. when he fled from Meccha, he place of his Nativity, for fear of the Tribe of the Coraisites, or Koreisheites, the Inhabitants of Meccha; who threatned him for endeavouring to usurp o∣ver them, and for introducing a New Doctrine amongst them: for although many of them had been converted to the Christian Religion, in and before the Reign of(c) 1.18 Va∣lens; yet the Arabs were by this time mostly(d) 1.19 Idolaters, worshipping the Stars, whose Motions and Influences they understood, which was all(d) 1.20 the Skill and Knowledge they had in their State of Ignorance; as the Mussulmen call the Times before their Conversion to Mahometism. They are mentioned by(e) 1.21 Pliny (and by none before him, as far as I can find) under the Name of Saracens; and are placed by him, and Ptolemy, in Arabia Felix; and that rightly; for

Meccha(a) 1.22 is not a City of Arabia Deserta, as is commonly thought; but is situated over against the middle of the Red Sea, about a Days Journey from it, betwixt Jaman and Hig∣jaz, in Arabia Felix; about seven and Thirty Days Journey from Grand Caire, and about Ten Days Journey or Two hun∣dred and seventy Miles from Medina; the place of this false Prophet's Retreat; where he lived about Eight Years, and made the greatest part of his Alcoran. During this th•••••• he had many Battels with his Neighbours, especially the K••rci∣shites, the Chief Tribe of those Parts; and propagated his Doctrine, and Dominion, in many parts of Arabia; but not much farther. After his Death (which was A. D. 631. as A∣bul Pharajai affirms, or according to Elmacinus, A. D. 632.) his Successors made swift and prodigious Conquests; over-running Persia, Syria, Aegypt, and Palestine in a very few Years; insomuch that about the(b) 1.23 Year 729. in Fourscore, or an Hundred Years at furthest, they had subdued most of the Kingdoms and Provinces of the Known World; extending their Arms into India, beyond the Bounds of the Roman Em∣pire. About 643.(c) 1.24 they invaded Africk; and from thence fell into(d) 1.25 Spain, about A. D, 711. which in Two Years space they wholly conquered. About A. D.(e) 1.26 716. (as Abulpharajai and Elmacinus both agree) they besieged Con∣stantinople with a vast Army; and Ravaged and over-run Languedoc, Provence, and several parts of France, from A. D.(f) 1.27 721. to A. D. 738. when they were totally van∣quished

and beaten out of those parts by Charles Martel. A∣bout A. D.(a) 1.28 828. they took Sicily, and from thence infested Italy; pillaging Rome(b) 1.29 the Year following; and A.D. 846. they came from Africk (as the Locusts(c) 1.30 are wont to do) in∣to Italy, and again fell upon(d) 1.31 Rome, burning the Famous Churches of Peter and Paul, and carrying away many of their Ornaments with them into Campania; where they pil∣laged several Monasteries: but whilst they were returning with their Spoils into Africk, they were dispersed by a migh∣ty Tempest, and the greatest part of them were cast away. They afterwards harrassed Italy for several Years, until they were subdued, and beaten out of it, first, by Otho, about 980. who was called, the Death of the Saracens; and then by the Emperour Henry the Second, and the Normans, betwixt the Years(e) 1.32 1014, and 1022. not long after which time, viz. A. D.(f) 1.33 1055. their was an End put to their Empire, by Tangrolipix, or Tugrol-Beg: who fixed his Seat at Bagdad, the Imperial City of the Saracens, whereby that Empire devolved upon the Turks; he being installed Sultan there, A. D. 1057. by the Saracenick Chalif; Two Hundred Ninety Three years after its being built for their Imperial Seat, by Al-Mansur, A. D. 762. as both(g) 1.34 Abul-Pharajai and Elmacinus agree.

4 And it was [said or] commanded * them [by God, who raised them up, and sealed the True Christians, whilst Antichristianity only was exposed to hurt;] that they should not hurt [by pervert∣ing them from their Religion;] the Grass [or Herb] of the Earth, neither any green thing, neither any Tree [i. e. no Christians who had any Spiritual Life in them, and shewed it by its Fruits and

Effects, Psalm 1, 5.52, 8. Matth. 3.8, 10. Rev. 7, 1.8, 7.] but only those men, which have ⁶ not the Seal of God in their Foreheads [i. e. the Apostasy; for a pure, Apostolical Church was to be preserved in secret, Chap. 7.]

* And to this End were they raised by Providence; which miraculously preserved them from being destroyed by the Ro∣mans, as Dr.(a) 1.35 Howel hath judiciously observed.

⁶ God was pleased to preserve a pure Church in secret, du∣ring the great Inundation of these Barbarous People; as ap∣pears from the Catalogues of Witnesses to the Truth, in this Age; although the whole Apostate Church, both of the Ea∣stern and Western parts, severely felt the Scourge of this Plague; which fell mostly upon them (that their Fault might be known by the very providential timing of their punishment) during some Remarkable Instances, and Workings of the Apo∣stasy. When the Saracens first appeared A. D. 622. the World was much given to Image-Worship; Heraclius(b) 1.36 the Emperour, having newly then recovered the Cross from the Persians, and restored it to the Temple of the Sepulchre, from which it had been taken; and upon that instituted, or at least celebrated the Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross. When they inva∣ded Sardinia, about 720. Luitprandus, King of the Lom∣bards, bought the Relicks of St. Austin at a great price, of them; and went out to meet them in a solemn Procession, and being struck with the Wonder of the Greatness of the Mira∣cles which had been done by them, worshipped them (says(c) 1.37 Sigonius) with Divine Honour. And it is very remarkable, that the great Quarrels betwixt Leo the Emperour, and the Popes, Gregory the Second, and the Third, about Images; were, upon the Saracens objecting Image-Worship, as Idolatry

to the Emperour; and that the greatest and fiercest assaults of the Saracens upon the Empire, were during the Time that Con∣test was hottest; to wit, from the year(a) 1.38 713. when the Controversie with the Monothelites ceased, and the only one which then exercised the World, was that about Images: a∣bout which time they conquered Spain, and besieged Constan∣tinople; and fell into Italy not long after the Worship of Ima∣ges was established by a Law, in the Second Council of Nice, A. D. 787.

5 And to them it was given, that they should not ⁷ kill them [or utterly destroy even the Apostate Antichristian Roman Em∣pire;] but that they should be ⁸ Tormented five Months [of yeats;] and their Torment was as the Torment of a Scorpion when he striketh a man [i. e. very ⁹ vexatious, and painful, Prov. 23.32. Ezek. 2.6.]

⁷ To kill a Body Politick, is, (as(b) 1.39 Grotius has obser∣ved) to make it cease to be, either by utterly destroying the people of it, or by subjecting it to a New Authority, whereby it ceases to be what it was before: Neither of which were the Saracens able to do in the Eastern or Western Roman Em∣pire; for although they often besieged Constantinople, yet they could never take it; and they tormented Rome and I∣taly, by frequent and sudden Incursions, but had never posses∣sion of the former, nor any long quiet settlement in any part of the latter; But (as(c) 1.40 Putean remarks) Their Incursions in∣to Italy, were like a sudden Tempestuous Wind, which vanishes after it has done its Mischief. So that, as to the Chief and Ca∣pital parts of the Roman Empire, they never had power to kill them, or reduce them under their Authority, and could

not fix the Seat of their Empire, in any of its Imperial Cities; as the Turks afterwards did theirs at Constantinople; which is expresly called, slaying or killing the Third part of Men, Vers. 15. but seated themselves first at Damascus in Syria, after∣wards at Bagdad.

⁸ Here is a manifest Allusion to the time that Locusts are wont to live; which(a) 1.41 Naturalists observe to be Five Months; which we are to understand according to the Pro∣phetical way of reckoning (of which there hath been menti∣on already made on Chap. 2.10.) of Months of Years.

Now if we consider the whole length of the Duration of the Saracenick Empire, we shall find it to be precisely 435. Years; reckoning from A. D. 622. the Aera of Mahometism, unto A. D. 1057. when the Turkish Empire succeeded; as(b) 1.42 Elmacinus, and Dr. Pocock, in the Margin of Abul-Pha∣rajai, has particularly noted. Which Line of Time consists of a Ternary of Five Months of Years; each of them a∣mounting to an Hundred and Forty Five Years, reckoning(c) 1.43 Twenty Nine Years of Days to each Month; of which, Two Five Months being allotted to their tormenting, and hurting of Men, the first in this Verse, and the second in the tenth; the remaining five months must be understood to belong to their declining and decaying condition; when they could not tor∣ment others. And with this, there is a wonderful Agree∣ment in History; which dates the Decay and Division of this Empire, from about 290, or 300 years after its Rise. For Elmacinus divides his History into Three Books, as we do the Duration of their Empire into a Ternary of five months; trea∣ting in the first Book of the Original, and Encrease of their Empire; which he extends from A.D. 622. to about A.D. 746: in

the second Book, of the Declension of it; and in the third of its Distraction and Dissipation; placing the fatal(a) 1.44 Divi∣sion of it about A. D. 936. not much above twice five months after its first appearance; when he confesses, that the Power of the Chalif was diminished, and the Kingdom weakned; his Revenues taken away, and nothing but a Name left him; the Turks prevailing daily at Bagdad, from A. D. 863. and depo∣sing the Califs very frequently.

And with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Account, agrees the Observation of(b) 1.45 Ce∣drenus; who relating the Prediction of a Famous Alexandri∣an Astronomer, who foretold, that the prosperous Power, and flourishing Dominion of the Saracens, should be but for Three Hundred and Nine Years; judges him to have erred indeed, but not very much, in his Calculation. And therefore I can∣not but upon this occasion recommend the Study of Scrip∣tural, especially Prophetical Chronology, to all Learned Men; no ways doubting, but that they will find, that the greatest Difficulties may be cleared up by it.

⁹ Bochartus(c) 1.46 notes, That the Torment of Scorpions is very grievous, and of all other the most vexatious; whence troublesome Persons are likned unto them, Ezek. 2.6. Ec∣clus. 25, 15.26, 7. and observes, that they also, as well as the Locusts, hurt only for five months. Now that the Tor∣ment of the Saracens, was not only of the like duration, but of the like Nature, History sufficiently testifies, especially as to what concerns the Two Imperial Seats, Rome, and Constanti∣nople; which, as the next Verse clearly sets forth, (with which History accords) were frequently tormented with fresh Alarms of their Incursions and Invasions.

6 And in those days shall men seek death, and shall not find it; and shall desire to die, and death shall flee from them [i. e. they shall be tor∣mented with continual Invasions, so that they shall desire Con∣quest and Death, rather than such a mischievous and unsetled condition, Joel 2.6. Jerem. 8.3]

7 And the Shapes of the Locusts were like unto ¹⁰ Horses prepared to b••••iel [i. e. they were stout and swift, Joel 2.4. Job 33.23-25.] and on their Heads, were, as it were, ¹¹ Crowns of Gold [signifying their Victories and Success, and the many Kingdoms should sub∣mit unto them;] and their Faces were as the ¹² Faces of men [i. e. they had seemingly rational and plausible pretences, Rev. 4.7 D••n. 7.4.]

8 And they had Hair as the ¹² Hair of VVomen [i.e their Preten∣ces were insinuating, enticing and deceitful, Canticl 4, 1.6, 5.] and their Teeth was as the Teeth of Lions [i. e. cruel and devouring, not white and clean, Canticl. 4, 2.6, 6. Joel 1.6.]

¹⁰(a) 1.47 Bochartus observes, that Locusts represent Horses, not only in their Swiftness, (which is here chiefly pointed at, the Conquests of the Saracens being carried on with pro∣digious and almost incredible speed,) but also in the shape of their Heads; the Figure of which may be seen in(b) 1.48 Ludol∣phus's Notes on his Aethiopick History.

¹¹ As their rapid success is described before, so have we here represented the great Number of Kingdoms which they over-run; for (as Mr. Mede has truly noted) no Nation ever had so large an Extent of Dominion, or ever subdued so many King∣doms in so short a space.

^{12 12}(c) 1.49 Bochartus notes, That there are some hairy and rough Locusts; and Mr. Mede observes, that the ancient Ara∣bians, or Saracens, were Famous for(d) 1.50 wearing long Hair,

and having their heads attired like women. But these Words (as appears from the Texts I have quoted) evidently refer to the Perfidiousness and Subtlity of the Saracens, for which they are notoriously infamous in all(a) 1.51 History; and to the spe∣cious pretences by which they advanced their Religion, and the sagacity and strength of Reason, for which they are(b) 1.52 pe∣culiarly noted to have valued themselves; they becoming also such great Proficients in the Peripatetick Philosophy, and the Art of disputing; that Charlemain brought in Aristotle's Philoso∣phy into the West, and set up the Schools, that the Christians might be the better furnished to oppose the Jews and Mahome∣tans. For the Religion of Mahomet was with great cunning adapted to the Looseness and Debauchery of that Age; and being made up of a Medley of Judaism, and of the Opini∣ons of the Hereticks of those Times, it was peculiarly fitted to prevail upon both of them. Furthermore, Mahomet is no∣ted to have come of a Noble(c) 1.53 Tribe, and to have got great Riches, although his Parents were very poor; and by Conver∣sation with people of all Perswasions, to have gained an in∣sight into the several Religions which were then professed; which being joyned(d) 1.54 with a good Natural Wit, a sweet Voice, and a courteous Disposition to Men of all Conditions, especially to the Christians, whom he pretended mightily to favour, and forbad to be forced from their Religion (as ap∣pears from other Testimonies, as well as from his Last Will and Testament, which some Learned men do now judge to be Genuine,) were very plausible ways of gaining upon men.

But above all, the great Zeal which he shewed against(a) 1.55 I∣mages, and Idolatry, together with the(b) 1.56 seeming holiness of his Life, his solitary Retiredness into a Cave, for a considerable time, and the strange Feats he did by the power of Sorcery, were the most plausible, and most prevailing Insinuations he made use of; and which were permitted to prevail, by the just Judgment of God, as a punishment upon the Christians for their great Superstition and Idolatry; and that the Belief of the Ʋnity of the Godhead, and of his Abhorrence of Images; might be kept up in the parts of the Christian World, where the Apostasy had so mightily encreased.

9 And they had Breast-plates, as it were Breast-plates ef Iron [i. e. they were well armed, Joel 2.8.] and the sound of their ¹³ Wings, was as the sound of Chariots of many Horses running to Battel [deno∣ting their Swiftness, Noise, and Terror, Joel 2.5. Job. 39.20.]

¹³(c) 1.57 Bochartus also notes, that the Locusts make a terri∣ble Noise with their Wings; and that (as was before obser∣ved) they are not easily wounded.

10 And they had Tails like unto Scorpions, and there were ¹⁴ Stings in their Tails [i. e. they pretended to Prophecy, and infected, and deceived Men by it, Isa. 9.15.] and their power was to hurt men five months [of years, i. e. 145. years.]

¹⁴ The Sting and Poyson of Scorpions is in their Tails; as(d) 1.58 Bochartus has observed; and hereby is signified, the poy∣son of their false Religion, grounded upon pretence to prophecy,

and converse with the Angel Gabriel; the Prophet that teach∣eth Lies being expresly likened to the Tail, Isa. 9.15.

11 And they had a King ¹⁵ over them [Eph. 2.2.] which is the An∣gel of the bottomless ¹⁶ Pit [i. e. a Satanical Instrument acted by an Evil Spirit, who came out of it with the Smoak, and Locusts, Verse 2, 3.] whose Name in the Hebrew ¹⁷ Tongue is Abaddon, but in the Greek Tongue hath his Name Apollyon [i. e. the Destroyer •• viz. Mahomet, whose Religion and Empire is seated in the Chief City of the Jews, Jerusalem; and of the Greeks, Constantinople: the Destroyer of the Lives and Religion of both.]

¹⁵ Hereby is intimated, that these were Mystical Locusts, not Natural o••••••, which have no King over them, Prov. 3••.27.

¹⁶ Mahomet's Hellish Doctrine is hereby described; who also was suspected of Sorcery, and therefore strives to clear himself of it in his Alcoran; and seems to have been possessed by an Evil Spirit; of which his extraordinary Epileptick Fits are thought to be no mean Argument. See Mr.* 1.59 Mede, and Dr. Hammond on Matth. 17.15.

¹⁷ This is in allusion to the Inscription upon our Saviour's Cross, Matth. 27.37. This is Jesus the King of the Jews: which was written (Luke 23.38.) in Letters of Greek, and Latine, and Hebrew: to shew, that Christ, our Saviour's Kingdom, was to be dispersed and established through the whole World: in correspondence whereunto, Mahomet's Superscrip∣tion is, The Destroyer, as Christ's was, Jesus, The Saviour; and his Name is written in the Hebrew, and Greek; but not the Latine Tongue: to shew, that he should prevail over Jeru∣salem, the Chief City of the Jews, and over Constantinople, the Chief City of the Greek Empire; but not over Rome, the Chief City of the Latin, or Western Roman Empire.

12 One Woe [or the first of the Three Woes. viz. the Sarace∣nick denounced Chap 8.13.] is past [in Vision,] and behold there c••••e Two Woes more hereafter.

13 And the sixth Angel sounded [an Alarm to a new Woe,] and I heard a ¹⁸ Voice from the Four Horns of the Golden Altar [of Incense,] which is before God, [Chap 8.3, 4.]

¹⁸ The Voice which commands the letting loose of the four Angels, which were to execute the second Woe, comes from t•••• Man of Incense; which had Four Horns (as we read, H••••••d. 27, 2.30, 2. Ezek. 43.15.) denoting(a) 1.60 the Suffi∣ciency and Excellency of Christ's Intercession, and his power and Authority, (of which Horns are an Emblem) over his Church, in the Four Quarters of the World. So that hereby is signified the Voice, or Prayers of the Saints of God, or the pure Church, gathered from the Four Corners of the Earth, who now prayed in secret, in a sealed, or retired Condition, (as we have shewn on the Eighth Chapter, Verse 3, 4.) that God would punish the Idolatry (Verse 20, 21.) which now Reigned upon the whole Earth, and was newly established at the Council of Nice. And the Voice proceeded from the Four Horns of the Golden Altar, to shew, that they were pure from Idolatry, and that Holiness to the Lord was graven upon the Horns of their Altar; as the sin of Idolatry was upon the Horns of the Jewish Altars, Jerem. 17.1.

14 Saying to the sixth Angel, which had the Trumpet, loose [from their Restraint,] the ¹⁹ Four [Evil] Angels [i. e. the Turkish Po∣tentacy;] which are bound ²⁰ in the great River ²¹ Euphrates; [i. e. hin∣dered by Divine Restraint, and the Providential course of things, from making any considerable Progress in the parts of the Roman Empire beyond that River.]

¹⁹ The Bad, as well as Good Spirits, which God makes use of, are called in Scripture, Angels; which in this Book are put to denote the Men, and Instruments used by and under them in their executing the Commands of God. And because there is great Reason to believe, (as I shall shew hereafter) that the Turkish Potentacy is meant in this place, which immediately followed the Saracenical; I shall therefore endeavour to give you a brief Account of its Original and Progress:

The Turks (called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 by(a) 1.61 Herodotus, and Turcae by Mela, and Pliny) are by all Accounts a Northern People; called therefore, The King of the North, Dan. 11.40. as the Saracens are, The King of the South; because they lie South∣ward of Palestine. They were Orignally Natives of Tarta∣ry, which is called Turchestân, by the Eastern Writers; and is a Countrey of a vast Extent, reaching from the River Volga to the extreme East; consisting of Two sorts of Tartars, the Eastern, or Mogul Tartars, lying above China, beyond the Mountain Imaus, or Emodus; and the Western Tartars on this side Imaus; whose Language is different from the former: and from these latter came the Turks, as appears from their Language, the Ground of which is Tartar; and those Tartars also, which inhabit the lesser Tartary; upon the Black or Euxin Sea, called, the Crim Tartary, or Tarta∣ria Precopensis; from a great Dike, near which its Chief City stands; Crim signifying a great Bank with a Ditch, in the Tartar Language; as Precop does in the Polish: who were originally of the same Race with the Turks, although they are now a mixt people; because their Prince is by Compact, to succeed the Grand Signior, upon de∣fect of Heir Male; which the Turks would not have consented to, if they had not been of the same Line.

Now the Turks made their Excursions from all parts at first; some of them from beyond (a) Tanais, (where those Turks seem to have lived, who sent an Embassy to Justin Junior, and were employed by Heraclius against the Persians, when he sailed through the Euxin Sea) into Georgia, and by de∣grees into Armenia: but the greatest and most Famous Body of them, came from Mawaralnàhra, or the Regions beyond the River Oxus; and from that part of it above the Caspian Sea, which is particularly denominated from them, Turchestân; the Chief Seat whereof is Samarchand; from whence they were cal∣led into Persia, and not from Armenia, as Abul-Pharajai, and El∣macinus both testifie; who make frequent mention of them, and their Kings, long hefore their setling in Persia. They at first fell into Chorasân, (a Countrey lying betwixt Persia and India) and ravaged some parts of(b) 1.62 Persia, about A. D. 625. and afterwards(c) 1.63 assisted the Persians against the Saracens, about A. D. 643. About(d) 1.64 A. D. 800. they made great Incursi∣ons through the Portae Caspiae; which is a narrow Passage near Derbent, (which signifies in the Persian Language a streight betwixt Mountains) called by the Turks, Demir Capi, or the Iron Gate, near the Caspian Sea, betwixt Armenia and Persia; and is part of that vast Ridge of Hills (at least 1500 Miles long) which runneth from West to East, from Arme∣nia to India; where the Branches of it run several ways, one great one of them separating the hithermost Tartary, from that above China, or the Mogul Tartary; and is called Imaus: these Hills receiving different Names, in the different Coun∣teies through which they run; sometimes being called Mount(b) 1.65

Taurus, sometimes Mount Caucasus, and near Tartary, Imaus. Through this Natural Barrier of Nations, there is a Narrow Passage; which the Turks passed, and possessed themselves of the Northern part of Armenia, called, perhaps, from them, Turcomania: From whence, and about the same time, some of them went, and settled in Caramania, in Asia Minor, anci∣ently called Cilicia: whilst others of them, who were Sti∣pendiaries to the Saracenick Chaliphs, prevailed mightily at Bagdâd, betwixt the Year 863. and 900. insomuch, that although they had been often slain in great Numbers, and were driven out of Chorasana; they yet Rallied their Forces, under Tugrol, or Togrul-Beg,(a) 1.66 (called Tangroli∣pix, and by several other Names by the Greeks,) who came from the Countries beyond the River Gihon, or Jihun, (which is the same with Oxus) as(b) 1.67 Abul-Pharajai distinctly af∣fims; and passed that River, and not Araxes, which divides Armenia from Media; except those Two Rivers are con∣founded by the Greeks, as Du Cange thinks. This great Cap∣tain, together with the rest of his Brethren, of the Family of the(c) 1.68 Seljukidae, who began to be Famous about A. D. 1038. being called into the Assistance of the Persians; at last conquered them; taking Ispahan about A. D. 1050. and having embraced Mahometism, the Religion of that Countrey; they proceeded so far, as to conquer Bagdad, A. D. 1055. and to put an end to the Empire of the Saracens in those parts.

Betwixt the years(d) 1.69 1070, and 1080. they made great progress in Asia Minor; some of the Family of the Seljuki∣dae,

who came thither from Persia, fixing their Imperial Seat at Iconium; who are from thence called the Sultans of Ico∣nium, and are distinguished from the other Turkish Sultans, who Reigned in Asia the Great; whose chief Seats were in Persia, (where Tangrolipix* 1.70 died, A. D. 1063.) and at Bag∣dad. But the(a) 1.71 Christians in the Holy War, about A. D. 1097. having broken their power in those parts; and what through the Divisions which arose amongst the Sons of Cutlu∣muses(b) 1.72 (the Cousin German of Tangrolipix, and the first who made considerable Inroads into Asia Minor) about A.D. 1108; We hear little considerable of the Actions of these Sultans, until their Credit and Power came to be advanced by Sultan Aladdin Caicobad, who was made Sultan A. D. 1219. and died about A. D. 1236. In the mean time, the Eastern Turkish Empire mightily encreased, especially under the Arms of Saladin(c) 1.73 (Salaho Ddin) who took Aegypt from the Saracenick Chalifs, about A. D. 1169. where the Turkish, and Circassian Mamlucs (i. e. Slaves, or Servants) afterwards bore sway for about 275 years, as Dr. Pocock informs us in his Supplement to Abul-Pharajai. But on a sudden, A. D.(d) 1.74 1202. there arose a New Empire in the World; the Mo∣gul-Tartars (or Tatars, called so from a(e) 1.75 River in that Coun∣trey, of that Name) falling in upon the Eastern Empire of the Turks, and making Incursions as far as Asia Minor (which the Arabians call Rumaea;) and at last taking Bagdad, A. D. 1258. whereby the Dynasty of the Arabian Mussulmen, was transferred unto the Kings of the Mogul-Tartars, according to Abul-pharajai; which Empire nevertheless lasted not long

in those parts; for it was broken by mutual Discords, about A. D. 1335. where Dr.(a) 1.76 Pocock places the end of that Dynasty; nothing considerable being performed by them, until the Time of Tamerlan (Timur Lenc) who died A. D. 1404. Since which time they have contained themselves within their own Eastern bounds; and have not carried their Arms into the Western parts. This great and terrible Inva∣sion gave occasion to the Rise of the(b) 1.77 Ottoman Turks; who being beaten out of Asia, by the Mogul-Tartars; and hearing of the Fame of the Sultans of Iconium; began their March from the Province of Mahan, in the Dominions of the Persians, towards Asia Minor, A. D. 1214. under the Conduct of Solyman-Shahum; to one of whose Sons, (he himself being drowned at the passing of Euphrates) Ala∣din, Sultan of Iconium assigned a Portion of Land, near the Mountains of Armenia: From which small beginnings they raised themselves by their Valour, and the Favour of Aladin, to such a heighth, that A. D. 1299.(c) 1.78 Othman (commonly called Ottoman) Solyman's Grandchild, took the Name of Sultan, and so enlarged their Dominions, that his Son (he himself dying A. D. 1325.) took Brusia (formerly Prusa, a City of Bithynia,) either that Year, or very soon after, and made it the First Seat (as Hadrianople was afterwards, and Constantinople is now) of the mighty Ottoman Empire; which(d) 1.79 succeeded the Aladinian Sultany, after it had been esta∣blished in Asia Minor, about Ninety Years. Since which time their History is so well known, that I shall not further insist upon it; having brought it down to the Times here mention∣ed; viz. their most Famous passing the River Euphrates; and

that at a time (as(a) 1.80 Camerarius has very well noted) when Ecclesiastical Authority had advanced it self above the Civil, and Divisions and Superstition had much encreased amongst Christians. Now the Cause why this great Empire should be Characterized by Four Angels, bound in the River Euphrates, and afterwards loosed; is a thing worthy our disquisition; and it may, perhaps, be for these Reasons:

(1.) Because that the Kingdom of the Turks was divided into Four Proefectures, or Principalities, whilst they were bound in the River Euphrates; that is, had made no Incursions into those Western parts; which are bounded by that Famous River. For so we are expresly told in the Relation(b) 1.81 of an Embassy, from the Scythian Turks to Justin Junior, about A.D. 570. where the Turkish Embassadours being asked hy the Em∣perour concerning the State of their Kingdom; tell him, that the Chief Power was indeed solely in their King Disabulus; but that their Kingdom was divided into Four (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) or Principalities.

(2.) At their most memorable passing the River Euphrates, they were under the Command of Four(c) 1.82 Captains, viz. So∣lyman(d) 1.83 Shahum, and his Three Sons; and upon the death of Solyman, who was drowned in the passing of that River (a circumstance not altogether to be disregarded,) they were a∣gain under Four Commanders; viz. Otrogules, and his Three Sons; of whom Ottoman was one; who, upon their being loo∣sed, (by having power from God to pass the River Euphrates,) laid the Foundations of that mighty Empire. All which are no obscure Circumstances, but most notable, and most famous

passages of their History; the Number of Four Illustrious Fa∣milies being so remarkable amongst them, that(a) 1.84 Leunclavius hath a particular Chapter about.

(3.) They are not only remarkable for(b) 1.85 Four Chief suc∣cessive Families; viz. the Seljukian, Aladinian, Oguzian, and Ottoman: but if Mr. Mede's Observation prove true, they were actually divided into Four Tetrarchies, or Sultanies, whilst they were bound in Euphrates.

And (lastly;) Because the Spirit of God, in delivering Pro∣phecies, which are on purpose dark and aenigmatical, may al∣lude to many passages and circumstances in one, and the same Type, and Figurative Expression; some less known and obvi∣ous than others, to excite men's Industry: why may not the Turkish Potentacy be signified by Four, because of the Ʋni∣versality of its Conquests, described Dan. 11.40-45. (Four, as Dr. Moor observes, standing for a Note of Ʋniversality in the Cabbalistick Mysteries) especially in the Graecian Monar∣chy, which it was more immediately designed to kill, or de∣stroy? For as the Horns of the Altar, from which the Voice comes (Vers. 13.) are Four, to signifie the Ʋniversal Extent of Christ's Church; so are there here Four Angels loosed; to shew, that this Woe was to fall Ʋniversally upon the Grecian Church and Monarchy, described in Daniel (Chap. 8.8.) by Four Notable Horns, towards the Four Winds of Heaven. For the Turkish Empire (as that Judicious Historian, Mr.(c) 1.86 Knolls, has observed) hath brought fatal mutations, not upon Christen∣dom only, but the whole World; having under its Command the chief and most Fruitful parts of Europe, Africa and Asia; and having fixed it self almost altogether, even in the self same Kingdoms, Countries, and Regions, as belonged to the Greek

Empire. For although the Third of the Earth, and of Men, be the Symbol of the Grecian Empire; yet in respect of its Ʋ∣niversality, it may also be represented by the Number Four.

²⁰ To bind, is to hinder and restrain; as appears from Rev. 20.2. and that by secret Impulses and Instincts, as the Word is taken, Acts 20.22.

And from hence we may learn, That the Bounds of Em∣pires, and their progress, are from God; as are also the Pro∣vidential Seasons, in which he lets loose Barbarous Nations to chastise Christians.

²¹ A great River, upon which the Old Babylon, the Type of the Antichristian City, stood; it was the fatal Boundary of the Roman Empire; and was so oftentimes to the Turks; they making but small Advances beyond it, except in Asia Mi∣nor, (out of which they were also beaten, first by the Chri∣stians, and then by the Tartars) until that famous loosing them by God, to punish the Antichristian Babylon, about A. D. 1300. after which time their Success was swift and prodigious.

15 And the Four Angels were loosed [i. e. permitted to pass that River,] which were prepared [by God, from the first Erection of their Empire] for an ¹² Hour, and a ²³ Day [i. e. a Year,] and a Month [of Days, which are Years;] and a Year [of Prophetical Days, for Years;] for to slay the ²⁴ third part of Men [i. e. to de∣stroy utterly the Constantinopolitan, or Greek Roman Empire.]

²² The Word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, translated Hour; signifies, Dan. 4, 33.5, 5. Time, or Season; in which sense it is often used by John in his Gospel, and in this Book; particularly John 2, 4.4, 52.5, 25.7, 30. and Rev. 11, 13.17, 12. And thus also it is to be understood in this place; because it is famili∣arly used in this Sense, by the Writer of this Book; and no where by him in the other, for an Hour; which is but of little use to ascertaining a Line of Time; which is not wont to descend to such minute portions of it. And there∣fore

it is here to be understood (that it may bear a propor••i∣on to its Use in other places) concerning A certain portion of Time, not here particularly limited and determined, beyond those particularly specified; q. d. that they were prepared for a certain Time or Season, and also for a Day, a Month, and a Year, over and above that Time. And the Remark concern∣ing the Acceptation of the Word Hour for Time; receives great Light from the Observation of(a) 1.87 Scaliger; who notes; that Hours were a Devise of the Greeks; and so consequently were not in use amongst the Jews, during the Times of the Old Testament; from whence the Words and Phrases of this Book are taken.

²³ This Prophetical Time (for which see Chap. 11. num. 12.) makes up 396 years; which is the exact space of Time from the beginning of the Turkish Empire, A. D. 1057. (as we have before shewn,) to the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, A. D. 1453. the very year assigned by the latest(a) 1.88 and most accurate Chronologers, for the taking of that City, after much doubt concerning it: Which is an Observa∣tion that ought to be taken notice of, to Excite Learned Men to the Study of Scripture-Chronology.

²⁴ We have before shewn, on Chap. 8.7. that this is the Mystical Symbol of the Greek, or Constantinopolitan Roman Empire; which was killed or destroyed, at the taking of Constantinople, the Chief Seat of it; when (as Chronologers note) the Eastern Empire of the Christians ceased, and came into the hands of the Turks; which was only tormented by the Saracens, who could never kill it, by taking its Imperial City; when an Empire, in the account of Prophecy, is at an End. See before on Verse 5.

(b) 1.89

16 And the number of the Army ²⁵ of the Horsemen, were two hun∣dred thousand thousand [i. e. a vast number, Psalm 68.17. Dan. 7.10.] and I heard ²⁶ the number of them [as if they had been repeat∣ed out of a Muster-Roll.]

²⁵ Thus the Army of Gog and Magog is described by E∣zek. 38▪ 4, 15. And here is another Character of the Turks, whose chief Strength and Numbers consisted at first in their Cavalry; as that also of the Tartars, from whom they ori∣ginally came, and of the Persians did; with whom they are confounded, and are called by their Name in History, af∣ter they had conquered them. And from some such reason, perhaps, as this, is the Horses Tail, still carried before their Chief Officers, as an Ensign of Honour and Authority, in Me∣mory, that their Strength consisted chiefly in Horse; of which they were wont to bring vast Numbers into the Field; as they also did at the taking of(a) 1.90 Constantinople.

²⁶ When a thing is most certain, and very remarkable; some such vehement Expression is wont to be used in this Prophecy.

17 And thus [or after this following manner, in which I shall describe them,] I saw the Horses in the Vision, and them that sate on them, having ²⁷ breast-plates of fire, and of jacinth, and brimstone; and the Heads of their Horses, were as the Heads of Lions [i. e. fierce and terrible, and making a roaring noise;] and out of their mouths is∣sued ²⁸ fire, and smoke, and brimstone.

²⁷ That is, Breastplates of Armour, excellently polished, like flaming fire; which will cast the Colours of Jacinth and Brimstone, when the Sun shines on them: For the Turks, and their Horses, were, perhaps, at first, in polished Armour of I∣ron,

which is of a Violet Colour; according to the Custom of the(a) 1.91 Persians; from whose Countrey they came, when they passed Euphrates, and amongst whom they had lived for a long time.

²⁸ This is a plain Description of the discharging of Guns by Men on Horseback; when the Smoak, and Fire of the Gun-powder seems to issue out of their Horses Mouths; and the Smell of Brimstone (of which mixed with Nitre and Charcoal, it is made) is so very prevalent.

18 By these three ²⁹ was the third part of men killed [i. e. the Con∣stantinopolian Empire was destroyed,] by the fire, and by the smoak, and by the Brimstone, which issued out at their mouths [when the Riders discharged their Guns.]

²⁹ Here is also another evident Character; for the Holy Ghost represents the Turkish Army, by those Warlike Instru∣ments, which were invented about the time of their being let loose upon the Empire; Guns being found out A. D.(b) 1.92 1354. or 1380. at furthest; and brought to perfection, a∣bout 1415; by the use of which, the(c) 1.93 Turks enlarged their Conquests; and (as all Historians(d) 1.94 relate) took Constan∣tinople; the prodigious Great Cannon and Guns which they used at that Siege, being very Remarkable, and very Fa∣tal.

19 For their power is in their mouth [Verse 18. i. e. in their Arms,] and in their Tails [i. e. in false pretences to Prophecy,

Verse 10.] for their Tails were like unto Serpents [i.e. they were craf∣ty and Venemous,] and had heads [with mouths speaking great things; promoting and spreading their false Doctrines;] and with them [i. e. their ³⁰ headed Tails] they do hurt [to the Souls of Men.]

³⁰ They had Two Heads like the Serpent Amphis••••na: by which the spreading Venome of their poysonous Religion is de∣scribed; together with their manner of propagating it; viz. by Fire issuing out of their mouths; that is, by Force of Arms; and by their Tails, or crafty pretences; for they are noted to have at first entred Europe(a) 1.95 humanely, although they proceed∣ed after to oppression: And (lastly▪) for their high and Vain-glorious Words and Titles; and the fair pretences they made use of against Idolatry, which was then too visible and pre∣dominant in the Church.

20 And the rest of ³¹ the men [i. e. [the remaining part of the Empire; viz. the Western;] which were not killed [i.e. utterly destroyed] by these [foregoing] Plagues [inflicted by the Saracens and Turks;] yet repented not [notwithstanding these Judgments, which were designed by God for that End;] of the Work of their Hands [i. e. their Idolatry, 2 Kings 22.17. Jerem. 25.6, 7.] that they should not worship ³² Devils [i. e. Daemons, Lev. 17.7.] and Idols of Gold, and Silver, and Brass, and Stone, and of Wood, which neither can see, nor hear, nor walk [i. e. Images, Psalm 115, 4.135, 15.]

³¹ The Third of men (i. e. the Eastern Empire) being killed; the rest of men, must signifie, the remaining part; that is, the Western Empire, which was usurped by the Pa∣pal Antichrist; whilst the Mahometan Antichrist Tyrannized in the Eastern.

³² By Daemons are meant Spirits of a middle Nature betwixt God, and Men; that is, Angels, and Souls departed. See Mr. Mede on the place; and his Apostasy of the Latter Times.

21 Neither repented they of their Murthers [i. e. Persecutions,] nor of their ³³ Sorceries [i. e. Wicked Arts, and False Devices to deceive Souls, Nahum 3.4. Isa 47.9, 12.] nor of their Forni∣cation [or Unclean and Idolatrous Doctrines and Practices▪] nor of their Thefts [i. e. cheating of Men by sanctified pretences.]

³³ Such as Exorcisms Relicks, Anointings, and her lying Signs and Wonders; together with all her bewitching and in∣toxicating Doctrines and Practices.

Notes

• (a) 1.1

  Apud Poli Synops. in locum.
• (b) 1.2

  Gregor. Epist. lib: 4.38.
• * 1.3

  Bochart. Hieroz. lib. 4.4. Ludolph. Commentar. in Aethiopic. Histor. pag. 173.
• * 1.4

  Bochart. Hieroz. lib. 4.4. Ludolph. Commentar. in Aethiopic. Histor. pag. 173.
• (a) 1.5

  Bochart. Hieroz. Part. 2. pag. 472, 484, 495.
• (b) 1.6

  See Dr. Pocock on Joel.
• (c) 1.7

  Bochart. Hieroz. pag. 443, 445. Ludolph. Aethiopic. Histor. pag. 173, 174.
• (d) 1.8

  Pag. 530.
• (e) 1.9

  Bochart. Hieroz. pag. 462, 477, 478. Ludolph. pag. 174.
• (f) 1.10

  Bochart. pag. 477.
• (g) 1.11

  Bochart. pag. 478.
• (a) 1.12

  Boch. Hieroz. pag. 934.
• (b) 1.13

  Pocock. Not. ad Specim. Histor. Arab. sub init.
• (c) 1.14

  Ammian. Marcel. 14.4.
• (d) 1.15

  Pag. 458.
• (a) 1.16

  Sylburg. Saracenica, pag. 3, 5, 59.
• (b) 1.17

  Histor. Oriental. lib. 2.2.
• (c) 1.18

  Socrat. 4.36. Sozom. 6.38.
• (d) 1.19

  Abul-Pharajai, pag. 101.
• (d) 1.20

  Abul-Pharajai, pag. 101.
• (e) 1.21

  Hist. Nat. 6.28.
• (a) 1.22

  Gabriel Sionita, de Morib. & urbib. Orient. Thevenot's Travels. Dr. Hyde's I∣tinera Mundi. pag. 87.
• (b) 1.23

  Roderici Ximenes, Archiepisc. Toletan. Histor. Arab. cap. 12. Mr. Mede on the place. Abul-Phar. Pag. 129. Camerarit Narrat. Turcic. ex Sausovin. pag. 77.
• (c) 1.24

  Abul-Pharajai, pag. 115, 116.
• (d) 1.25

  Elmacinus, lib. 1.13. pag. 85. Roderic. Tolet. cap. 9. Petav. ad An. 712.
• (e) 1.26

  Theophan. Paulus Diacon. Sigon. de Rogno Italiae, pag. 60.
• (f) 1.27

  Mezeray's History of France. Petav. Ration. Temp. Sigon. de Regno Ital. pag. 66.
• (a) 1.28

  Petav. Rati••nar.
• (b) 1.29

  Anasias. vit. Gregor. 4th.
• (c) 1.30

  Plin. Nat. Hist. 11.29.
• (d) 1.31

  Anasias. in Leon. 4to. Sigon. de Regno Ital. pag. 120.
• (e) 1.32

  Petav. Rationar. pars 1. lib. 8.
• (f) 1.33

  Elmacinus, pag. 336. 337. Abul-Phar. 226, 227.
• (g) 1.34

  Abul. pag. ••43. Elmac. pag. 122.
• (a) 1.35

  History, part 3. pag. 283.
• (b) 1.36

  Tyrius de Bello sacro, lib. 23.30.
• (c) 1.37

  Sigon. de Regno Ital. pag. 61.
• (a) 1.38

  Spanhem. Histor. Imagin.
• (b) 1.39

  De Jur. Bell. & Pac. lib. 2. cap. 9.
• (c) 1.40

  Histor. Insabr. pag. 115.
• (a) 1.41

  Bocharti Hieroz. pag. 495.
• (b) 1.42

  Lib. 3.7. pag. 336, 337.
• (c) 1.43

  See the Notes on Chap. 11.2.
• (a) 1.44

  Elmacin. pag. 255. Abul-Phar. pag. 175.
• (b) 1.45

  Histor. pag. 409. edit. Parisiens. Leunclav: Histor. Musulman. pag. 67.
• (c) 1.46

  Hieroz. pag. 639, 640, 642.
• (a) 1.47

  Hieroz. pag. 474.
• (b) 1.48

  Pag. 177.
• (c) 1.49

  Hieroz. pag. 456.
• (d) 1.50

  Plin. 6.28. Ammian. Marcel. pag. 654. Hieronym. in vit. Malchi.
• (a) 1.51

  Ammian. Marcel. pag. 13. Excerpta è Legat. pag. 149. ed. Paris. Theoph. Simocat. Hist. 3. 17.
• (b) 1.52

  Sylburgii Saracenic. pag. 69. —〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (c) 1.53

  Hottingeri Hist. Orient. pag. 205, 206.
• (d) 1.54

  Elmacinus, pag. 11, 13. Hottinger: pag. 356-361. Sylburg. Saracenic. pag. 36.
• (a) 1.55

  Elmacinus, pag. 3.
• (b) 1.56

  See his Life, at the End of the Alcoran in English. And Dr. Moor's Mystery of Godliness, B. 5. 9, 10.
• (c) 1.57

  Hieroz. pag. 475. 478.
• (d) 1.58

  Hieroz. pag. 636, 637.
• * 1.59

  B. 1. Disc. 6.
• (a) 1.60

  See the Commentators on the place; and Spencer de Hebraeor. legib. pag. 562-569.
• (a) 1.61

  Lib. 4. pag. 232. Mela 1. ult. Plin. 6, 7.
• (b) 1.62

  Petav. Rationar. Tempor. 9, 7.
• (c) 1.63

  Abul-Phar. pag. 115, 116.
• (d) 1.64

  Sabellic. Ennead. 9. lib. 2.
• (b) 1.65

  Nicephor. Bryenn. pag. 21. Du Cange in Not. ad Calcem Cinnami, pag. 299. Ex∣cerpt. e Legat. pag. 106. ed. Paris. Leunclav. Histor. Mussulm. pag. 22, 23. Elmacin. pag. 332. Abul-Phar. pag. 222. Abul-Pheda per Gravium. Knoll's History of the Turks.
• (a) 1.66

  Du Cange ad calcem Cinnami, pag. 300.
• (b) 1.67

  Pag. 222. Du Cange. ibid.
• (c) 1.68

  Elmacin. lib. 3.7. pag. 331. Abul-Phar. 226, 227. Leunclav. Histor. Musul. pag 69— Niceph. Bryen. pag. 21. & Du Cange ubi supra.
• (d) 1.69

  Du Cange ad Calcem Cianam. pag. 316. Histor. Byzant. illustrat. pag. 354-358.
• * 1.70

  Elmac. pag. 342.
• (a) 1.71

  Tyrius de Bello sacro, lib. 5. & 6. Abul-phar. pag. 242.
• (b) 1.72

  Abul-phar. pag. 245, 290, 312.
• (c) 1.73

  Abul-phar. pag. 264-276. Fuller's Holy War, lib. 2. Chap. 35-& 4.19.
• (d) 1.74

  Abul-phar. p. 280-368.
• (e) 1.75

  Bizar. de reb. Perfic.
• (a) 1.76

  Supplem. ad Abul-phar. pag. 1-6.
• (b) 1.77

  Annal. Turcici. Pandect. Turcic. & Histor. Musulman. per Leunclav. Pocock Sup∣plem. ad Abul-phar. pag. 41-53.
• (c) 1.78

  Dr. Pocock Supplem. pag. 42.
• (d) 1.79

  Leunclav. Histor. pag. 78, 85, 93.
• (a) 1.80

  Narrat: Turcic. pag. 41.
• (b) 1.81

  Excerpt. e Legat. inter Histor. Byzant. pag. 106-108.
• (c) 1.82

  Pocock. Supplem. pag. 41, 42.
• (d) 1.83

  Leunclav. Hist. pag. 86.
• (a) 1.84

  Pandect. Turcic. pag. 411. Paris. edit. ad calcem Chalcondyl
• (b) 1.85

  Leunclav. Hist. 86, 87. pag.
• (c) 1.86

  Turkish History, in the Preface, and pag. 981.
• (a) 1.87

  De Emendat. Temp. lib. 2. pag. 131.
• (a) 1.88

  De Emendat. Temp. lib. 2. pag. 131.
• (b) 1.89

  Ricciol. Chronol. Reform. Tom. 1. pag. 59, 60, 146, 211. Pocock Supplem. ad A∣bul-phar. pag. 47. Crucii Turco-Graec. pag. 75. 107. Leunclav. Histor. Musulm. pag. 579. 583.
• (a) 1.90

  Laonic. Chalcondyl. pag. 202. ed. Paris.
• (a) 1.91

  Histor. August. in Alex. Sever. pag. 1019. ed. Lugd. Bat. Heliod. Aethiop. lib. 8.
• (b) 1.92

  Ricciol. Chronol. reform. Chronic. pag. 179.
• (c) 1.93

  Leunclav. Hist. pag. 296. 485.
• (d) 1.94

  Laonic. Chalcondyl. pag. 123, 124, 202, 204, 206. Crus•• Turco-Graec. pag. 9—
• (a) 1.95

  Lord Nepeir on the Revel.