A treatise of fruit-trees shewing the manner of grafting, setting, pruning, and ordering of them in all respects: according to divers new and easy rules of experience; gathered in ye space of twenty yeares. Whereby the value of lands may be much improued, in a shorttime [sic], by small cost, and little labour. Also discovering some dangerous errors, both in ye theory and practise of ye art of planting fruit-trees. With the alimentall and physicall vse of fruits. Togeather with the spirituall vse of an orchard: held-forth [sic] in divers similitudes betweene naturall & spirituall fruit-trees: according to Scripture & experie[n]ce. By Ra: Austen. Practiser in ye art of planting

Planting of Fruit-Trees, The best way of Improvement of Lands.

THE Profits of Orchards and Gardens, are very well known to many in this Nation, so that the things I hold forth to men, are not doubtfull, and questionable whe∣ther advantages will arise or noe, when they have bestowed their time, and labours about them, but Profits are as certaine (by the blessing of God) if men labour in them, as a harvest of Corne in Autumme, when the husbandman hath plowed, and sowed, in the spring or other season. Worcestershire, Herefordshire, Gloustershire, Kent, and many other parts in this Nation, can sufficiently evi∣dence the Profits of Orchards, and fruit-trees in the fieilds, and hedges: And those good Common-wealths-men, who have written of the Improvement of lands, have all agreed, that this is the highest way of improvement of any other.

M^r Blith in his Book intituled, The Improver improved, (a work doubtlesse of singular use,) hath asserted, That Planting Fruit-trees at such a distance as they cannot reach, when they have attained largest growth, they doe advantage the Land, even in respect of

Grasse, (although the common prejudice against Fruit-trees in feilds is, that they spoyle Grasse) as that some Land not being worth above 10^s, or 13^s 4^d. an Acre, the Grasse (by planting Fruit trees regularly upon it) was afterwards worth 30^s, or 40^s, or 50^s an Acre, And the Fruits upon the Trees may yeild some 3^l, some 5^l, Or some 6 or 8^l an Acre; See Pag. 262. of his Book.

And that in Kent, Essex, Surrey, Middlesex, and those parts, some Land that was not worth above 6 or 8^s the Acre, was by Nur∣series of young Trees, planting, and ordering of them, in certaine years brought to be worth 20^l an Acre, and some 40 or more.

And further, he affirmeth, that some Orchards in those parts are worth to grase Forty, or fifty shillings or 3^l an Acre, and are so let to Tenants: And the fruits of those Trees seldome yeild so little, as Double or treble the worth of the Grasse, many times five or six fold, or more, see Pag. 263. of his Book.

It may (perhaps) be objected: That Fruit-trees so planted make grasse (under, and about them) sower, that it is not so plea∣sant, and good for Cattle, as some other, where no Trees are.

It is Answered: Although it be not so pleasant altogether, as that where ther's no shade of trees, yet other advantages doe more then make amends. Its observ'd that such Grasse is earlier in the spring then upon other grounds, and that such grounds beare more, when its cut for hay, or if pastured it keeps more Cattle, then Lands of like quantity not so planted: And besides, in a hot and dry summer, ther's grasse under, and about Trees, when its burnt up in other grounds.

My advice is therefore (all these Profits and advantages consi∣dered) that men set themselves diligently to this work of Plan∣ting Fruit-trees, for improvement of their Lands and Estates. Not only, that they plant good Orchards and Gardens, but also that they Plant round about their feilds, and in their Corne, Pasture, and hay grounds, the fruit-trees at a large distance one from another 20 yards asunder, and that they suffer no branches to spread, within two yards from the ground, that so they may be out of the reach of Cattle, and may not be troublesome to workmen in plowing, sowing, reaping, and other works.

If the Plants are faire straight ones, of two yards high, or there∣abouts,

& fenced about to preserve them from Cattle at the first, (with some stakes or the like) they will in a few years preserve themselves, and will need but little labour about them after∣wards as long as they live.

And hereby men may reape every yeare two harvests, (from one, and the same peece of land) the one of Corne, the other of fruits of trees, and the latter (when trees are growne larg,) (probably) will be the greater.

And in this respect this way of improvement of Lands, is much bet∣ter then other wayes of profit; because in getting Corne, or rai∣sing profits by any other wayes of improvement, men must of necessity, bestow much mony, time, and paines about them, every yeare, which eats up a great part of their profits, but in Planting fruit-trees, the worst is at first, after a few years, they yeild great profits, with little cost and labour. So that as was said fruit-trees in a few years, with small cost, and labour; will double, and treble, the va∣lue of Lands, and after many years, the advance of Profit will be manyfold.

[Ob.] But it may be Objected, That if all should plant, then such great profits could not be made, every man would have of his own.

[Ans.] I answer: that if all should plant fruit-trees that may con∣veniently plant; yet would there be multitudes every where to buy for all that. For consider, in a great Citty, or town, what a num∣ber of people there are, who have no Lands at all, not so much as a peece of ground belonging to their house, and many others but very small quantities, these will be buyers of the husband∣mans fruits, and the wines that he makes of them.

And let us say what we will, or can, ther's many that have Lands which they might Plant, and improve to an exceeding great value, who will yet be idle, and slothfull, and object with Solomons sluggard ther's a Lyon in the way, something, or o∣ther that hinders: yet these men when they see fruits, will be as eager for them as any others, and therefore willbe very good Chapmen, to buy the Fruits of the diligent husbandman.

Objections and Discouragements Concerning Planting Answered.

BEfore I enter upon the work it selfe, it will be conve∣nient to Answere some maine Objections, to remove discouragements about this work of Planting Fruit-trees that have kept off many from this profitable imployment, & may stil hinder them unlesse remov'd. And then I will give some encou∣ragements to it from Divine, and Humane Arguments and Testimonies.

[Ob. 1] This is an Objection amongst many in the Northern parts: they say the Northerne Countries are so cold, that Fruit-trees will not prosper, nor beare fruits there.

[Ans.] To this I Answere: That although it be true that the Northern Countries lye in a more cold Clymate then Worcestershire Hereford∣shire and those fruit Countries, yet I doubt not but that if they were as diligent in planting Fruit-trees in the North parts, as men are in these, they might have store of good fruits: so that some Cautions be observed in the nature of the Trees: Its true: Cold Countries are not so fitt for choice and tender fruits, as warmer Cly∣mates, but there are diverse kinds of hardy fruits, both Apples, Pears, Cherries, which yearely experience shewes endure cold, and come to perfection, in cold springs when many other kinds are spoy∣led. Let such kinds therefore be sought for and Planted: And besides: those good husbands in those parts, who are diligent in Planting fruit-trees, have fruits answerable.

[Ob. 2] Others say, that if they should plant fruit-trees, and bestow much labour and cost about them, when they come to perfe∣ction and bearing fruits they should be rob'd of all, or most, and the Trees would be spoyled, & who would Plant to be so serv'd.

[Ans.] To this I Answere: That if there were no remedy, against this mischeife, it might indeed be a just discouragement: but this fear may be removed diverse wayes.

And I advise, having made a good fence about the Orchard, keep therein a lusty Mastiffe or two; that will not be charmed in the night time, and the terror of them would keep most from adventuring upon such an Occasion,

Secondly: some that have good Orchards watch their fruits. If a man keep 2, or 3, or more servants, they may watch in their turns,

its no great matter, if you consider for what time only it is neces∣sary, which is but from the time that fruits come to be worth get∣ting, till they be ripe: and that's not long: And consider: it is in a pleasant season of the yeare, the paines and charge would be but little to the profit: we see men are vigilant and diligent much more then this would require upon farr lesse advantages.

3. But there is a third means to keep Orchards from being rob'd, which I esteeme best of any other, It is this: I would have every man (that hath land) to plant some fruit-trees for himselfe, that so they may not be theeves to their neighbours: and let those that have much fruit; spare a part to them that have but little, or none of their own, and be no niggards but liberall to their neighbours: And this bounty will bring a double blessing, first from God to increase the fruits; secondly from men not to demi∣nish them.

But I hartily wish that such as make but a sport of robbing an Orchard, would but consider the affliction, and terrors of con∣science that seised upon good Austen,* 1.1 for this very sin of robbing an Orchard, which he was guilty of before his conversion: he confesseth it with much greife, and aggravates it with noe lesse then tenne circumstances, crying earnestly for mercy and pardon: Ecce Cor meum Deus meus, ecce Cor meum, quod miseratus es in imo abyssi. &c. When God lets loose the least sin to fight against a man and but to shew it selfe in its proper shape, it will terrifie the stoutest heart: A wounded spirit who can beare?

[Ob. 3] But there is another Objection greater then the former: Men usually say, should we plant Fruit-trees it would be so long ere they come to perfection, and bearing fruits, that our hopes would faint, before we could see profit of our labours, perhaps they would not beare fruits of Sixteene or Twenty yeares growth.

[Ans.] I Answere, that though the Objection were true, that trees Planted would be long ere they come to bearing fruits, perhaps 20 yeares or more, yet this should not discourage us: especially such as may have good hopes to enjoy the profits, and pleasures of them many years after, and then leave them to their Children and to posterity after them. But men are generally mistaken up∣on this Accompt, Fruit trees rightly ordered, will not be so long ere they beare fruits as they suppose: I shall shew a way that by Planting Fruit-trees, and ordering of them as I give di∣rections

(By the blessing of a divine hand that still attends honest labours) we may receive Profit and Pleasure from them in halfe Twenty years, yea in halfe that halfe, yea in lesse then in five years: sometimes the third, sometimes the second yeare, (of many kinds of fruit-trees) after Grafting: Experience proves it, though we must know, the fruit cannot be much, while the trees are so small, of particulars: yet a multitude of such trees will afford a multitude of fruits: A Cisterne of water is but a multitude of drops.

So then; that Fruit-trees may be planted and come to bearing fruits in 5, 4, or 3, yeares, or sooner, the meanes is shew'd at large in the ensuing worke. So that I hope this grand discourage∣ment (which hath so long and so generally kept men from this profitable work) will be remov'd.

Now (as I promis'd) I will lay down some Excitements, and Encouragements to the work of Planting fruit-trees.

Many large workes have been composed by Ancient Authors for the Instruction of the husbandman in this his principall work: And they have given this imployment many and great commen∣dations and praises, and it is accounted by them the cheifest of all earthly imployments, because of the many Profits and Plea∣sures that come by it.

And because it shall appeare what Opinion and esteeme they have had of this course of life, and with what Praises they have set it forth, I will give you the particular expressions of some of them in their own words; And then give the summe of what they have said to the plain husbandman, and others, that else could not understand them.

The Prayses of the Ancients concerning the Husbandmans course of life in Planting Fruit-trees.

Agricultura quid sit,

MIHI videtur nihil aliud esse Agriculturam quam inspectâ Plantae naturâ & Coeli & terrae eiidoneum cultum tribu∣ere, & (ut ita dicam) coelum cum terra maritare, vel societatem perquirere Coeli & terrae ad Arbores: Sed quum Coelum nullo modo queat flecti, oportet ut sedulus Agricola sitûs varietate u∣tatur, ut Coelo facilè Planta associetur.

Agricolae ad duas metas intendere debent, ad utilitatem, & voluptatem. Agricultura est Ars quae docet usuram cum terra facere. Inter omnia enim quae utilitatem simul & jucunditatem pariunt, ut ambiguum sit utilitatisne an amaenitatis plus ha∣beat. Variis fructibus delecteris, non tēpore uno, sed diversis alio renascente, alio decidente, ut unusquisque ex industriâ jucundita∣te te afficere sataget: Rami fructibus onerati pondere incur∣vantur, ac se infra decumbenti offerunt.

Asspice curvatos Pomorum pondere ramos: Ʋt sua quod peperit vix ferat Arbor onus.

O quam dulcissimum est fructus ex Arboribus quas sevisti, in∣seruisti, & coluisti, propriis manibus colligere, & Amicis, agna∣tisque jactabundus largiri. Est & alia in Arboribus delectatio, Avi∣um scilicet modulatio, ac ex variorum multitudine dulcissimus efficitur concentus: Auresque cantibus demulcent suis: Aves canoros garrulae fundunt sonos: Et semper Aures cantibus mulcent suis.

Theophrastus Hortum juxta aedes collocavit, quem moriens testamento Philosophantibus reliquit: Democritus Abderites prope hortum Cellam habuit. Palemon Atheniensis in hortis do∣cebat Laidis Cyrenei in hortis schola fuit,* 1.2 quos Attalus Rex ae∣dificavit. Quid enim hoc opere innocentibus vacantibus, & quid plenius magna consideratione prudentibus; quid majus mira∣biliusque spectaculum est, quam cum positis seminibus,* 1.3 Planta∣tis surculis, translatis Arbusculis, insitis malleolis, tanquam in∣terrogatur quaeque (vis radicis & germinis) quid possit, quid∣ve non possit, unde possit, unde non possit; cum rerum natura hu∣mana ratio quodammodo lòqui potest quid in ea valeat nume∣rorum invisibilis interiorque potentia: quid extrinsecùs adhibi∣ta diligentia, & in ipsa consideratione perspicere: quia neque qui plātat est aliquid ne{que} qui rigat, sed Deus qui dat incrementum. Mira est & inexplicabilis horti commoditas: nam si necessitatem considero Agriculturae tanto est humano generi emolumento; ut eá carere nullo modo possis; si utilitatem, inter primas non po∣strema, aut quaenam illi poterit comparari: si voluptatem dig∣nitati commistam, ea est excellentia &c.

Much more they speake in praise of this worke, which here (for brevitie sake) I shall omit.

Now that the husbandman (and every one) may understand what has been said by these Authors, and others, I will give more plainly the summe of all.

They define husbandry to be an Art teaching men lawfull u∣sury with the earth, And that it seemes cheifly to be the search∣ing, and finding out the nature of Plants and Trees, and of the Heavens and the Earth, and then to give unto Plants fit place and ordering; according to the nature of the Soyle and Climate; And, (as they say) to marrie and match together Heaven, and earth, or to procure a society, and neere fellow∣ship between heaven and earth, for the increase and benefit of Trees and Plants: But seeing that the heavens can by no means be bowed, or brought neerer to us, therefore it must be the skill, and diligence of the husbandman to place and set his Trees in such sort that the heavens may give their influence and warmth, for encrease and refreshing of them: Husbandmen ought to make Accompt of two harvests yearly, the one of Profit the other of Pleasure, for when a man hath done what is necessary for his life, and thence proceeds profit; besides all that, great Pleasure springs from that Profit: and what great∣er pleasure can there be then that which is Accompanied with Profit. Now of all estates of life the husbandman may cheifly challenge this to himselfe, yea it is questionable whether the Profit or Pleasure of his life be the greater: God when he would make the life of man Pleasant unto him, he put him in∣to an Orchard or Garden of delights, that he might labour therein with pleasure of mind: There a man is delighted with variety of Fruits of Trees, not in one season only, but in di∣verse seasons of the yeare, some young and springing forth while diverse other kinds are ready to fall with ripenesse. So that a man doth even busy himselfe with the choice of such va∣rieties. The Boughs burthened with the weight of Fruits, do bow to thee, and in a lowly manner offer their Fruits as the Poet notes.

Behold the bending Boughes, with store of Fruits they teare. And what they have brought forth, (for weight) they scarce can beare.

Oh how sweet and pleasant is the fruit of those Trees which a man hath Planted and ordered with his own hand, to gather it, and largly, and freely to bestow, and distribute it among his kindred and freinds.

Yea it is a delight to heare the pleasant tunes, and singing of Birds which with their variety of notes, make a sweet harmony and concent, and much please and allure the sence: So the Poet,

Melodious Ditties chirping Birds indite. Whose pleasant songs, our ravisht eares invite.

Theophrastus planted an Orchard close to his dwelling house, which when he died he left to students and lovers of Philosophy and wisdome, Democritus, had his Chamber neere to a garden. Many Philosophers have taught their schollers in Orchards and Gardens.

What worke is more innocent then Planting of Fruit-trees,* 1.4 and what more full of high speculations to wise men then it is: What is more wonderfull to behold then (in sowing seeds, in planting sprigs, in removing young Trees, in grafting new shoots or grafts) as it were to aske and demand with a mans selfe what by the nature and virtue of the Roots and branches may be done, or what may not be done, for what reason it may be done, or not done (seeing the nature of things may af∣ter a sort be declared by reason) what of many things is of force, and effect, by an invisible and inward power, and nature, what diligence is outwardly to be used, &c. In which consideration and search, we may see and understand these things. Yet for all that, neither he that Plants is any thing, nor he that waters, but God that gives the en∣crease.

They accompt this course of life free from many mischeifes, and and vexations, that necessarily attend other affaires: great and many cares, and troubles are found in honours, and high places, but this course of life, about Orchards and Gardens, is full of sweet rest, ho∣nest businesse, and modest pleasures, which many famous and learned men have had recourse unto for refreshment after study and other la∣bours: It is full of honest profit and gaine, and brings and administers all necessaries, here a man enjoyes pleasant quietnesse and tranquility of minde, which is seldome attained by those that follow State-Imploy∣ments: This is worthy the exercise of wise men, of good men, of lear∣ned men, of Kings and Emperours: they have taken great delight in the study and practise of these things: This course of life is farre off from covetousnesse, and even tyed and married to all Offices of love, and friendship: This is a quiet and pleasant life, worthy to be preferred be∣fore all honours and dignities: This culture of the ground, and plan∣ting and ordering of Fruit-trees, Occasions search and inquiry into many secrets profitable to men, which brings unto them ample satis∣faction

yea the excellency and worthinesse of Husbandry is surpas∣sing, it excells all other Arts, and appeares as the Lady or Mistris, they as Servants attending her. Many of the Ancients have largely declared to us the nature, and use of Plants and Trees before all o∣ther living creatures. The profit of a Garden of Fruit-trees is won∣derfull, and cannot well be declared. And if Antiquity can adde any noblenesse and worth to a thing, what imployment then before this, what more ancient then the labour of the Husbandman, Husbandmen are called Honest and good men, because of their innocent and just life. Cicero esteemed it best of all other labours, nothing more rich and profitable, nothing more delightfull, nothing more worthie a generous spirit then it: In former times those that were honoured and carried in triumph, they were not honoured with Gold, Pearles, or other such pretious things, but with the Boughs and Branches of Trees. And in their Games and exercises, who so got the Prize were crowned with Branches of certaine Trees, as the Olive, Palme, &c. Such as got the Conquest and victory of their enemies were crowned with the Lawrell, which was to them a signe of Victorie. And in their feasts they gave Crownes and Garlands of Leaves, and Branches of trees in token of mirth and pleasure: Besides, if this labour receive honour from the persons that have been conversant in it, then it is a kingly Art,* 1.5 and chiefest of all other, Cyrus King of Persia (who had all the Kingdomes of the earth given to him) was diligent and most exact in the handling of it: He planted Orchards & Gardens of Fruitt-rees with his owne hand; which when Lysander saw, he admired to see the excellent and singular order, and disposition of them: saying, O Cy∣rus, right blessed shall all men call thee, because to thy dignity, and Crowne thou hast joyned this care, and course of life.

Telephanes tilled the ground and planted Trees among his sub∣jects Elizeus Spartanus planted spacious and large Orchards, and used therein to feast and Banquet with his children and friends. Kings, Emperours, and highest powers were not ashamed to perform the workes belonging to an Orchard with their own hands: Divers Emperours of Rome had Gardens of Fruit-trees, and performed the works therein with delight:* 1.6 Dioclesian Emperour of Rome after he had reigned Twenty yeares, betooke himselfe to a private life and Planted Orchards and Gardens with his own hand, wherein he tooke such delight that he could not be intreated to take upon him againe the Goverment of the Empire: Solomon (the wisest of all Kings)

had Orchards and Gardens of Fruit-trees, and tooke pleasure in them, and spake of all Trees from the Cedar even to the Shrub.

Mascall sets out this Art with admirable praises, he saies among all sciences, and goodly exercises for men, there is none doe more refresh the spirits, nor cause more admiration in the effects of Nature, or is more profitable for mans life then is the skill of Planting and Graf∣ting. Many great Lords and Noble Personages have left their Theaters, and goodly exercises, and have given themselves to Plan∣ting and Grafting, and such like imployments, and have commended nothing more then this imployment. The Senators, Dictators, and Consuls of the Romans have commended Planting and Grafting to be one of the most florishing labours in the world for the Common wealth. Yea they did so much esteeme it, that they did hang Tables thereof in divers places, never thinking the time more aptly spent then in Planting and Grafting. Many worthy and learned men both an∣cient and of late daies have written for their Country and Common∣wealth of the fruitfull Art of Grafting and Planting.

M. Bolton saies, Vineyards, Orchards, Gardens, & such inclosed Plats, are (as it were) the Flowers, Starres, & Paradises of the Earth.

And the Lord Bacon (in his Essaies pag. 266.) saies Gardens are the purest of humane pleasures, the greatest refreshments of the spirits of man: without which Buildings and Pallaces are but grosse handiworks.

Thus have I shewed (briefly) what some of the Ancients, and some late writers have said, and esteemed of Fruit-trees, and of the Husbandmans course of life, and imployments about them.

I will now say something more of the dignity and value of Fruit-trees, and of the Art of Planting from Divine and humane Arguments and Testimonies, and after that I shall enter upon the worke it selfe.

Though it be absurd for a man to commend himselfe, yet he may commend his Calling, and profession: Paul would not boast of himselfe, yet saith he Rom: 11.13. I magnifie myne Office. Suffer me therefore (for Encouragment to all in the worke,) to say something in praise of Fruit-trees, and of the imployment a∣bout them, it being a worke so full of Profits and Pleasures in the life of man: The works of God are laudable, & have a Dignity upon them, & ought to be taken notice of, praised, & admired, not for themselves, but for the Author, that he through, & by them, may have the more praise. Psal. 111.3. His worke is worthy to be praised, and had in honour.

Arguments of the dignity of Fruit-trees and Art of Planting.

[Argument: 1] ONE Divine Argument of the dignitie, and value of Plants, Fruit-trees, and the Art of Planting may be this.

It was Adams imployment in his innocency to keepe, and order the Garden of Fruit-trees, Gen. 2.15. And the Lord God put him into the Garden of Eden to dresse it, and to keep it.

God, who is wisdome it selfe, saw that a Garden of Fruit-trees was the meetest place upon all the Earth, for Adam to dwell in, even in his state of perfection: And therein assigned him an im∣ployment for his greater delight, and pleasure: so that this imploy∣ment, as it is ancient, so it is honourable.

* 1.7Augustin is of opinion, that this dressing of the Garden, was as well an exercise of the hand, as of the mind, not with toylesome∣nesse & trouble, but with delight, & pleasure. Non erat laboris affli∣ctio, sed exhileratio voluntatis, quum ea quae Deus creaverat, humani operis adjutorio, Laetius, feracius{que} provenirent, unde Creator ipse uberius laudaretur. That things created in the Garden, by his la∣bour, might be made more fruitfull, and God thereby have the more glory.

The second Divine Argument is this.

[Argument: 2] Plants were the first animate bodies that God created: And fruits of Trees were the first food that was given to man, and for ought we read, the only food he then had.

And God said, behold I have given you every hearb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the Earth, and every Tree in which is the fruit of a Tree yeelding seed, to you it shall be for meat, Gen. 1.29.

[Argument: 3] Another Divine Argument is from examples in Scrip∣ture of Planting Fruit-trees, and of the use of Orchards and Gardens.

* 1.8First: God (blessed for ever) planted an Orchard, or Garden of Fruit-trees, Gen. 2 8. And the Lord God planted a garden Eastward in Eden, and there he put the man whom he had formed.

God planted a fruit garden; That is, as good Authors agree, He∣caused a parcell of ground to bring forth Plants and Trees most ex¦quisite

and usefull for man, and enriched that place with more fruit∣fulnesse and beauty, then any other part of the Earth, and called it EDEN, that is, a place of Pleasures.

And at this day,* 1.9 this Region of Eden (afterwards called Meso∣potamia) is exceeding fruitfull, being in the best Climate 35 de∣grees from the Equinoctiall, and 55. from the North-pole, in which Climate the most excellent fruits, Oyles, Graines, &c. are found.

[Example. 2] Secondly, we have for our Example herein that good, and ho∣ly man who found grace in the sight of God, when all the world (save a few with him) perisht Gen. 9.20. And Noah began to bee an husbandman, and he planted a Vineyard, Or as some conceive, he began to prune and dresse the plants that were set before the Flood, and to order them that they might yeeld their fruits.

[Example. 3] Thirdly, We have for our example herein the friend of God, faithfull Abraham Gen. 21.33. And Abraham planted a Grave in Beersheba, and called there on the name of the Lord, the everlasting God.

Of the fitnesse of these shades by Arbours, Seats, & close walks, in Orchards for contemplation, and private exercises, I shall speak hereafter.

[Example. 4] Fourthly, King Ʋzziah delighted in this imployment 2. Chro. 26.10. Ʋzziah had husbandmen and dressers of Vines in the Moun∣taines and in Carmell, for he loved husbandry.

This King raigned a long time in Ierusalem over Iuda, fifty and two yeares.

[Example. 5] Fiftly, King Solomon a great, and wise King Eccl. 2.4. tooke pleasure herein, (and though we may not follow him in any im∣moderation, and excesse, yet there is a lawfull, and warrantable use of these delights Vers. 4.5. I made me great workes, I builded me houses, I planted me Vineyards, I made me gardens, and Orchards, and I planted in them Trees of all kind of fruits.

[Example. 6] Sixtly, For the use of an Orchard and Garden, we have the ex∣ample of the Mirror of Chastity, Virtuous Susanna. It was her cu∣stome to work in a garden, as we see in the History vers. 7.8. Su∣sanna went into her husbands garden to walke, the two Elders saw her going in every day, and walking.

[Example. 7] Seaventhly, The people of Israel (by a speciall command from God) made use of Arbours and shady places, in their great Feasts: Nehem. 8:14.15. It was published and proclaimed in all their cities,

and in Jerusalem saying, Goe forth unto the Mount and fetch Olive Branches and Pine Branches and Mirtle branches, and Branches of thick-Trees, to make Boothes, So they made these Boothes upon the Rooffes of their houses, and in their Courts, and in the Court of the house of God, and in the streets; and they sate under these Boothes and there was very great gladnesse.

[Example. 8] Eightly, For the use of an Orchard, or Garden, we have the ex∣ample of our blessed Saviour, whose custome it was to walke in a Garden, Jo. 18. 1. When Jesus had spoken these words he went over the Brooke Cedron where was a Garden; into which he entred with his disciples, we see he often came to this Garden, for Judas observed it was his custome to goe to it. v. 2. Judas knew the place, for Jesus often times resorted thither with his disciples.

[Argument: 4] Another Divine Argument of the Dignity, and value of Fruit-trees, and art of Planting, is from the frequent use of Similitudes betweene the Church of God and Fruit-trees, and betweene our Saviour and Fruit-trees.

Fruit-trees beare the figure and resemblance of many high and great Mysteries held forth to us in Parables, Tropes, Allegories, which represent Morall, and Spirituall things. under the shape & figure of these corporeall things.

[Similitude 1] One Similitude is betweene the Church and a Vineyard: Esay. 5.1.2. My beloved had a Vineyard in a very fruitfull Hill. vers. 2. And he fenced it, and gathered out the stones thereof and plan∣ted it with the choice Vine &c: And he looked that it should bring forth grapes &c.

[Similitude 2] Secondly, the Prophet David useth the Similitude of a fruitfull tree to expresse the Condition of a Godly man. Psal: 1.3. He shall be like a Tree planted by the Rivers of Waters, that bringeth forth his fruit in due season, his Leafe also shall not wither and looke whatsoever he doth it shall prosper. So againe Jer: 17.8. He shall be as a Tree planted by the waters, and that spreadeth out her Roots by the River, and shall not see when Heate commeth, but her Leafe shall be greene, and shall not be carefull in the yeare of Drought neither shall cease from yeelding fruit.

[Similitude 3] Another Similitude our Saviour useth to expresse the Condi∣tion of his Church drawne from the Vine. Jo. 15.1. I am the true Vine and my Father is the husbandman: every branch in me that beareth not fruit he taketh away, and every branch

that beareth fruit he purgeth it, that it may bring forth more fruit, as the Branch cannot beare fruit of it selfe except it abide in the Vine, no more can yee except yee abide in me, Vers 4.

[Similitude. 4] Another Similitude is between Naturall and Mysticall Graf∣ting, Rom: 11.17. Concerning the calling of the Gentiles, and re∣jection of the Jewes for a time. If some of the Branches be broken off, and thou being a wild Olive tree were grafted in amongst them, & with them partakest of the root and fatnesse of the Olive tree, Ver. 23. And they also if they abide not still in unbeliefe shall be grafted in, for God is able to graft them in againe, Vers. 24. For if thou wert cut out of the Olive tree, which is wild by nature, and wert grafted (contrary to nature) into a good Olive tree, how much more shall these which bee the naturall branches be grafted into their own Olive tree.

[Similitude. 5] Fiftly, The condition of the Church is figuratively & by Alle∣gories described by Solomon in his Songs, Chap. 4 12.13. And a∣mongst other figures and resemblances there us'd, one is taken from an Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees. A garden inclosed is my sister, my spouse. Thy Plants are an orchard of Pomegranates, with pleasant fruits. And againe, the Church compares Christ to a fruit-tree, Ch. 2.3. Like the Apple-tree among the trees of the wood, so is my beloved among the sonnes: I sate downe under his shadow with great delight, and his fruit was sweet to my tast.

[Similitude. 6] Sixtly, A Fruit-tree beares the figure and resemblance of our Saviour Christ in the description of Spirituall Paradice Revel. 22 2. In the midst of the street of it, and of either side of the River was there the tree of life, which bore twelue manner of fruits, and yeelded her fruits every month, and the Leaves of the Tree were for the hea∣ling of the Nations. And againe Chap. 2.7. To him that over∣commeth I will give to eat of the tree of life, which is in the midst of the Paradice of God.

Concerning Similitudes between Materiall and Mysticall Fruits, see the Observations.

[Argument: 5] Another Divine Argument may be this.

God hath threatned to withhold his blessing in these things, if we doe not obey him, and hath in displeasure often deprived men of the same for their disobedience, which proves them to be of value and worth: for when God is displeased with a people, or particular persons, and will shew it by some correction, that hee may bring them to repentance, he doth it not by withholding, or taking from them some small matters, that they can easily spare without griefe or trouble, for that would worke no effect, but by withholding or depriving them of something that's precious, and deare to them, the want, or losse of which, will sad the heart: which course God hath observed with people, concerning these particular blessings. As apeares.

1 This was part of two of the tenne Plagues, wherewith Aegypt was punished, Exod. 9.55. The haile brake every tree of the field. And as the Prophet David hath it, Ps 78.48. He destroyed their Vines with haile, and their Mulbery trees with frost: and Psal: 105.33. He smote their Vines also, and Fig-trees: and Ex: 10. 5. Lo∣custs did eat all the Fruit of the trees which the haile had left.

2 Secondly, Among the signes of Gods displeasure against Is∣raell: this is one, Amos, 4 9. I have smitten your Fruit-trees, &c. yet have you not returned unto me, saith the Lord.

3 Thirdly: The Prophet calls to mourning, Joel, 1.12. For, The Vine is dried up, the Figtree languisheth, the Pomegranate tree, the Palme tree also, and the Apple tree, even all the trees of the field are withered, because joy is withered from among the sonnes of men.

4 Fourthly: God in displeasure for sin tells them, Deut. 28.39 4. Thou shalt plant Vineyards and dresse them, but shalt neither drink of the wine, nor gather the grapes for the wormes shall eat them. Thou shalt haue Olive trees throughout all thy coasts, but shalt not anoint thy selfe with Oyle: for thine Olive shall cast her fruit: And God bids Moses tell the people, if they would not obey, their land should not yeeld their increase, neither should the trees of the land yeeld their fruits. The like againe, Zeph, 1.13. Amos 5.11. Esay, 17, 10. Hosea, 2.12.

[Argument: 6] Another Divine Argument may be this.

God hath promised these things as blessings to such as obay him, & from time to time performed it: Not to be look't upon as things of light, and triviall consequence, but to be considered as strong en∣gagements to obedience. When God hath beene well pleased with a Nation, or particular persons he hath often shewed it (a∣mong other tokens of his love) by multiplying the fruits of their trees, encouraging them to plant Fruit-gardens, and promising his blessing thereon. As we see.

1 God (by his Prophet) encourages his people in Babylon to build, and to plant, Jer: 29.5. Build yee houses, and dwell in them, and plant gardens and eat the fruits of them.

2 And in the promise of their returne, this was one of the blessings God would bestow on them, Amos, 9.14. And I will bring againe the captivity of my people Israell, and they shall build the wast citties and inhabite them, and they shall plant Vineyards, and drinke the wine thereof, they shall also make gardens and eat the fruit of them.

3 Thirdly, When they came into Canaan that pleasant land, this is mentioned as one of the blessings, Neh: 9.25. They possessed houses full of all goods, wells digged, Vineyards and Oliveyards, and fruit-trees in abundance.

4 And among the showers of blessings (as the Prophet calls them) this is one, Ezek: 34.27. The tree of the field shall yeeld her fruit. And Ezek: 36.29. I will multiply the fruit of the Tree. The like of many other places, Mal: 3.10.11. Joel. 2.21.22. Levit: 26.3.4. Esay 65.21.22. Levit. 19.23. &c.

And thus much of the sixt Divine Argument from the promises of God, and performance of them, in these things to his people.

[Argument: 7] Another Divine Argument of the Dignitie and value of Fruit-trees, and the art of planting, is from two generall commands given by the Apostle Paul, which though they mention not these things in explicite and plaine tearmes, yet they are commended to us by plaine and cleare implication, and deduction: for as out of generall promises we may draw, and deduct particulars, and make applica∣tions from them; So also from generall commands and directions.

The first Command is that of Paul in his Epistle to Titus Ch. 3.14. Let ours also learne to maintaine good workes for necessary uses, that they be not unfruitfull: here's a generall Command, out of which one particular may be derived for the present purpose.

The Apostle here, by Good workes, meanes good works as they are towards the maintenance of the Commonwealth, or a particular Family with necessary commodities and usefull things, as Ho∣nest Trades, and imploiments, as the Margent renders it.

Now it is cleare, this worke and imployment of Planting Fruit-trees, is a good worke for necessary uses, seeing the life of man may by it be maintained with so many necessaries belonging to it: See Profits of an Orchard,

This being so, the Apostle (then) bids us learne to doe it, as if he should say, get some skill in it, and be doing, then uphold & main∣taine it.

The second generall Command is that which the Apostle writes to the Philippians, Chap. 4 8. Whatsoever things are True: whatsoe∣ver things are Honest: whatsoever things are Just: whatsoever things are Pure: whatsoever things are Lovely: whatsoever things are of Good Report: if there be any Virtue, if there be any Praise, thinke on these things.

Now it is easily for a man to speake of many particular Im∣ployments, which have upon them the Characters and Marks here mentioned: but of all of them, I know not one (except Divine Imployments) that hath these Marks so clearely stampt upon it, as this Imployment of the husbandman in Planting Fruit-trees. This imployment answers exactly to the Apostles Rule, as it were face answering face in the glasse: for what particular labour is more honest, more iust, more pure: more lovely: of better Report: what hath more Vertue, vvhat hath more Praise then it: See vvhat hath been said in the Praise and good report of it, and the rest of the Properties, at large: already mentioned.

Novv this being so, then we ought to follow the Apostles Command: If there be any Vertue, if there be any Praise (saith he) thinke on these things. The words are very Emphaticall: whatsoe∣ver, and if there be any praise. His meaning is, whatsoever the vvork be, though mean in the eye of the vvorld, yet, if there be but any one of these Characters and Marks upon it, it is vvorthy to be follovved, then hovv much more vvhen it has them All, & that so eminently, as that every eye sees them. Think on these things, saith he, first, to search out vvhat works and imployments are markt vvith these Characters: and then, think on such to like, and chuse them, to set about them, to follovv them, and make such

things our professions for the praise of God, and profit of men.

And so much for the seaventh Divine Argument.

[Argument: 8] Another divine Argument, is from Gods command for the pre∣servation of fruit-trees: He layes a speciall charge upon men for their safty and preservation, as vve see, Deut: 20.19 20. When thou shalt besiege a citty, long time in making war against it, to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof, by forcing an Axe against them, for thou maist eat of them, and thou shalt not cut them downe, to further thee in the siege, for the tree of the fielde is mans life, Vers: 20. Onely the trees which thou knowest that they be not trees for meat, thou shalt destroy, and cut them downe, and thou shalt build Bulwarks against the citty that maketh war with thee untill it be subdued. Although this Scripture may be taken in an Allegoricall sence, as signifying to us Gods care of Mysticall Fruit-trees, his people: being Trees of righteousnesse of the Lords planting: yet the same may also bee taken in a litterall sence, and as som godly men conceive, is a po∣sitive binding Law even at this day.

We see God ingeminates, & repeats his charge to preserve the Fruit-trees, being trees for food, and nourishment of mans life, they must not be destroyed, though it were on so great an occasion as to further the siege against their enimies. He leaves other trees, such as are not trees for meat, such as beare no fruits, to be cut down and destroyed, as they have use for them in the war, but they must not spoyle, nor meddle with the Fruit-trees.

I have discovered these Divine Arguments of the dignity, and value of fruit-trees, and the art of planting, to stir up, & encourage men to so good a work, to a work of so great, and many advan∣tages to the Commonwealth.

And because Humane Arguments, are likewise prevalent with men, observe them also for further encouragement.

The first Humane Argument* 1.10 of the dignity and value of Fruit-trees, and the art of planting is from Presidents, or Examples of wise and learned men, of great and good men in former ages, who have practised this Art.

Examples either in Virtue or Vice, are powerfull with men, (e∣specially Examples of great ones)

Brevius iter per exempla, quàm per praecepta.

Its much easier to prevaile with people by Examples, then by Precepts, or Rules. And if Examples of great ones, even in things

evill, are so powerfull, as they are with most men, how much more then should they be prevalent in honest, & vertuous things: so that herein is a double inducement, the Example, and the Ver∣tue: here is a twofold Argument concurrent and met in this im∣ployment of planting fruit-trees: Presidents, and those of the highest; Philosophers, Kings, and Emperours. Secondly, Vertue, & that of the chiefest Nature that secular Imployments have in them.

So then observe some Examples recorded by ancient Authors in this imployment of planting Fruit-trees.

* 1.11Plures excellentis doctrinae viri, & Philosophandi studio, &c. Many famous and learned men (saith he) studious in Philosophy, have delighted in this course of life, and found therein abundance of pleasure, and contentment.

* 1.12Si dignitas Agriculturae accedit ex iis qui eam tractaverint Re∣galis Ars & dignissima erit. If the dignity and esteeme of this Art may be drawne from those who have been conversant in it, then it is a Kingly Art, and chiefest of all others

Reges & Imperatores summos{que} Magistratus, &c.

• Cyrus King of Persia.
• Philometrus King of Asia.
• Heronus King of Asia.
• Archelaus King of Asia.
• Attalus King of Asia.
• Evax and Avicen: Kings of Arabia.
• Solomon King of Israel
• ...Telaphanus.
• ...Antonius Pius.
• ...Elizeus.
• ...Numa.
• ...Sportanus.
• ...Alcinous.
• Mithridates the great.
• Alexander the great.
• Dioclesian, Emperour of Rome, And many others.

Kings, Princes, Roman Empe∣rours and the highest powers on earth, have not disdained to per∣forme the works of an Orchard with their own hands, and taken delight therein.

Mascall saies: Many great Lords and Noble personages, have left their Theaters, and goodly ex∣ercises, and have given themselves to Planting and Grafting, and have accounted nothing of higher commendation.

The second Humane Argument* 1.13 of the dignity & value of Fruit-trees and the art of planting, is from the praises of ancient and late writers, and the suffrage, or generall consent of all people.

Works & imployments that have the praise but of some per∣sons only, we cannot conclude the worth and dignity thereof from such praises, because selfe and sinister ends may sway in the minds of such: but those imployments that have the Praise of all, and where there is a concurrence, and consent of minds in all peo∣ple in the praise thereof, (of the Good, as wel as the bad, of the Lear∣ned as well as the unlearned, of the Wise, as well as the unwise) these probably are good and vertuous.

Now this art and imployment of planting Fruit-trees, hath the joynt and unanimous consent, not only of the greatest persons of the world, but likewise of all persons in the world, ther's none hath ill will towards it, none hath any thing to say against it, but all, without ecception, give it their good word and speake in the praise of it.

If men doe but speake of it, they'l commend it, and say, its a goodly imployment, its both a pleasant and profitable worke, its good for a Commonwealth, it enriches whole Countries, to this purpose men usually speake of it: what ancient and late writers have said in the praise of it may be seen, pag. 8, 9, 10, &c.

And for the second Humane Argument thus much.

The third Humane Argument* 1.14 of the dignity and value of Fruit trees and the art of planting is Argumentum ab utili, from the Profits that are receav'd thereby.

Let us see then what Profits may be had from an Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees.

Profits arise from an Orchard many waies:* 1.15 one way is to a mans Estate: and that in two respects: first, in respect of house-kee∣ping, and provision for his family all the year.e

Secondly in respect of sale.

Such as have good Orchards knowe by experience that they are very profitable for meat, and drink all the yeare-long, many good dishes they make of Fruits, and many wholsome and plea∣sant drinks, Syder, Perry, Cherry-Wines, &c. which are not barely nourishing but have other speciall properties, they moderately coole and refresh the spirits in heat of Sommer; and besides they keep the body from grosse and superfluous humours, and carry downe the seeds of diseases, which else would lodge and grow in the body, and at length spring out to the preiudice of health.

Of the healthfulnesse of these Liquors, See the use of Fruits.

* 1.16Secondly, Fruit-trees are profitable to the Husbandman in respect of sale of the fruits, when a man has more then he can spend in his house, especially to such as live neare some great Towne or Citty, where they have vent at pleasure. The Poet saw the Profits of an Orchard when he said

Non illi deerat, quod pauperis exigit usus, Interdum locuples à paupere multa petebat.

The Orchard doth with fruit the poore supply, With which he doth the wealthie gratify.

The Profits of an Orchard once come to good perfection (doth exceed the profits of Corne (upon like quantity of ground) many times over. As hath been computed and set down by those that (I suppose) well knew the value of both. And touching Profits to the Estate thus much.

* 1.17Secondly, An Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees, and Imploy∣ments about the same, is profitable to the body, first in respect of health: secondly in respect of long life.

* 1.18What is a greater earthly blessing then perfect health of body, some have said valetudo est summum bonum: Health is the chiefest earthly good thing: what will not men doe for health: they will set body and mind & all on work for health: they will part with friends, house and lands, silver and gold, and all for health.

Now health is preserved: first, by moderate and seasonable exer∣cise, in the Orchard the labour that preserves health must not be too violent,* 1.19 it must be but ad ruborem, non adsudorem, as some ad∣vise: to bring the body to a temperate and gentle heat, not to immoderate sweating.

The Lord Bacon adviseth to exercise causing rather perspiration then sweating, and saies further, that an idle life doth manifestly make the flesh soft and dissipable, but robust exercise, so it be without overmuch sweating, and wearinesse) maketh it hard and compact, which advanceth health.

Secondly, Health is preserved by fresh & wholsome Ayres which in heat of sommer is found in Arbors, Seats, and Walks in the gar∣den of Fruit-trees. The aforesaid Author tells us the ayre in som∣mer is predatory and hurtfull through the heat of the sun, and therefore ought (as much as may be) to be excluded from the body. Now there is no fresh wholsome ayres, and coole shades to be found any where in sommer season, better then these in the Or∣chard, or garden of Fruit-trees so the Poet

Opaca prebent arbores umbracula, Prohibent{que} densis fervidum solem comis.

Green Canopies the shady trees us lend Gainst schorching sun, boughs thick, whilst they extend.

Thirdly, Health is preserv'd, by pleasant and wholsome Odors, and perfumes found in the Garden of Fruit-trees, all the spring and sommer, by digging the Earth, and from the Leaves and blossomes of Trees:

Lo: Ba: tells us, the vapors of fresh earth by digging, con∣dense and refresh the spirits.* 1.20

And that Leaves of trees falling towards the middle of Autumne, yeild a good refreshing to the spirits.

But the most pleasant and wholsome Odors, are from the blos∣somes of all the Fruit-trees, which having in them a conden∣sing and cooling property are therefore, not simply Healthfull, but are accompted Cordiall; chearing and refreshing the Heart and vitall spirits.

Now the spirits (as this Author observes) are the Master∣workemen in the body,* 1.21 and as the uppermost Wheele which turneth about the other wheeles in the body, and therefore whatsoever is Healthfull and refreshing to the spirits, works (powerfully) good effects in the body: And that speedily and suddenly: as the Author saies Vapors and Affections worke compendiously upon the spirits.* 1.22

Of the Healthfullnesse of Odors see more at Large, in the title Pleasure of the sense of smell in a Garden:

Fourthly: Health is preserved by wholsome meats and drinks all the yeare from the Garden of Fruit-trees.

The spirits of the body in sommer stand in need of cooling & condensing, & what meats and drinks more proper for that pur∣pose then dishes and drinks of the fruits of an Orchard. They are both Alimentall and Physicall: they cure diseases and preserve health: discharging the body of the beginnings, and seeds of ma∣ny diseases.

* 1.23Secondly: A Garden of Fruit-trees is profitable to the body in respect of Long life.

How much have men valued long life, in all ages of the world, what strange courses have some taken to extend their life to a great length: some have liv'd in Caves and Rocks, and sequestred themselves from society with men, and betaken themselves to a strict Monasticall course, that they might stretch out their life, and be said to live.

Yea amongst Christians who though they desire to be dissol∣ved and to be with Christ. Yet in some respects long life is to be accompted a blessing, and is set before us as an encouragement to obedience: as we see Deut. 32.47. The feare of the Lord is your life,* 1.24 and through this yee shall prolong your daies. And Prov. 3.1.2. My sonne keep my Commandements for length of daies, and long life shall they adde to thee: the like in many other places. Now I say: An Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees is profitable to the body for Long life: and that in severall respects.

All these foure last mentioned meanes for Health, the same likewise conduce and are profitable to long life: wherein lies ano∣ther part of their excellency and worth: for as the Lord Bacon observes:* 1.25 some things are profitable for an healthfull life, but are not good for long life, but all these conduce as well to long life, as to health: so that Moderate exercise, 2, fresh Ayres. 3, pleasant Odors. 4. Wholsome meats and drinks, (which are all had in an Or∣chard or Garden of Fruit-trees, are (also) all profitable to long life.

* 1.26The foresaid Author saies: The spirits are the master workmen of all the effects in the body, and therefore in the intention of long life ought to be first placed.

So then: whatsoever worketh upon the spirits for their refre∣shing, and vigor, is profitable to long life.

The operation upon the spirits, and their waxing fresh and vi∣gorous,

is the most ready, and compendious way to Long life.* 1.27 Now an Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees, and imployments therein, worke upon the spirits for their refreshing two waies,

• First by the Organs of the Body.
• Secondly, by the Affections of the Minde.

Touching the first, The operation upon the spirits through the Or∣gans of the body, see at large in the pleasure of the five senses.

Concerning the operation upon the spirits by the Affections of the minde, I shall here speake, and mention only three Affections of the minde which worke powerfully upon the spirits, condu∣cing to long life.

One Affection of the Minde which works effectually upon the spirits for Long life is Hope.* 1.28

The Lord Bacon saies Hope is most beneficiall of all the Af∣fections, and doth much to the Prolongation of life: if it be not too often frustrated, but entertaineth the fancy with an expectation of good, therefore (saith he) they which fix and propound to themselves something as the marke, and scope of their life, and continually, and by degrees, goe forward in the same, are for the most part long lived, & Hope is as a Leafe-joy which may be beaten out to a great extension like gold.

Now the diligent Husbandman in this art of planting Fruit-trees, has good and sure grounds for Hope, not only from many Promises in the word, but likewise subordinate grounds from Rea∣son and Experience. This Hope is sowen with the seeds of his Fruits, and springs up with them, and so from yeare to yeare his Hope growes and increaseth with his Fruit-trees: He saies be∣fore him, and considers what great Profits and Pleasures are com∣ming towards him, he sees by experience, what a plentifull har∣vest of Profits and Pleasures others receave from Orchards and Gardens of Fruit-trees, which are as fuell, or food to nourish and feed Hope, and hold it in strength and vigor, and when he begins to receive Profits and Pleasures from his Fruit-trees, these re∣fresh Hope, and make it grow from strength to strength with his Fruit-trees, and thus from yeare to yeare Hope is continued and increased, and all this while the spirits are refreshed, as Hope is refreshed, and are kept thereby vigorous and strong, and in a pleased temper and condition, and being the Master-workmen in the body, or first wheele (as the Author saies) they worke upon

all the parts of the body, for Prolongation of life.

And so much concerning the operation upon the spirits by Hope.

* 1.29Another Affection of the minde which in this imployment works upon the spirits for long-life is Joy.

The foresaid Author saies: That this Affection of Ioy works so powerfully on the spirits,* 1.30 that some great Ioyes comming suddenly, & unexpectedly, doe overmuch attenuate, and diffuse the spirits. But now ther's no danger of the suddennesse of Ioy in these things, where∣by to raise and overmuch diffuse the spirits, for such things as cause Ioy in the imployment of planting Fruit trees, are expected and waited for, and Hope prepares the way for Ioy. Ioy is a cleare shining beautifull affection, and rises some degrees higher then Hope: Ioy in the use of earthly things is lawfull in its season ther's a time to rejoyce, as well as a time to mourne, And there is a lawfull joy in harvest, in gathering in the fruits of the Earth, Esay 9.3. It is commanded and allowed of God: Deut. 12.16. Thou shalt rejoyce before the Lord thy God in all that thou puttest thine hand unto. And againe, Deut. 16.15. Because the Lord thy God shall blesse thee in all thy encrease, and in all the workes of thine hands, therefore thou shalt surely rejoyce. A Christian may rejoyce in the Lord, in the use of earthly blessings. And in this imployment of Planting Fruit-trees there are many grounds and occasions of rejoycing: The joy of the Husbandman is not a flash and so away, but it is a setled and habituall joy: and is renued from time to time, which is the very thing the aforesaid Author speaks of, in giving instructions concerning Long-life. This life (saies he) (as much as may be) is so to be ordered that it may have many renovations,* 1.31 and the spirit by continuall conversing in the same actions, may not waxe dull.* 1.32 And againe. One thing above all is gratefull to the spirits, that there be a continuall progresse to the more benigne, and no doubt (saith he) it furthereth Long life,* 1.33 to have all things from our youth to our elder age, mend, and grow to the better.

Now this imployment of Planting Fruit-trees is above all humane arts, most sutable to these Rules: whereby this Affecti∣on of joy is kept fresh and vigorous, which also keepes the spirits cheerefull and lively: for herein are many renovations, and a con∣tinuall progresse to the more benigne, and things mending and grow∣ing to the better. Ioy is continually renued from yeare to yeare, yea, in divers seasons of the yeare, there are fresh and new joyes.

In the spring of the yeare joy springs afresh in beholding the seeds, and young Grafts and Plants spring forth vigorously and strongly. And the buds and blossomes breathing forth pretious & pleasant Odors, rejoyce and delight the inward and outward sences, promising a plentifull Harvest of Fruits in Autumne, and all the Sommer long joy is cherished, with coole fresh ayres, singing of Birds, sight of abundance of Fruits, burd'ning all the Trees, deligh∣ting the Eye with their beautifull formes & colours, & in Au∣tumne joy is renued againe with a rich and plentifull Harvest of Fruits. And all the Winter long joy is nourished and fed with a free use of all the Fruits, & Wines, & Delicates made of them. So here's a succession of joyes, one following on the neck of an∣other, whereby the spirits are still kept in a cheerfull temper, and condition, and so work powerfully on the grosser parts of the body conducing to Long-life.

Concerning the lawfulnesse of rejoycing in earthly blessings, with a Caution: See afterwards.

Another Affection of the Minde which (in this imployment) works powerfully upon the spirits for Long life is admiration.* 1.34

The Lord Bacon saies: Admiration and light Contemplation, are very powerfull to the Prolongation of life. This affection ascends a step higher then the other two, for as joy rises higher then Hope, so Admiration higher then joy.

It is our duty to Admire God in his works, which is a steppe higher them simply to praise him: when we look upon the works of a skilfull Artificer and commend it, it is for his credit, but when we admire, and wonder at it; this is a higher commendati∣on. The holy Prophet would have us search out, & wonder at the works of God, Ps. 111.2. The works of the Lord are great, sought out of all them that have pleasure therein, Ver: 3. his work is honoura∣ble and glorious, and he calls us to this duty of admiration: O come hither and behold the works of God, how wonderfull he is in his doings! Ps: 111.4. He hath so done his Marveilous workes that they ought to be had in remembrance.

Now in this Imployment of planting Fruit-trees, are many things to be seen, and understood to cause admiration, which works effectually upon the spirits for Long-life.

Baptist: Port. speaking of the wonderfull effects of Grafting, saies,* 1.35 it is an admirable Art, and the chiefest part of the husbandmans worke.

Artem infitionis admirabilem esse ac totius Agriculturae nobilissi∣mam partem, voluptuosam, utilem, &c. When he considers the strange effects of Grafting, he falls a wondring, O mira insitionis potestas, &c. And Mizaldus speaking of grafting, saies, Insitionis ope artificiosa, multa ad stuporem us{que} miranda fieri: many things may be done even to admiration.

Austin wonders at these things. Quid majus mirabiliús{que} spe∣ctaculum est, quam cum positis seminibus, plantatis surculis &c. In exiguo grano mirabilior, praestantior{que} vis est &c. What more strange things are to be seene in Nature, then in sowing seeds, setting, & graf∣ting young plants, and such like works. In a small seed there is a won∣derfull and admirable power and vertue,

Many strange things may be found in this imployment.

[ 1] Will it not cause admiration to consider that a huge and mighty body, (the biggest of all bodies whatsoever that have life) does arise of a small kernell or seed, that that seed should con∣taine in it (virtually, or potentially) a great Tree, with all the pro∣perties of it, and retaine its nature exactly in every particular.

[ 2] Will it not cause Admiration to see goodly, wholsome, and beautifull fruits, come forth of rough, and crooked Trees, espe∣cially to observe the manner of their comming forth, the care that nature takes to secure and preserve the seed of the Fruit, with the Buds, Blossomes, Skin, & substance of the fruits, with the Core, Stones, or shells, and also with the leaves of the Trees.

[ 3] Will it not cause Admiration, to consider that the nature, and properties of a great tree, are inclosed, and lye in every small twig, yea, in every Bud of the tree, even in the least Bud, yea in the Root of that least Bud, which Bud being set on a small Plant (ac∣cording to Art) will grow to a Tree in all respects like to that whence it was taken.

[ 4] Will it not cause Admiration to consider how many severall substances are made of one simple substance for of the Sap of Trees is made the Barke, Wood, Pith, Leaves, Buds, Blossomes, Stalke, Fruit, and Seed.

[ 5] Will it not cause Admiration to consider that Grafts or Buds, set upon Wild stocks, such as naturally bring forth sower, harsh, and naughty fruits. And though the Grafts and Buds, be nouri∣shed by that harsh and different sap, and receive all their sub∣stance, and grouth from it, that yet these Grafts, and Buds should

retaine their own natures, and not be altered into the nature of the stock whereon they grow, but have power to digest, change, and assimilate this harsh, and sower sap into their own sweet & pleasant natures, and bring forth fruits accordingly.

[ 6] Will it not cause Admiration to see little small Plants (of but two yeares old) and some but of one yeare, if grafted) to hang full of fruits, and to be able to beare them forth to their natural bignesse, and goodnesse, and notwithstanding make a large and sufficient grouth the same yeare.

[ 7] Will it not cause Admiration to see the busie and industrious Bees to gather Hony even from the flowers, or blossomes of bit∣ter Almond-trees, and other flowers and Plants that to our sence, are bitter, and unpleasant.

[ 8] Will it not cause Admiration to see very many, and very great fruits hang upon only one small and slender twig.* 1.36 A great Au∣thor notes it for a strange thing, that all the nourishment which produceth (sometimes) such great fruits, should be forced to passe through so narrow necks, as the stalk of the Fruit.

But may it not be accounted a more strange thing to see five or six, or more, faire and large fruits to hang upon a slender twig little bigger then the stalke of each particular fruit growing on it.

[ 9] Will it not cause Admiration to see one Tree hang full of dif∣ferent, and severall kinds of fruits, as an Apple-tree withall, or ma∣ny kinds of Apples or a Cherry tree, with all or many kinds of Cherries so of other kinds of trees. To see one tree hang full of fruits different in their Formes, Colours, leaves, & Blossomes, which may be done by Grafting, or Inoculating, so many severall kinds of Buds, or Grafts upon one tree.

[ 10] VVill it not cause Admiration to stand upon a Mount in the midst of a faire large Orchard in the spring time, and to behold round about a multitude of severall sorts of Fruit-trees, full of beautifull Blossomes, different in their shapes and colours, ravishing the sence with their sweet Odors, and within a while, turned in∣to faire and goodly fruits of divers Colours and Kinds, the fruit-trees gorgeously array'd with green leaves, and various colour'd fruits, and with so many pretious Jewels, and Pearles.

And thus much touching the operation upon the spirits in or∣der to Long-life, by these three Affections, Hope, Ioy, Admiration.

Thirdly: This imployment of planting Fruit-trees is profitable to the minde.* 1.37 First in respect of Knowledge. Secondly in respect of Affections.

* 1.38This worke is profitable to the Minde by storing it with vari∣ety of Objects, and profitable Notions both Naturall, Morall, and Spirituall.

How variously does Nature discover it selfe in plan∣ting, grafting, budding, blossoming, and bearing Fruits. So that such as are studious in the search of the secrets of Nature, may observe the processe, and course thereof in manifold respects about these things.

And multitudes of Experiments may be drawn out for use and profit. If men will but joyne Contemplation, and Action, Study and Practise together, they shall finde (even in this one Volume or book of the Orchard) many usefull and fruitfull Lessons, for temporall and spirituall advantage. See the observations.

* 1.39And as the imployment is profitable to the minde in respect of Knowledge: so also in respect of Affections, by offering many fold Divine Meditations, by occasion whereof the affections of the soule may (with the help of the spirit) be raised and turned in∣to a spirituall temper.

How fitly does the Garden of Fruit-trees offer unto us that most profitable and fruitfull Meditation of our first fall and ori∣ginall sinne, whereof we were all guilty in such a Place; even in an Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees: in which Meditation our affe∣ctions should work to lay our selves low in our own eyes, to ab∣hor our selves: and to exalt God, and abundantly to joy in the infinite and boundlesse mercy of God in Christ, in that he tooke pitty on poore Man, when he was fallen, but passed by the An∣gels when they were falne, (Creatures by creation more excellent then Man) and left them in an irrecoverable state of misery. But in the same place, even so soon as we had sinned, promised us a Sa∣viour, and when the fulnesse of time was come, sent him into the world. In consideration of these things, our Affections of Love to joy in, and Admiration of God should be inlarged, and boundlesse. O the height & depth of the Mercy and Justice of God, towards the Angells Iustice, but towards us Mercy. What can we render

unto the Lord for this his infinite mercy? Now seeing he looks for nothing but Love & Praise, let us begin it here, that we may hold on to all eternity.

Fourthly: Planting fruit-trees is profitable to the Name* 1.40 of the Planter. Fruit-trees are living, lasting monuments, & beare up, & perpetuate the Name of him that planted, & labored about them both while he lives, and in generations after. A late Author saies, that Apple trees and Peare-trees (and some other kinds of Fruit-trees) on good land, and duly ordered, will last 800 or 900 yeares.

What earthly thing is better then a good Name. Solomon tels us Eccl: 7.1. A good name is better then pretious oyntment: and againe, Prov: 22.1. A good name is to be chosen before great riches, and love∣ing favour is above silver, and above gold: One saies,* 1.41 The best tem∣per of mindes desire a good name, and the lighter, popularitie, and ap∣plause.

A good name is not only to be desired, but to be highly prised, and to be reckoned the chiefe of earthly blessings, not only for the beauty of it, but also for the permanency of it, it abides when friends, riches, life and all is lost.

One way to gaine, and keep a good name is by Gifts and Bene∣fits: the worst temper of minds are wonne, and held by Gifts and good turnes, it's naturall to all creatures to love those that doe them good. Now who can so easily give so great, so many, and so acceptable gifts as the husbandman that yearely nurseth up mul∣titudes of Fruit-trees, and hath store of pleasant fruits, wines, and delicates made of them. While he lives he bestowes young fruit-trees, fruits, and many acceptable gifts out of his Orchard, and be∣ing dead, his Orchards, Gardens, and Fruit-trees live, and flourish, and occasion a remembrance of his Name, for many ages after him.

And secondly, as Gifts and good turnes, gaine a good name, so al∣so to be conversant and imployed about works for the Publique and generall profit of a Commonwealth: such works produce the same effect.

We know, all labours and imployments that bring both Pro∣fit and Pleasure, are approved and praised of all, though the ad∣vantage be but to a private family, how much more when they are for a Commonwealth.

And besides this Morall Consideration, God hath promised the great blessing of a good name to them that are conversant in good imployments, Rom: 13.3. Doe that which is good, and thou shalt have praise of the same, Rom: 2.10. Glory, honour, and peace, to every one that worketh good, upon the Jew first, and also on the Gentile.

So then, the work of Planting Fruit-trees is profitable to the name of the Husbandman both while he lives, and in Generations after him.

Fiftly, An Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees & the imployment about them is profitable to others:* 1.42 First in the present times: Se∣condly in time to come.

This profit to others is by bestowing our fruits on friends, and neighbours, and such as want. For though God require not to himselfe (as formerly) the first of all the fruits of all trees, yeare by yeare, Nehem. 10.35. Yet God requires yeare by yeare, when he bestowes all upon us, that we should give a part to himselfe a∣gaine, that is, to his poore members, that want them.

This is the way to obtaine a blessing upon all our labours. Deut. 15.10. Thou shalt surely give unto him (that is unto thy poore brother) and thine heart shall not be grieved when thou givest unto him, because that for this thing the Lord thy God shall blesse thee, in all thy works, and in all thou puttest thy hand unto.

A Gift to the Poore is a gainefull Gift, for by it a man becomes Creditor to his Creator. Prov: 19.17. He that giveth to the poore lendeth to the Lord, and the Lord will recompence him. Eccle: 35.11. The Lord recompenceth, and will give thee seaven-times as much.

Likewise the fruits of an Orchard are profitable to others that buy the fruits, the Buyer having good and profitable Commo∣dities for his money, has profit thereby, as well as the seller.

Yea, This labour is profitable to others in time to come, Qui serunt Arbores alteri seculo prosunt. After ages receive much profitt: also When our selves and others, have receiv'd our full portion of profitt then fruit-trees are left to Children, and po∣sterity to receive Profit many Generations after.

And this much touching the Third Humane Argument, from the Profits that are receiv'd from a Garden of Fruit-trees.

The fourth Humane Argument* 1.43 of the Dignity and value of Fruit-trees and the Art of Planting is Argumentum à voluptate, from the Pleasures that are receiv'd thereby.

Pleasure is called sal & condimentum vitae. The salt that sea∣sons all things to us. In all that a man has pleasure in it, is that which makes it acceptable. Pleasure (as one saies) is the Good of every thing, and a patterne of Heaven.

Now, we find pleasure in an Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees sutable to all the Senses of the body. And here's a mixture of pleasures with profits: for divers objects of the senses are both pleasant and profitable: this imployment is richly furnisht with both.

And as I have shew'd some particulars wherein profit consists: so likewise I will shew some particulars wherein pleasure consists in the use of a Garden of Fruit-trees.

Each sense hath its particular pleasure.

First for the sense of hearing.

It is a pleasure to the Eare to heare the sweet notes and tunes of singing Birds,* 1.44 whose company a man shall be sure to have in an Orchard, which is more pleasant there, then elswhere, because of other concurrent pleasures there, a Consort of Musicke is more pleasant then upon a single Instrument. The Poet took notice of this pleasure,

Aves Canoros garrulae fundunt sonos, Et semper Aures cantibus mulcent suis.

Melodious ditties chirping Birds indite, Whose pleasant songs, our ravisht eares invite.

And besides, something more this sense may receive from an Orchard (though it have least share of pleasure therein of any of the senses) by hearing the slow motion of Boughes and Leaves. by soft and gentle aires, sometimes (as it were) with a kind of sin∣ging or whistling noise, which will easily induce a sweet & plea∣sant sleep in sommer time (if a man be dispos'd) in some close coole Arbor, or shady seat.

Secondly the sence of Touch may have Pleasure* 1.45 in an Orchard from the coole fruits, and leaves of Trees, smoothing and bru∣shing the face therewith, which is refreshing and cooling in heat of Sommer. But this sense receaves Pleasure chiefly by the shade of Trees in sommer time. Coole refreshing Ayres are found in close Walks, Seats, and Arbours under and about the Trees, which keep off the burning heat of the sunne.

Yea, they doe not simply keep off the heat of the sunne, but likewise much coole the ayre by its contact of these coole bo∣dies, Trees, Fruits, & leaves; coole fresh ayres in heat of sommer are sought for, & are not only Pleasant but exceeding profitable, and healthfull to the body.* 1.46 Here Profit and Pleasure meet and imbrace each other. And hereto agrees the L. Bacon, who saies, exclusion of ayre is profitable to Long-life: for ayre is predatory to long-life through the heat of the sunne, and ought (as much, as is possible) to be excluded from the body. Now what better place is there, to exclude the heat of the sunne from the body in sommer season, then amongst the shady trees, Arbours and Walkes in the Orchard?

* 1.47It's laid for a ground, That condensing the spirits in their sub∣stance is available to long-life, which (he tells us) is done most effectu∣ally by coole ayres. Refrigeration or cooling of the body from without is above all things necessary to long-life.

So then; the Pleasure this sense receives from a Garden of Fruit-trees is to be much esteem'd.

Thirdly. The sense of sight, partakes of Pleasure* 1.48 in an Orchard, in beholding the exact Order in Planting of the Trees, their de∣cent formes, the well compos'd Allies, Walks, Seats, and Arbours therein:* 1.49 for order and curious formes of things much delight the sight: of this see L. Bacon at large.

Likewise, the sight is delighted with pleasant and delicate Co∣lours of the Leaves, Blossomes, and Fruits, that shew themselves in great variety, Curious Colours, especially the Colour greene is ac∣counted helpfull to the sight.

Fons, speculum, Gramen, Oculis sunt alleviamen:

Greene grasse, cleare glasse, and fountaines pure Refresh Eye-sight, long to indure.

Here againe Profit and Pleasure meet.

And as foule and odious objects presented to the sight, cause a

dislike in the spirits, that they retire and shun such objects,* 1.50 so ê contrario verum, the contrary holds in delightfull and pleasant ob∣jects of the sight, the spirits thereby are delighted. He saies,* 1.51 Ob∣jects of the sight, as comming into a faire Garden, or into a faire roome, richly furnished, and the like, doe delight and exhilarate the spirits much. The beautifull flowers of various colours, amongst the lovely Bloomes of trees, and Plants, what a glorious shew will they make.

Flores nitescunt, discolore gramine, Pingunt{que} terras gemmeis honoribus.

Gay flowers waven with discoloured grasse, With rich imbroidered Robes the earth compasse.

Is it not a pleasant sight to behold a multitude of Trees round about, in decent forme and order, bespangled, and gorgeously appa∣relled with greene Leaves, Bloomes, and goodly Fruits, as with a rich Robe of imbroidered work, or as hanging with some preti∣ous and costly Jewels, or Pearles, the Boughs laden, and burdened bowing downe to you, and freely offering their ripe fruits, as a large satisfaction of all your labours.

Aspice curvatos pomorum pondere ramos, Ʋt sua, quod peperit, vix ferat Arbor onus.* 1.52

The laden boughes with waight of Apples crack, And Trees to beare their burthens strength doe jack.

Fourthly, the sense of smell,* 1.53 may likewise have its share of plea∣sure in a Garden of Fruit-trees. L. Bacon saies, the smell of new and pure earth, excellently refresheth the spirits, he saies, a certaine great Lord, who lived long, had every morning, immediatly after sleep, a clod of fresh earth laid under his nose,* 1.54 that he might take the smell thereof, and againe, Good earth newly turned up, hath a freshnesse and good sent. And that the Leaves and branches of some trees are odo∣rate and sweet. He saies likewise,* 1.55 that the Leaves of Trees falling towards the middle of Autumne, yeeld a good refreshing to the spi∣rits. And that the Mosse of some Apple-trees hath an excellent sent, and is used of Perfumers.

But chiefly The Pleasure this sense meets with is from the sweet smelling blossomes of all the fruit-trees, which from the time

of their breaking forth, till their fall, breath out a most pretious and pleasant odor: perfuming the ayre throughout all the Or∣chard.

* 1.56The same Authour observes: That the most Delicate Smells are from those Plants whose Leaves smell not, and amongst other things he mentions Bloomes of Apple-trees.

* 1.57And in another of his Experiments, he saies, that generally those smells are most gratefull and pleasant, where the degree of heat is small, for those things doe rather wooe the sense, then satiate it. And prefers coole smells before hot for comforting of the heart.

Now: The Bloomes of Apple-trees, Peare-trees, Cherry-trees, & such like, have small degrees of heat, and therefore the Odor is pleasant and wholsome.

And besides the pleasure of this perfumed ayre, it is also very profitable, and healthfull to the body. Here againe, Profit and pleasure, meet and imbrace. An Odores nutriunt, is a question a∣mongst Philosophers, some hold sweet perfumes nourishing, doubtlesse they give a great refreshing to the spirits, and what∣soever delights, and cheeres the spirits is without controversie, very advantagious to the health of the body, for the spirits are the cheife workers in the body, from which proceed all, or most of the effects wrought in the body, good or bad, according to the temper of the spirits.

Sweet perfumes work immediatly upon the spirits for their re∣freshing, but meat and drinke, by ambages and length of time: sweet and healthfull Ayres are speciall preservatives to health, and therefore much to be prised.

Is the Curative part of Physick so worthy, and excellent, as the preservative part? Its better to stand fast, then to fall and rise againe.

Now, a sweet perfumed, fresh, wholsome Ayre (which is chiefly found in Gardens of Fruit-trees) is greatly available to that pur∣pose, as well as pleasant to the sense.

* 1.58Fiftly: the Sense of Tast has its pleasure in an Orchard. This sense meets with pleasure at all times of the yeare, from the fruits of an Orchard. The pleasure of the other senses are to be had, but at some seasons of the yeare only. This sense has pleasure from all sorts of ripe, and raw fruits, besides meats, and drinks & ma∣ny dainties made of them. The ordinary food they afford all the

yeare, and the more delicate for Banquets, are also good and healthfull to the body, as well as pleasant to the tast. Here againe, pleasure and profit meet and imbrace, so the Poet:

Hortus salubreis praebet corpori cibos, Oblectat Hortus, avocat, pascit, tenet.

The garden to the body, gives sound and healthfull meats, The Garden pleases most, draws, holds, & feeds with delicates,

In the heat of sommer, what place is fitter for the table, then some sweet shady coole Arbeur in the Garden. And what meats better befitting that time of the yeare, then some dainty dishes made of the coole fruits of the Orchard. At which time cooling and refreshing the spirits from within, and without by coole Ayres, & coole meats and drinks, is most advantagious for health and long-life: for these are the cheife meanes (at that season) to keep the spirits in a fine pleasant equall temper, yea some fruits have high∣er vertues ascribed to them then barely to nourish, some Apples are accounted Cordialls: Avicen saies,* 1.59 that both the tart & pleasant Apples strengthen the heart, and to such as are troubled with hot in∣firmities, they are a singular helpe. Confortant Cor, proprie odorifera, dulcia, & acetosa, &c.

L. Bacon reckons Peare-maines among coole Cordials.

So then:* 1.60 when Fruits are not only healthfull but also pleasant to the tast, there is a double worth in them.

Consider now what has been said for the Pleasure of the Senses; And if it be so acceptable to have the pleasure, though but of one sense, what will it be when there is a concurrence and meeting of all together, which may be had in a Garden of Fruit-trees: so the Poet.

Non desit Hortis, & voluptas maxima, Multis{que} commixta modis jucunditas, Tribuit colenti multiforme gaudium.

There wants not in Gardens great pleasure to the mind, And outward senses many mixt pleasures finde, They yeeld unto the Artist Joyes of divers kind.

* 1.61We see what a plentifull and joyfull Harvest of Profits and Pleasures may be yearely reaped from an Orchard or Garden of Fruit trees.

Here's Profit of divers kinds.

[ 1] First to a mans Estate: and that in two respects. First, in respect of housekeeping, with meates, and drinks all the yeare.

Secondly, in respect of Sale, either the fruits in their kinds, or Syder, Perry, and wines, made of them.

Secondly, Here's Profit to the body, and that in two respects. First in respect of Health, by moderate excercise, fresh-Aires, plea¦sant Odors, and wholsome Meates, and drinks.

[ 2] Secondly, in respect of Long life, by operation upon the spirits through the Organs of the body, the Eare, Touch, Smell, Sight, Tast, and through the Affections of the mind, Hope, Joy, Admiration.

[ 3] Thirdly, Here's Profit to the Mind. And that in two respects, First in respect of knowledge, Naturall, Morall, Spirituall, Second∣ly, in respect of Affections.

[ 4] Fourthly, Here's Profit to the Name, and that in two respects, first in this life, by Gifts, and benefits, Secondly after death by Fruit-trees as living Monuments.

[ 5] Here's Profit to others, and that in two respects, first to the poore, friends, or enemies, in the present times; secondly, to posterity, or future ages.

Here's likewise Pleasures* 1.62 of divers kinds.

[ 1] First to the Eare, and that in two respects, first, by sweete tunes of singing birds: secondly, by gentle motion of Boughes, and leaves.

[ 2] Secondly, Here's Pleasure to the Touch, and that in two respects, first, by coole fruits, Boughes, and Leaves: secondly, by coole fresh Aires.

[ 3] Thirdly, Here's Pleasure to the Eye, and that in two respects, first, by exact, and decent formes of Trees, Alleyes, Walkes, Seates, and Arbours: secondly, by curious colours of the blossomes, Leaves, and fruits.

[ 4] Here's Pleasure to the smell, and that in two respects: first, from fresh Earth digged up: secondly, from the Leaves, and Blos∣somes.

[ 5] Fiftly, Here's Pleasure to the Tast, and that in two respects: first from ripe, and raw fruits. Secondly, from dishes and drinkes made of them.

Some imployments as they are Profitable in one respect, yet they are unprofitable in another: yea perhaps are full of hazard and danger: either to the state, body, minde, or name, but this im∣ployment preserves, and is profitable to all these. Some imploy∣ments are pleasant to one sense, but not to another, perhaps un∣pleasant, and hurtfull: but in this there's an Agreement and con∣sent of Pleasures to all the senses.

And as there is a mutuall consent and concurrence of all the Profits among themselves, and of all the Pleasures among them∣selves, soe likewise there is a mutuall consent and concatenati∣on of the Profits with the Pleasures one imbracing another, one supporting, and upholding each other.

Five wayes of Profit, each of them in two respects.

And five wayes of Pleasure, each of them in two respects.

Here's Profit and Pleasure running along hand in hand, meet∣ly matched together, being the most rich and beautifull King and Queene in all the world.

Thus having shew'd the great Praises that are given to this Art of Planting Fruit-trees, and some Divine and Humane Ar∣guments of the Dignity and value thereof and likewise the Pro∣fits & Pleasures that are receiv'd from an Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees, I thinke it meete to give a Caution concerning tem∣porall Profits and Pleasures.

It's true;* 1.63 We have liberty to seeke earthly Profits and Plea∣sures in our Callings and to rejoyce in them, but yet with care, and circumspection: and with due regard to Circumstances.

There is a Rejoycing in Earthly blessings which God allowes to us. Deut: 26.11. Thou shalt Rejoyce in every good thing which the Lord thy God hath given thee. And Deut: 12.16. Thou shalt re∣joyce before the Lord thy God in all that thou puttest thine hand unto: and againe Deut: 16 15. Because the Lord thy God shall blesse thee in all thy increase, and in all the workes of thy hands, therefore thou shalt surely Rejoyce: And when our wayes please God he saies: Goe, eat thy bread with joy, and drinke thy wine with a merry heart Eccl: 9.7. Salomon saies Eccl: 5.18. Behold: that which I have seene, it is good and comely for one to eat and to drinke, and to enjoy the good of all his labour that he taketh under the sunne, all the daies of his life, which God giveth him, for it is his portion: and Chap. 2.24. This I saw, That it was from the hand of God.

No doubt we may use these, and other earthly blessings with Rejoycing: but all the danger is, least we take too much liberty herein, and breake beyond our bounds.

These Profits and Pleasures, being multiply'd in the Garden of Fruit-trees, we had best beware of reaching after them too ear∣nestly: Latet Anguis in Herba, A subtle serpent lyes hid among these pleasant slowers, and seekes to bite us by his temptations, who has as much or more malice, and policy now, as formerly against our first Parents, whom he deceived in a Garden of Fruit-trees.

Men may become Idolaters ere they be aware, and so are ma∣ny, even among Christians: in worshiping Profit, and Pleasure, Setting up these two for their house-hold Gods. The Prophet tells us, Ezek: 14.3. Men set up their Idols in their heart, and give that to them which is due only to God.

* 1.64We may easily mistake betweene the use of earthly blessings, and the enjoyment of them.

Austin tells us, no earthly blessings are properly to be Enjoy'd but used only: Res aliae sunt, quibus fruendum est, aliae quibus u∣tendum, illae, quibus fruendum est, beatos nos faciunt, istis quibus u∣tendum est, tendentes ad beatitudinem adjuvamur, & quasi admini∣culamur, ut ad illas, quae nos beatos faciunt, proveniamus. There are some things (saith he) which are to be enjoy'd, others to be us'd; those which we ought to enjoy make us happy, such as we ought to use only, are those whereby we are furthered, and are as succors, aids and helps, to bring us to those things which may be enjoy'd and make us happy.

He tells us then, whom, and what we may enjoy, Fruendum est Patre, & filio, & Spiritu Sancto. Beatum est ad tale bonum provenisse, quo amplius non potest. The Father, the Sonne, and blessed spirit are to be enjoy'd. And its true blessednesse to attaine to that good, which is the highest.

So then: God only is to be enjoyed, and the good things of this life only to be used, as helps and furtherances unto God. We had need therefore take heed of falling in love with Earthly things: The foresaid Author tells us the danger of it.* 1.65 Si eis quibus uten∣dum est frui voluerimus, impeditur cursus noster, & aliquando etiam deflectitur, ut ab his rebus, quibus fruendum est, obtinendis vel retar∣demur, vel etiam revocemur inferiore amore praepediti: Et si amoeni∣tates

itineris, & ipsa gestatio vehiculorum nos delectarent, conversi ad fruendū his quibus uti debuimus nollemus citò viā finire, & perversâ suavitate implicati alienaremur à Patria cujus suavitas faceret bea∣tos. That is: If we fall to injoying of such things as we ought but only to use, we are thereby hindred in our course, and many times even turn'd out of it. And as to the obtaining of those things which we ought to enjoy (by the love of earthly things) we are call'd back from them, and much retarded, and stop't in our way to them. And if the Pleasures and Contentments of the journey and the carriage, by which we are conveyed over much please and delight us, then we turne to Enjoying of those things which we ought but only to use, and therefore are unwilling to come to our journies end, and are intangled in corrupt delights, and brought thereby to be estranged from the Countrie, the sweetnesse and pleasure whereof maketh blessed.

We see then, when God gives us blessings largely, and gives us leave to use them freely, we are in danger to forget him: We had need therefore to set a watch, or guard upon our hearts, least Profits and Pleasures steale it, and keep it to themselves. But what a shame is it we should have fewest thoughts of God, when he is most mindfull of us. And that we should fall so much in love with the Token, that we forget Him that sent it.

And now: having answered the doubts and discouragements that have hindred some from entring upon this part of the Hus∣bandmans work; The Art of Planting Fruit-trees, and shew'd the great esteem that all men have of it, and the value, and dignity thereof from Divine and Humane Arguments, what a rich con∣fluence of Profits and Pleasures are (from time to time) brought unto us by it, with a Caution in the use of these things.

What remaines, but that I also discover how we may obtaine our desires herein, by what meanes the work may be done, with most speed, and best effect.

I shall first speak of a Nursery of young Plants,* 1.66 and shew the manner of sowing of Kernells, or Seeds of Fruits and their prepa∣ration and ordering (by grafting and Inoculating (for transplan∣ting into Orchards, Gardens, or Fields: (although some may plant an Orchard a more speedy way, to buy yong trees ready grafted, or to plant stocks of divers yeares grouth, and after they have grown a year or two, to graft them.)

I shall set downe all these things as briefly as I can, so that withall I make them plaine to the intelligent Reader, laying down the most materiall, and essentiall things concerning this Art (For long and tedious discourses about things that may be comprehended in few words, (as many use) they doe often mis∣lead men, so as it is not easie to see the most materiall things concerning their subject, or what they drive at, whereas a breife, and plaine discovery of them may better be comprehended, and remembred.

1. First then: Let there be a Plot of ground (more or lesse) digged up about the time when Fruits are ripe, and let all the Grasse, Weeds, Roots, Stones, &c. be clean picked out, & the ground cast into Beds about a yard broad, and spaces between about a foot in breadth, to passe between them, to sow, set, weed, &c. And then procure Kernells of Apples, Peares, Crabs, Cherry stones, Plum stones, and the seeds of divers kinds of Fruits, and these may be set, and sowed, from the time that the fruits are ripe, un∣till the spring (except in frost) in this manner.

* 1.67Having made the Beds levell with a Rake, sprinkle the seeds upon them, all over, each kind by themselves, and set, or sow the stones by themselves, then take a spade, and turne in the seeds, & stones about a handfull deep, and after rake them all over, and (that none may be left uncovered) sift some small mould with a Sive, all over them: and so let them rest all winter.

And carefully observe that Mice devoure not the seeds in Winter, if you perceive it, set Traps, and lay Rats bane to destroy them.

In the Spring or Sommer, let them be weeded from time to time, cleane, and if the weather be dry, let them be watred now, and then, & they will make a growth the same yeare according to the strength, & goodnesse of the ground wherein they grow. Plants comming of seeds or stones, are far better then Suckers from Roots of Trees, although such are good and usefull for stocks also.

* 1.68In Autumne when they have done growing, let the biggest of them be transplanted into other Beds of ground prepared for that purpose, thus: Let the ground be digged, and cast into square Plots, or long Plots, as you will, and said levell with a Rake, then set the young seed Plants therein in this manner. Having cast up

the Borders handsomely on each side, stretch a Line from one side to the other: then take a Setting-sticke (that is, a hard peece of wood about a yard long, with a handle at the top, and made sharp at the end, or pointed with iron) and thrust it into the ground halfe a foot, or a foot deep, (according to the length of the Roots) close to the line, and make holes all along from one end of the line to the other, about halfe a foot, or more, as you will: And having prepared the seed Plants, by cutting off all the side Twiggs, and the ends or bottome of the Roots, set them in order in the holes to the top of their Roots, and close the mould a∣bout them: Draw the biggest first, and set them by themselves, & the least by themselves. Then take up the line, and stretch it a∣gaine, about a foot from the other Plants, and make holes, and prune more seed Plants, and set them as before.

Then take up the line, and stretch it againe, a foot and halfe from the Plants last set, that there may be a convenient space of ground to passe between to weed the Plants, and to Graft and In∣oculate them (being growen fit.) And having made holes, and pru∣ned the Plants, set them as before.

And thus set the Nursery throughout, and many of these will be ready after one yeare to Inoculate, and after two yeares or three, to Graft.

Now for those that were left upon the Beds where the Seeds were sowne, the largest being drawne as before,* 1.69 they may grow there a yeare longer, and then be transplanted, or else may be re∣moved at the same time; be sure to transplant all young seed-Plants, for by that meanes they get good Roots, which of them∣selves thrust down one single Root, for the most part. And being growne a yeare, or two after Inoculating, or Grafting, they are fit to transplant, to make Orchards, or into Fields, & Hedges, at a com∣petent distance, as shall be shewed when I speak of setting Trees.

Thus men may in a few yeares prepare multitudes of Young Trees for themselves and others, to give, or sel as they please.

It is good likewise to procure Crab-stocks from the woods and wast grounds, which being growne a year or two, may be grafted, and either grow where they were first set, being fit places, or transplanted elsewhere.

The smaller these or any other Plants are when they are re∣moved, the better they grow:* 1.70 so that it is a great Errour in men

to chuse the greatest yong-trees to transplant into their Gardens.

Its true: the greater they be the better, were they to grow still in the place without removing, but the removing of great Plants is more dangerous to them then to small Plants: Experience proves this sufficiently to the losse of many a good Plant.

Now for the manner of Inoculating and Grafting these Plants, being thus prepared,* 1.71 and grown fit.

First concerning Grafting: wherein we must consider the time: February and March (usually with most) are the too cheife Monthes for Grafting, but we may begin sooner, and its best so to do, especially with Cherry, and Plum-Grafts: If the wea∣ther be open, without frost, in the beginning of January, or in December. Yea I have grafted some (with good successe) in No∣vember, and sooner, but in the beginning of January we may be∣gin, if frost hinder not. And such as have multitudes to engraft must needs begin early, els they'l want time.

Grafts of Cherry and Plum-trees must be grafted soonest, be∣cause they bud soonest. And be sure to begin with them, ere they begin to Bud forth, and then with Peare-trees and Apple-trees.

* 1.72Grafts of any kind may be gotten and kept many daies, or ma∣ny weeks, the cut ends, or the one halfe in length, being cover∣ed with mould, or they may be Grafted immediately, so soon as they are gotten; Graft none but those of one years grouth, only the last years sprout, the fairest, & thickest are best, They may be carried many miles, being bound up close (from end to end) in a hay band, or better in a Box of Mould, or their ends stuck in clay.

* 1.73That this worke may the more effectually be done, we must have fit Tooles, and Instruments for that purpose: First a good sharp-knife, and strong, to cut off the top of the stocks. A neat sharp-saw, to cut off the head of some stocks which are growen too bigg for the knife: also a little Mallet and wedg to cleave the bigg stocks, a small Pen-knife, to cut the Grafts, (as I shall shew anon) and keepe it very sharp for this purpose only; There must be likewise Clay prepared with hors-dung, well mixed together, as Morter, as much of the one, as of the other, and Rushes, or strong, soft Flaggs to bind together the Graft, and the Stock. With a small hand-basket to carry the Grafts in, with all the In∣struments for the worke.

* 1.74Having these things in a readinesse, the time being come, go to the Stocks that are ready (small or great) And those that are

small (about the bignesse of ones little finger (which are of a competent bignesse, & we loose no time in making use of them) Graft them in this manner.

If they be Cherry-Stocks, or Plum-Stocks to make wall-trees of, graft them low, within halfe a foote, or lesse of the ground, but if they be for Standards, then Graft them an Ell, or yard and halfe high: thus.

Cut off the top of the stocke in some smooth, straight place,* 1.75 that may be answerable to the straightnesse of the Graft, when set on; Then prepare the Graft thus: observe which side is straigh∣test at the bottome, or biggest end, that so it may fit the straight part of the stock when set on: Then cut one side onely of the Graft, downe a slope, about an inch, and a halfe long; either from the knot, or seame, if the part below it be smooth, and straight, or els from a Bud, and cut through the Barke, at the top of the cut-place, and make it like a shoulder, that it may rest just upon the top of the Stocke, but cut not this shoulder too deepe, (only through the Barke, or little more,) but cut the Graft thin at the bottome of the cut place, yet leave on all the Barke on the op∣posite side, make this cut smooth, and even from the top of it to the bottome, without dints, or ridges, (which is of speciall concernement) that so it may be sure to joyne close to the Stock. The Graft, being thus prepared, then go on to prepare the Stock further, lay the cut part of the Graft upon the straight side of the Stock, and measure just the length of the cut part of the Graft, And (with a knife) take away so much of the Barke of the Stock, but cut not any of the wood of the Stock, then lay the cut-side of the Graft, upon the cut part of the Stock, and let the shoulder of the Graft rest directly upon the top of the Stock, so that the cut-parts of both may joyne even, and smooth, all along, and so bind them together close, with some strong Rushes or Flaggs, then Clay them, lay on every side, & an inch above, and as much be∣low, some of the Clay prepar'd as before, close it above, & below, & on every side, & that's al that needs to be done for that time.

Let not Grafts be too long; Foure, or five, or six Buds, above the stock, is enough, the top may be cut off, if the Graft be long: this I accompt the best way of Grafting, for divers Reasons.

Secondly there is another way of Grafting small Stocks,* 1.76 such as are but just as bigg as the Grafts, you meane to set on. And those Stockes, are prepared thus: the top being cut off

over against a smooth straight place, as before, the Barke of it must not only be cut, but also the Wood, quite through to the back side of it at the top, directly like as the Graft is cut (as was said) in length as much as the cut part of the Graft, the manner of cutting the graft for this, is the same with the former; then lay the cut part of the Graft upon the cut part of the Stocke, and let the top of the Stocke (even the very bark of the outside) be di∣rectly under the shoulder of the Graft, that so the cut parts both of Graft, and Stocke, may joyne, & answer one another, from the top to the bottome, and so bind and Clay them as before.

Thirdly: there is another way of Grafting* 1.77 generally practised, though not so sure a way as the two former: and yet a better way for great stocks, for none but small stocks are capable of the two former waies, it is thus: Those Stocks that are large (three or four inches in compasse) must be cloven, the tops being cut off in a straight smooth place, cut the roughnesse of the top smooth with a sharp knife, then knock in a strong knife or chissell, a very little beside the pith, and if it be capable but of one graft, then be sure to cleave it on that side that is smooth and straight, if it be fit for two, then be carefull to chuse both sides smooth, being cloven with the knife, and a wedge of Box, or other hard wood knockt in, to keep it open (then prepare the Graft, or Grafts) you meane to put in, cut both sides of the Graft a slope downe from the knot or seam, or else from a Bud, about an inch, or little more, shoulder both sides of the Graft, as was said of one side, for the other sort of grafting, and make it thin at the bottome. Let the outside of the Graft be somewhat thicker then the inner side, un¦lesse the stock be very big, if it be so great as to pinch the Graft much, then make the inner side of the Graft thicker, that so it may preserve the outside from being pinch't too much.

And in setting in all Grafts into the cleft, observe this for a most speciall Rule,* 1.78 to joyne the inner side of the barke of the Graft, to the inner side of the barke of the stocke, that the sap may more ea∣sily come out of the Stock into the Graft to feed it, for the main current of the sap is betweene the bark and the wood. And regard not the custome of many Grafters, in setting the outsides even and smooth, not considering the insides, their successe is according to their skill, for the most part. We know the Bark of a big stock is much thicker then the bark of a slender graft, & if the out∣sides

be smooth, and even, the insides must needs be uneven.

But I say, to joyne the inner sides of both barks together, all along the cleft, is the Principall thing in Grafting of such big stocks.

The Grafts being thus placed in the Stocks, and the wedg pul∣led out, then Clay them close on every side, an inch above the top of the stock, to the bottome of the Cleft.

In chusing Grafts, chuse not those that are very small,* 1.79 and slender, they commonly fayle; but take the fairest upon the tree, and especially those that are fullest of Buds.

Graft every Cyence into its own kind: as all kind of Apples toge∣ther, and also on Crabstocks (which is the wild Apple) Pear-grafts, on wild Pear-stocks, & the like of other kinds: joyn not contrary, or different kinds, they never come to perfection: as Cherry grafts on Plum-stocks, or the like. Experience makes it manifest to be but lost labour, they'l grow (it may be) a yeare, or two, and then dy.

And in choice of Grafts,* 1.80 be sure to consider what Trees (of all kinds) are the best bearers, some kinds seldome misse, and some other kinds (though good fruits) seldome hit, and therefore, take information from those persons, that know (by experience) the nature of the Trees in this regard, and accordingly chose, or refuse, Grafts from them. Observe the like in choyce of Vines: The Parsley Vine of all other is best for these parts.

Such Grafts as are bound (as is said of the two first waies of Grafting) must be unbound after a certain time,* 1.81 when they have well closed with the Stock: about Midsommer (or before) they will be fast enough upon the Stock, so that they may without danger, be unbound: but if they be not unbound the band hinders their grouth: and besides the winds (when the grafts are growne big, & bushie) will break divers of them unlesse they be unbound, and also by some means supported, and strengthned in the graft∣ed place, which may be done, by tying a small stick to them, a little above, and as much below the place, where it is en∣grafted; but before you thus bind the stick to strengthen the Graft, put a little Clay round about the engrafted place (be∣ing unbound) it will cause the sap sooner to cover the head of the stock.

After Grafts have had their full growth the first yeare,* 1.82 they must be Pruned, such as neede Pruning: As for wall Plants its noe matter of how many Branches they spread, more the better:

but for those that are Grafted low, and yet must be made stan∣dards, leave only one shoot, the strongest and biggest shoot, and cut off all the rest, and let not that straight shoot begin to spread, till it be an Ell long at least, rather more, and then let the Branches spread, and inlarge themselves.

And from yeare to yeare, prune off those shoots, and branches as are superfluous and grow too neer one another, and preserve only such as are fit to make the Tree of a comely forme. And if any spire up, and shoot too strongly upwards in the middle of the Tree only, and spread not sufficiently (as is often seene in Peare-trees and some other trees) cut off from time to time, those strong shoots in the middle, and still preserve the outmost bran∣ches, for all fruit-trees ought to spread as much as may be, so that the branches hang not too neere the ground.

And so much concerning Grafting, and also Pruning while they are young Plants.

I shall now speak of the other work whereby Fruit-trees are increased. Inoculating, or putting a small Bud into a stock, which (as to the effects of it) is the same with Grafting, but differs much in the season, and in the manner of the work.

The time for Inoculating Buds* 1.83 is about Midsommer, a fortnight before, & a fortnight after is the chiefe season: though. Some Plants (full of sap) may be done afterwards with good successe.

That this businesse may be done to good purpose, it must be considered whether the Buds which we meane to get, are suffici∣ently grown or not, they must not be too young and tender: and we shall finde that some kinds of Trees have Buds ready sooner then others. As the Aprecott especially, and those that shoot strongly. Let then the biggest and strongest shoots be cut from the Tree, that have grown since the spring, to that time, and cut off the top of the shoot, (all these Buds that are too small and ten∣der and also cut off the Leaves of the other about a quarter of an inch from the Bud, and by that part left, we hold the Bud, be∣ing taken off the Branch: but leave not on the whole leafe and stalke, as some doe, for the aire (by meanes of the leafe) extracts and drawes out the sap of the Bud in a short time, and so spoiles it.* 1.84

Then goe to the Plants you intend to Inoculate which must

be like (as to the generall kinds) with the Buds that you intend to set on: as Aprecot Buds, and other Plum-Buds on Plumstocks that are wild stocks: the White Peare plum stock is accounted the best to inoculate Aprecot buds on, or other choice Plums, it being a Plant full of sap: and in chusing Buds, or Grafts, be sure alwaies to cut them from those kinds that experience shewes are good bearing Trees.

Now in setting on the Bud, first make a crosse cut upon some smooth place of the stock, (if it be for a wall-tree, then halfe a foot, or thereabouts from the ground) & from the middle of the crosse cut, make another straight down, about an Inch long, or something lesse, only through the Bark, and with the end of a Pen-knife, raise up the bark on both sides, as much as to let in the small Bud, then make hast to prepare the bud (for a man must be quick at this work, else the Aire, by sudden drying the Bud, and the cut part of the stock will much hurt:) Cut the bark on both sides the Bud, and about a quarter of an inch a∣bove, and as much below the bud, and let that end which is to be downwards be a little sharp, that it may more easi∣ly goe downe, betweene the Barke, and wood of the stocke, and throw away the bark on the opposite side, then with a Quill the one halfe cut away, or a Pen of steele, (made thin for the pur∣pose) take off the Bud and bark, and be sure there be the root of the Bud in it, if there be a little hole in the middle of the bud with∣in, then the root is not there, throw away that bud, such will not grow, but the Bud being well taken off, then hold it by the stalk of the leafe, as before was said, and put it carefully betweene the bark and the wood of the small Plant, prepared as before, and let the top of the bud joyne close to the crosse cut, then bind the bud with a soft Rush, that is strong, bind it close to the stock, especially in the middle (where the Root of the bud lies) and so let it rest.

After a certaine time the Buds must be unbound,* 1.85 and some sooner then others; some stocks grow more in a week then some others in a month.

Now if this worke be done early in the yeare

before Midsommer, upon young stocks very full of sap, these may be unbound about 14. or 15. daies after, or a Generall Rule may be this, when a stock is so grown as that the band about the Bud, does much straighten the Bud, which may be seen by the swelling of the Plant above and below the Bud, then the band must be cut and taken off. But those that are done neere the end of July or after, will not need unbinding so soon. Now after un∣binding you may see which Buds take hold of the stock, and which doe not, those that are good, are fast upon the stock, and appeare in their naturall colours as when they were set on, those that doe not hold, will have lost their colour, and (it may be) wi∣thered and dri'd.

Such as are good, meddle no more with them till the Spring, then cut off the stocks an inch or two above the Buds,* 1.86 so the Buds will spring out and grow according to the strength of the stocks. And in Autumn after they may be transplanted, or if you please such Buds may be transplanted the next Autumne after inoculating, which is the surer way for growing. And when these Buds have growne one yeare, then cut off the stock close to the buds, and they will cover the head as Grafts.

* 1.87If Buds be not ready at hand but must be fetcht many miles in that hot time, then speciall care must be taken in the carriage of them. Thus: Being cut from the Tree, cut off the tops of the Branches, and the leaves neere the Buds as before, then binde them together, and wrap them in fresh Leaves or Grasse to keep them cool, and they will keep good two or three daies, but yet make all the hast that may be to inoculate them.

* 1.88Having Grafted or Inoculated Stocks: make one Letter or two upon the stock below the Graft or Bud (wherby to know the kind of the Fruit) and if any be stolen they may thereby be knowne, being found againe. Its done with the point of a Pen-knife, cut∣ing through the bark, the forme of a Letter, or any other figure, whereby to know the kinds of fruits. And so much for Inocula∣ting Buds of Fruit-trees.

* 1.89The choice of right kinds of Grafts, and Stocks, and the joy∣ning of them together according to their natures, is so necessary, and some observations about them are so essentiall to the work of profitable planting, that except they be knowne, and practised,

men loose much of the profit they might have, if rightly ob∣served.

A few speciall directions in any Art, though consisting but of few lines, containing the Principles and essentiall parts, are better, and more to the advancement of the Art, then great Volumes upon the same subject when men (as many doe) rove about up∣on unnecessary things, and strange fancies without any solid grounds, beside the life of the businesse. If men misse the Prin∣ciples and essentialls of an Art, they discourse of it to little pur∣pose.

So also in the practise: and therefore it has many times fallen out that some men having laboured much & spent much time, & cost, in Planting Fruit-trees, yet their labours have not succee∣ded well, because there has been mistakes in some principall, and ve∣ry materiall things; either the Trees have not grown well, or if pro∣spered, and come to a large grouth, yet they have not borne Fruit well, which hath been a great discouragement, not only to themselves, but to others who have seen it.

Now among all Observations about this Art of Planting Fruit-trees, I know none of greater moment, or more essentiall to the pro∣fitable proceeding in it, then the Choice of right kinds, and the joy∣ning of Grafts, Buds, and Stocks fit for each other. I shall therefore mention some particulars of the Twelve kindes of Fruit-trees which I have made choice to speak of, and shew which I account most profitable, and best to propagate and increase, and how they fit severall stocks when the Cyences are to be Engrafted.

First concerning Apples:* 1.90 In the choice of Apple Grafts we must consider not only the goodnesse of the Fruit, but also, whe∣ther the Trees be good bearing Trees naturally: whether such as have known them divers yeares, can say by experience they beare well, but many look not after this so much as what kind of fruit it is, In respect of goodnesse. And thence it comes to passe, that some men having store of faire, large Fruit-trees, they have but little fruit from them. Therefore let the generalitie of Fruit-trees (both in the Orchards and in the Fields) be of right kindes in respect of bearing, as well as in respect of goodnesse of the fruit, and then for variety, there may be some of other kinds of good and choice fruits though they beare but few, and seldome.

And for particular kinds of Apples I commend the Sommer-Pearemaine,

and the Winter Pearemaine, not only for speciall fruits, but also for good bearing kinds. So likewise the small Pip∣pin, a good Apple, and a great bearer. The Harvey Apple is a ve∣ry choice fruit, and the trees beare well. The Queene Apple is a great bearing fruit, and good: So the Gillofloure. Many other kinds might be named, that are speciall good fruits, and great bearing kindes, and some persons prefer one kind, and some another. But the great and generall Rule in this, and all other kinds of Fruits, is, to take Grafts from those Trees which are knowne by experience to beare store of fruits, and good, and to multiply these as much as may be.

As for Stocks fit for Apple Grafts, I account Crab-trees, better then sweeter Apple-trees to Graft on, because they are usually free from the Canker, and will become very large Trees, and I conceive will last longer then Stocks of sweeter Apple-trees, and will make fruits more strong, and hardy to endure frosts, and cold weather in the spring time: yet it is good to chuse stocks of some pleasant Apples, to graft some choice fruit upon. Because that the stock has some small influence upon the fruits to make them more delicate, if grafted upon a choice stock. Al∣though notwithstanding the graft may be said to Governe, as is shew'd at large.

* 1.91As for Peares there are multituds of kinds, as well as of Apples, some preferring one kind and some another, and one and the same fruit is called by severall names, in severall places. A late Author saies he is perswaded there are 400. or 500. severall kinds of Peares. Now therefore; it is a point of wisdome to chuse Grafts from the best bearing kinds, although (it may be) not so delicate to eat as some others. I know none but they are very usefull, and profitable.

The Winsor Peare is accounted one of the best with us, some kinds beare not well, but some others doe, therefore observe the former Rule. The sommer Burgamet is a choice fruit, and the Trees beare well.

But for a costant bearing kind. I know none better then the Catherin peare, but they must be quickly spent, for they are no lasting fruits: a man having great store, may make excellent Perry of them. For they have a pleasant juyce.

The Greenefield Peare is an excellent Peare, and will last indif∣ferent well, and is a great bearer.

There is a Peare they call a choke-Peare, which is accounted a speciall kind, for Perry, although the Peare to eat, is stark naught, and therefore men may adventure to plant the Trees in the fields and hedges, and need not feare stealing of the fruits. I advise (for that reason) to plant many of the Trees, on purpose to grinde the fruits for Perry. M. Parkinson saies the Perry of these peares is scarse discerned from wine, neither by tast nor colour, after it hath been kept certain Months.

The best kind of stocks to graft Peare-grafts upon, are such as come of the Seeds or Kernells of Peares. I know no difference a∣mongst these, but all good to graft upon. And I utterly dislike grafting these fruits upon White thorne, or upon any kinde of stocks beside Peare-stocks. The fruits are naught (having a hard and stony core) if grafted upon a Thornetree.

There are many kinds of Cherries,* 1.92 The Flanders-Cherry is most generally planted here in England, and is a great bearing fruit. there are two sorts of them, the Early, and the late Flanders; the early is almost as soone as the May-Cherry, it follows close after, and then the late Flanders-Cherry upon that. The May-Cherries are tender, the Trees must be set in a warme place, upon some south wall, or morning sunne, but the Flan∣ders both kinds beare well in Orchards, and feilds at large, both kinds are very good, and good bearers.

The black hart Cherry is a very speciall fruit, and a great bear∣ing fruit; and doubtlesse exceeding proper to presse for wine, ei∣ther to drinke of it selfe, or to mix the juyce with Syder to give it a colour, as Clarret-wine. it being of a deepe red, and a small quantity of it, will colour a gallon of Syder or white-wine. There is a Cherry we call the great bearing cherry, of M. Millen. It may very well be called the great bearer, for the Trees seldome fayle of great store of fruits, although in a cold, and sharp spring. It is something a tart fruit, of a very deep red, almost blackish, when full ripe. The juyce is very proper to colour Syder, Perry, White-wine, or the like.

This kind of fruit is most fit for cold Countries in the North-parts, and although it be not altogether so pleasant as some other Cherries, by reason of the tartnesse of the juyce, yet let men know that sharp Cherries are accounted more wholsome then the sweet. And such as plant Trees of this kind may have good store of Fruits, when others (it may be) want, who have none of these Trees.

Concerning Stocks fit for Cherry-trees, I account the black Cherry stock the best, to graft any kind of Cherry upon. Yet some say the red Cherry-stock is best for May-Cherries. But the black Cherry stocks are goodly straight Plants and full of sap, and become greater Trees then the red Cherry-trees.

* 1.93There are very many kinds of Plums, many more then of Cherries. I esteem the Musle Plum one of the best, being a faire large black plum, and of an excellent rellish, and the Trees beare abundantly. The Violet, and Premorden plum-trees, are very great bearing trees, and the fruits pleasant, and good. The Damasco-Plum is a good fruit, and the trees beare well.

Many other kinds might be named, very good plums; some approve of one kind, and some of another, but the dryest plums which part from the stones, are accounted best.

Plum Grafts must be grafted, or inoculated upon Plum-stocks, not upon cherry stocks, or any other kind of stocks, that I know. The White Peare-plum stocks are accounted the best, and the Damson stocks the worst, as being dry stocks: so that Grafts can∣not take, nor thrive upon them. Those stocks of plums which have large leaves, and full shoots, I account the best.

Graft not Plum grafts upon cherry stocks, nor cherries upon Plums, as some prescribe: different kinds will not agree together.

* 1.94Though Aprecocks are (in the generall) accounted Plums, yet because of the excellency of the fruit they may be spoken of by themselves. I know but few kinds of them, but some I know to be far better bearers, some are larger then others, and some sooner ripe then others. All good fruits. Ther's one kind that is a very great bearer, and a faire large fruit, observe then those Trees that usually beare well, and get Buds from them at the season to Ino∣culate, as is shew'd p. 50. for these must be propagated only by the Bud, not by grafting. I account the White Peare-plum stocks the best to Inoculate Aprecock Buds upon, although they may be

done upon other Plum-stocks with good successe, if they be good juycie stocks, able to give large nourishment, for Aprecock trees require much nourishment. I shall joyne the Nectrine with the Aprecock although another kind of fruit. The best kind that I know is the Roman red Nectrine. But it is very hard to be pro∣pagated: as for Grafting, none take that way, and but few with inoculating, which I concieve is the reason it is the dearest of all Plants with us. The yellow, and greene Nectrines are much short of it in goodnesse.

The White Peare-plum stocke, (though accounted the best for any plum, yet I find) is scarce good enough for this fruit to be in∣oculated upon it, though some doe indifferent well.

But I hold it best to inoculate the Roman red Nectrine upon the Branch of an Aprecock which before hath been Inoculated upon a good Plum-stock, that it may give not only a larger, but a finer nourishment then ordinary Plum-stocks can doe.

Of Peaches* 1.95 there are divers kinds: I know by experience the Nutmeg, and Newington Peaches to be excellent tasted fruits, and very good bearers, especially the Nutmeg Peach, which makes amends for the smallnesse of the fruit: but the Newington Peach is a very large, and gallant fruit.

These require choice Plum-stocks to be inoculated upon, as the White Peare plum stock, or else stocks comming of Peach stones.

I know but one kind of Figs* 1.96 that come to ripenesse with us in England. The great Blew-fig, as large as a Catherine Peare. The trees grow in divers Gardens in Oxford, and beare their fruits to perfect ripenesse, it ordered as they should be. The trees must be set against a South wall, and be spread up with nayles, and Leathers.

These trees are increased from the Root of the old tree; draw up the small suckers, and plant them, or the cuttings of it will grow, as of a Vine tree. These need neither inoculating, nor Graf∣ting.

Some Authors affirme that there have been Vine-yards in Eng∣land in former times, though they be all destroyed long since.* 1.97 Divers places retaine the name of Vine-yards still. At Bromwell Abby in Norfolke: and at Elie in Cambridg-shiere: what else is the meaning of these old Rimes.

Quatuor sunt Eliae; Lanterna, Capella, Mariae: Et Molendinum, nec non dans Vinea vinum.

Englished thus:

Foure things of Elie Towne much spoken are, The Leaden Lanthorn, Maries Chappell rare, The mighty Milhill in the Minster field, And fruitfull Vineyards which sweet wine doe yeeld.

And doubtlesse men might Plant Vines with good successe, to make good wine even with us. There are many kinds of Vines, but I know none so good, and fit for our Climate as the Parsley Vine, we see by experience yearely it beares abundance of fruits, unto perfection. And whosoever would plant Vines in England, I think he cannot meet with a better kind then the Parsley Vine, both for bearing, and goodnesse. The Fox Grape is a faire large Fruit, and a very great bearer, though not of so much esteem as divers others.

The Red and White Muskadine Grape, is an excellent fruit, and if the Vines grow upon a South wall, and be well ordered, they beare store of good fruits.

I know but two sorts of Quinces,* 1.98 the English and Portingall Quince. The Portingall Quince, I esteem as the better, both for bearing, and use. These are increased from the Roots of old trees, Suckers must be drawn up, and set in the Nursery, or in other convenient places, which being grown up, must be Grafted with some grafts from old bearing trees, but the custome is (for the most part) to nursse them up without grafting, and so ordered they are long ere they come to beare fruit.

Therefore I advise to Graft, or Inoculate them, with Grafts or Buds from old bearing Trees.

There are two kinds of Mulberrie-trees* 1.99 with us in England, the Blacke, and the White. As for the White I never saw any of its fruit, they very seldōe beare any with us. But the Black Mulberry-tree never failes of fruit after it is grown up. These Trees are not increased by Grafting, or Inoculating, but by Cuttings from the Branches, or sides of the Trees: Cut a Bough off, as big as a mans arme, and after cut it in small Truncheons, or peeces a yard long

or more, lay these in the ground a foot deep, only the one end out of the ground a hand breadth or two, or thereabouts, and keep the earth moist with some good fat water from a standing Pool, or Dunghill, and clean from weeds, and the first or second yeare usually these peeces spring up with severall shoots, all which may be cut off with some small Roots, and Planted at a fit distance, and the old Root will yearly send out more, which may either be cut off as before, or else bowed down, and laid in the earth, on one, or severall sides, which will take root and mul∣tiply abundantly, and in a few yeares be fit to be transplanted.

These kinds of Fruits are of least esteem with us,* 1.100 yet some like them well being ripe, and almost rotten.

The Trees are increased by Suckers from the Roots, and need not Grafting, nor Inoculating, but if the Fruit be small, then get some Buds or Grafts from those Trees which beare large Fruits and Inoculate or Graft upon small Plants, or upon the small Boughs of great Trees. According to directions given.

Walnut-trees are propagated from the Nuts,* 1.101 which may be set from the time of ripenesse, untill the spring, an Inch deep or little more, and afterwards transplanted, and set at a very great distance 24: or 30 yards asunder: for they are very large spreading Trees.

Be sure to chuse of the best Nuts to set, the fairest nuts, and thinnest shells, and good bearers.

Thus much (briefly) concerning the best bearing Trees, and how they are propagated.

As for those Fruit-trees which beare but little, or no fruits,* 1.102 by reason that Grafts and Buds were not chosen from good bearing kinds, wherewith they were engrafted, I advise (by all means) to Graft, or Inoculate such againe, though great, and old Trees, such whose boughs are as big as a mans hand-wrist, or smaller, may be cut off, and grafted in the Cleft, with a cupple of good Grafts, of good bearing kinds; but such Branches, as are very great, I should rather cut off a convenient height from the ground, a slope-wise, that no wet may rest upon the top, and then after a yeare, or two, to graft the small Shoots or Branches that are put forth, or some of them; this is a better course, then to graft such great Branches, for that moisture will get into the top, and rot the Branches, and perhaps the Body too, ere the Grafts can cover such great heads.

As concerning Arbors, Seats, &c. in Orchards and Gardens, I advise men to make them of Fruit-trees,* 1.103 rather then of Privet, or other rambling stuffe, which yeelds no profit, but only for shade. If you make them of Cherry trees, Plum-trees, or the like, there will be the same advantage for shade, and all the Fruits superadded.

All that can be objected is, that Fruit-trees are longer in growing up, then Privet, Virgin-Bower, or the like, whereof Ar∣bors are commonly made. It is answered. Though Fruit-trees are something longer in covering an Arbor, then some other things, yet they make sufficient amends in their lasting and bea∣ring fruits.

* 1.104I shall now give some Rules concerning Transplanting young plants, after a yeares grouth, or more, whether Inoculated or Grafted.

The time for this work (in generall) is in Autumne, when trees have done growing, and that is divers weeks before the Leaves fall. Stay not (as the custome is) till November, or after, before you transplant, for the best time is about the later end of Sep∣tember, but because some trees are ready for Transplanting soo∣ner then others, observe this Rule.

Immediatly after Plants have done growing, its best to transplant them. And when they have done growing may be seen by the top, or end of the Plant, the top of the Branches will be closed, or shut up, and no more small Leaves will appeare, as in those that have not done growing.

* 1.105Its a great advantage to remove plants be time, for such grow a while after in their Roots before winter, and thereby not only preserve themselves in winter, but also make some preparation against the Spring: which those removed in winter cannot doe Stay not therefore till the Leaves fall ere you remove, although they may be remov'd then with good successe, but it is not so good at that time as before.

The time of removing being come, and the place prepared for setting them againe, then be carefull in taking up the plants, dig round about them, and take off the mould from their Roots, if it be a small plant it may be drawn up easily, the mould being ta∣ken away, if it be great, and the Roots spread much, then they

may be cut about halfe a yard from the body of the Plant, and the greater it is, the further off cut the Roots: and so draw it up: and break off all the Leaves the first thing you doe, for the Sun and Aire (by meanes of them) extract the sap of the branches.

The next work is to prune the Roots and branches,* 1.106 as they need. All the ends of the Roots must be cut smooth, and most of the small strings, or fibra's cut away, that so the mould may close to every side of those that are left, and new strings may put forth at the cut place: and leave not all the Roots (as the custome of some is) it much hinders the grouth, the mould cannot possibly be made to close about all of them being many, as it may about a few.

Likewise if the Plant be of 3 or 4 yeares grouth or more,* 1.107 some of the Branches must be cut, & say not as many doe, her'es a faire tree already, why should we cut away any part of it? but they must be content to loose some of the Branches, else they are in danger to loose all: for removing of great Plants, is a great check to nature, and if a few Roots cut short (as they must be when removed) be put to feed many and large Branches, they'l have but slender and poore nourishment, not sufficient many times to preserve life, much lesse to make a large grouth.

But if Plants are very small (of a yeare or two yeares grouth) you need not cut the Branches, except such as crosse one another or grow too nigh together, but cut off the ends of the Roots of all, because if cut, many small strings or fibra's shoot out at the cut place, which draw nourishment for the Plant, which without cutting would not.

Plants being thus prepared,* 1.108 the next thing is to set them again in the ground. If the soyl be dry they must be set so much the deeper, yet take heed of setting below the good soyl. In low and moist grounds set not so deep, as in that which is dry. The hole for the Plant being digged, set in the Root prepared as before, and cast in the smallest, and best mould next to the Roots, and see that the small mould runne between all the Roots, to that end, stir and shake the Plant, that there may not be any hollow place where the mould falls not, and being filled up, water the Plant that the mould thereby may settle close about all the Roots, and so let it rest.

If the Plants are faire large Plants, in danger to be shaken by

the winds, then knock down a stake close to every one, and tye the Plant to it with a hay-Band, or some other soft Band.

* 1.109As concerning distance in setting young trees I conceive Tenne yards is litle enough between Apple-trees, and Peare-trees, in ordi∣nary soyle. And if men have ground enough to plant, and good soyle, I should rather prescribe to Plant them 16, or 20 yards a∣sunder for both Trees and fruits have many great advantages, if planted a good distance one from another.

(As for Wall-trees they may be planted 5 or 6 yards asunder.)

* 1.110Such are freed from frettings, & gallings, that happens to Trees that brush, and croud one upon another, whereby not only the Buds, Blossomes, and Fruits, are rub'd and broken off, but also sometimes the Canker thereby breeds and destroies boughs, and Branches.

* 1.111Secondly (when Trees are planted a faire distance asunder) the sunne refreshes every Tree, the Roots, body, and branches, with the Blossomes, and Fruits, where by Trees bring forth more fruits, and those fairer and better.

* 1.112Thirdly. If Apple-trees and Peare-trees are planted 16. or 20. yards asunder, much profit may be made of the ground, under & about the Trees. Yee may plant Gooseberries, Rasberries, Currans, Strawberries, Roses, Flowers, and all sorts of Garden stuffe, com∣modious as well for sale, as house keeping, which cannot be if Trees be planted neere together, as the custome is in most places, the ground being cold and shady by the Trees. Besides the trees would have advantage by frequent digging & stirring the earth about their Roots from time to time in setting these things.

* 1.113Fourthly. When Trees have roome to spread as before, they will grow very large and great, and the consequences of that will be, not only multitudes of Fruits, but also long lasting; and these two are no small advantages, besides all the former. And men are mistaken when they say, the more Trees in an Orchard the more fruits, for one or two faire large trees, which have roome to spread, will beare more fruits then six or ten (it may be) of those that grow neere together, and crowd one another.

It is a very great, and almost a generall Errour, the Planting of Fruit-trees too neere together, especially as to Apple-trees, and Pear-trees; as for Cherry-trees, plum-trees and the like, they need not be planted halfe the distance I speak of, 5 or 6 yards in distance

is usually enough, and 8 yards, if the ground be speciall good: for all trees grow much larger in some soyles, then in o∣thers.

Concerning Order in setting Trees,* 1.114 though it be not essentiall to a good Orchard, yet if men stand upō it, they may measure out a square plot of ground (more or lesse) by a line, and then mea∣sure the distance that must be betweene every tree, according to the kinds that are to be planted, and according to the good∣nesse, or nature of the soile as hath been said. And having measured exactly the square plot, and the distance of the Trees, then set the foure corners first, then fill up the square plot, on all the foure sides, with plants, ordered as before, and so goe on to fill up all the other places in the Plot, exactly by Line, or by eye, if there be foure or five persons to assist in the work. And by this meanes the Trees will stand in Rowes every way. This square once planted, though but small at first, may be enlarged every way, as the ground permits, or else the Orchard may be drawn out in length, and yet the Trees stand in a right Line eve∣ry way by this meanes.* 1.115

In setting all sorts of Trees consider what soile they came out of, whether a fat, and forc'd soile (as divers of the Nurseries about London) or some ordinary naturall soile. If they came out of ve∣ry good ground, then procure as good or better, if it may be had, though but a little: to lay next to their Roots when they are set againe. This should alwaies be observed. To Plant Trees in as good or better soile being remov'd, as that out of which they were ta∣ken. For every thing in nature advanced to the better, it is grate∣full, and beneficiall to it, but if it be carried to the worse, it is a check, and repulse to nature, and such a one, as that if it be in any great degree, it either much weakens it, or quite destroies it. Therefore chuse Trees out of naturall soyles, and the worse, the better for the Trees, but if they must be had out of rich soyles, then be sure to procure some (more or lesse) of as good, or better then that out of which they are remov'd, to lay to their Roots, when set againe.

For want of observing this course, many hundred of good plants have been lost from time to time. The well ordering of young Plants the first and second yeare of planting, has an in∣fluence upon them many yeares, which if neglected then,

the labour, and diligence of many yeares after; cannot coun∣tervaile it, the ordering of Cattell while they are young, either makes or marrs them, so of Trees, and other things in some proportion; after they have well taken Roote the first and Se∣cond yeare, they will then grow in ordinary soyles, the great danger is at first planting.

Concerning Wall-trees:* 1.116 the Aprecot, Peach, Nectarine, Vine-tree &c. these and such choice fruit-trees, must be planted upon a South-wall, if it may be; The best next that I accompt the East-wall, and the West not so good, the North-wall is nothing worth, as having no advantage by the sunne as the other.

These trees being set (as before is said) they must be plaisht, or spread upon the Wall, being young, (and so from yeare to yeare as they grow greater) with Nailes, and Lethers. And as they grow larger, cut only some of the superfluous Branches, and twiggs in the middle part, but cut not the utmost sides or top Branches, untill they be spread as large as they should spread and be sure to leade the maine, and biggest Branches, along the sides of the wall, both wayes, and suffer them not to rise straight up as naturally they will, but correct nature by art.

* 1.117Wall-trees being growen as large as they may be permitted, must be Pruned from yeare to yeare; first in Sommer, secondly in Winter. About the end of June, or middle of July the Apre∣cot-trees (especially) will have put out many large shoots,* 1.118 some of which must be cut off, and others spread up to the wall, where there is roome for them, Tye up as many as you can con∣veniently with Lethers, and Nayles; and cut the rest off, that will not so well spread to the Wall, then with a paire of sheeres, or hook, or sharp pruning knife, cut all the forepart of the Trees even, and smooth, as may be, and so cut, and spread the bran∣ches as that the fruits, (which by that time will be growen to∣wards their bignesse) may have the sunne to refresh, and ri∣pen them.

* 1.119Secondly towards the begining of October, (or so soone as the Leaves are fallen off) the branches that crosse one another or are not well placed, may be rectified; or any of the great boughes, which are growen old, and have but few small bran∣ches upon them may be cut off, which must not be cut off in Sommer time, lest that too great, and sudden obstruction of

sap, kill the whole tree. But the cutting of the small Branches in Sommer, is some small check, and stop to the sap, and hin∣ders the excessive rising of it at that time, which else would spend it selfe in large superfluous branches, and so rob the fruits: And besides, as that cutting conduceth to the fairnesse, and early ri∣pening of the fruits, so also it causeth multitudes of Branches, and Buds for blossomes the next Spring, but this winter Pruning is chiefly for the well ordering of the branches that could not be well placed (by reason of the Fruits & Leaves in Sommer-time) and for the cutting off of greater Branches, when need is.

It is a great errour amongst some, who suffer all the young,* 1.120 & large Shoots to grow as much as they will, all Summer without cutting, and then in Winter they usually cut all or most of them quite off from the trees, and preserve only the old stumps, or biggest Branches of the trees, and by this meanes in the middle part of the Tree, and neere the Root, there are few, or no young Branches, to be seene: Whereas they should preserve the young Branches to spread up against the wall, untill it be full of small Boughs. And then some young Shoots (every yeare) may be cut off in Sommer, as before.

And in cutting away Branches, be sure to take those away that grow the straightest out, and will not so easily be bowed to the Wall, as the other: And preserve branches as low, and as neere the ground as may be, and cause them to bend, and grow straight along the sides of the Wall both wayes; and suffer not the biggest Branches to rise straight upward, as (com∣monly most doe,) but naile them downwards.

As for great Trees in the Orchards, Fields, Hedges,* 1.121 &c. they must be Pruned from yeare to yeare, as need is, in Octo∣ber, November, or thereabouts: observe to cut off the super∣fluous Branches, such as crosse one another, and such as grow too close, so as the Sunne cannot well come about the bea∣ring Branches: Leave no dead Twigges or Branches; and scrape off the Mosse that is upon the Body, and great Branches.

Opening the Roots is profitable to some Trees,* 1.122 especially such as grow upon dry, and barren grounds. In October (or there a∣bouts) take away the Earth round about the Roots, a yard broad, or more, and so leave the Roots bare, and open all Win∣ter; that the Raine, Snow, beames of the Sunne, &c. may refresh

the bottome Roots, and make the ground better: At Spring fill up the holes againe.

Also to lay Pigeons dung, Hens dung, Sheeps dung, to the roots (or the like stuffe, that is very hot, and fertill,) will much help the Trees, and make them beare store of fruits; Vines, or other Fruit-trees.

So also of Lees of Wine, the washing of strong Beere-Barrels, Blood of Cattle, dead Dogges, Carrion, or the like, laid, or put to the Roots of Trees, when opened (as before) is found very pro∣fitable unto fruit-bearing.

But in case the soyle about the Roots be over fat, and fertill, it may hinder bearing, for it will cause Trees to shoot forth great large shoots, and to send forth broad Leaves, and but little fruit: if so, then take away some of the fertill soyle, and put in, instead, sand, or cole ashes, or any stuffe that is barren, that it may dry up, and abate some of the too full feeding that the Trees had, and so cause fruitfulnesse. Though Meat and Drink be never so good, & wholsome, yet excesse hurts the body.

And further observe: That Mowing of Grounds yearely, where Fruit-trees grow, is exceeding prejudiciall to Trees in respect of bearing (unlesse the soyle be exceeding fertill) But pasturing of Or∣chards, and Grounds where Fruit-trees grow, is observed to be of great advantage to their prospering, and bearing Fruits. When Cattle are suffered to lye, and pasture under, & about the Trees, they much benefit the Roots, by their warmth in sitting, and by their soyle, which soaks down among the Roots, and is a great refreshing to them, as hath been found by cleare Experience.

Therfore permit Cattle (if it may be convenient) to lye, & pa∣sture, under & among Fruit-trees (after they are grown strong, & out of their reach) save only at those seasons when Fruits are ripe, because rubbing against the Trees would shake down the fruits, and spoil them. And it were better they did not rub against the Trees at any time, for in that respect they may doe hurt, there∣fore set Stakes or Posts about the Trees for the Cattle to rubb against, whereby the Trees may be preserved.

And concerning Transplanting, Pruning, and Ordering the Roots of Trees, thus much. See further, Errors in Practise.

Diseases incident to Fruit-Trees.

FRuit-trees are subject to divers Diseases. Baptist. Port. saies,* 1.123 Affliguntur Plantae omnes, veluti Animalia, diversis morbis. All Trees or Plants are afflicted with divers Diseases as sensible crea∣tures. And therefore we should apply our selves to Cure them, not for pitty to the Trees (as the indulgent compassionate Ma∣nichees) but for our own profit.

I shall (at present) mention only three Diseases that sometimes happen to Fruit-trees. Mossinesse, Bark-bound, and Canker.

Concerning Mossinesse of Fruit-trees, the way to cure that (and other Diseases) is to take away the Cause, sublatâ causâ,* 1.124 tol∣litur effectus. If the spring be stopt, the streames cannot runne. Some to cure this, only scrape off the Mosse, not indeavouring to take away the Cause, so that in a few yeares they are as bad a∣gaine, that's but like endeavours for cure of the Tooth-ach, or Gout, or the like, with some outward applications (which though they may give some ease for a while, yet they strike not at the root, they remove not the Cause, and therefore they returne a∣gaine. So that it must be considered what the Cause of Mossinesse is, sometimes it is caused by over coldnesse of the ground, as in wa∣terish, and clay grounds, likewise by Barrennesse of the soyle.

If it be Coldnesse through moysture, then use all means to lay it dryer, by trenching the ground: or if it be Clay-ground, then bring in some warmer soyls to mixe with it, as Sand, Ashes, Sheeps-dung, Pigeons, or Hens-dung, or the like: If the soyle be too bar∣ren, then help it by mixtures of good soyles, round about the Roots.

But withall take away the Mosse that is already upon the trees, in this manner; after Raine rub it off with a Haire-cloth: else scrape it off with a piece of hard wood in the forme of a knife.

Another is the Barke-bound disease:* 1.125 This exceedingly hinders the growth of trees: it makes them live lingringly and poorly: This happens when there is but a dull, and slow passage up of sap, and in small quantity, either by reason of barrennesse of soile or want of due culture, to the Branches, therefore if the soile be barren it must be mended, and likewise some of the Bran∣ches cut off, and the rest scored downe all along

to the Root, through the bark, on each side, with some crosse cuts, and nicks in the bark: let this be done in the spring time, & the sap will arise more plentifully.

Another disease is the Canker,* 1.126 naturall to some, but accidentally hapning to others by bruises &c. This hurts many, and spoiles some. To cure it, cut it out, if it be upō the body, or great Boughs of trees, & then cover the place with clay mixed with horse-dung and cut off the small Branches that are dead, but withall endea∣vour to stop the fountaine, and cause of it, (being a sharp and vi∣rulent sap) by laying Cole Ashes, or ashes of burnt wood, Nettles, Ferne, and such like vegetables to the Roots, but if the Trees grow upō gravell ground they'l hardly be cured, without altering the soile in a great measure.

Secondly, concerning Mischiefes incident to Fruits:* 1.127 by Cater∣pillers, Ants, Erewigs, Snailes, Wasps, Birds; and cold, and strong Winds.

In the spring time Caterpillers* 1.128 breed (and devour many buds, blossomes, and young fruits, especially in a dry season:) of the Dew and Leaves (as one saies) when the East Winds blow much, which causeth that moist and slimy matter to vivifie.* 1.129 They breed also (as is observed) of the Spawne of Butterflies. Now how to to destroy them. I know no better way then to pluck off those leaves which have the Cobwebs made upon them, (in which they breed) and tread them under foot, for one of them con∣taines multitudes.

And for those that escape, being upon the Trees, some smoake them with straw or such like, which makes them fall off. They may be destroied also by squirting water up into the Trees a∣mong the Boughs, which washeth them off.

Secondly, Ants* 1.130 and Pismires, hurt Fruits, multitudes creep up into some Trees, and eat the Fruits. Therefore seek out their hils where they breed, and lye, and powre in scalding water, amongst them till they be destroied.

Or else anoint the bottome of the Trees neere the Root with Tarre round about, that so these little theeves may be taken Pri∣soners by sticking in it.

Thirdly, Fruits (growing ripe) are sometimes eaten with Ere∣wigs.* 1.131 One way to destroy them is by setting Oxe hoofes, Canes or any hollow thing neere the Roots of the Trees, and among the

Boughs, upon the ends of sticks, and they'l creep in, and lye there, then take off these hoofes quickly, and shake them into a boule of water, or crush them with your foot upon the ground.

These Creatures doe most mischiefe to Wall-trees,* 1.132 especially upon old walls. Pick them off betime in the morning & destroy them. But if you keep the wall well pointed with lime, that they have no harbour there, and the Roots cleane from weeds you'l not be much troubled with them.

Another mischiefe incident to fruit,* 1.133 is by Wasps and Hornets sometimes, some find out their nests, & are so bold as to destroy them there, by scalding water, or some other way. Another way to destroy them is by hanging Earthen Pots halfe full of water in Trees, dawbed in the innerside with hony, and they will leave the fruits and fall to the hony, and having suckt of it, they fall into the water, and perish. This way destroys multitudes.

Birds also spoyle Buds and fruits:* 1.134 the Bul-finch and Lennet in the Winter time and Spring eate up multitudes of Buds of Cher∣rie-trees, and Plum-trees, which are prepar'd for blossomes and fruits, being ripe they peck and eat many: You may destroy them by setting lyme-twigs (with baits) in the Trees, & kill some with a Peece or Cros-bow, and hang them in the Trees? Also Clack-Mills may be set in divers places in the Orchard which wil affright them.

But the greatest mischiefe incident to fruits is by cold winds: and Frosts in the spring time, & by strong winds in sommer,* 1.135 & Au∣tumne: which shake off the Fruits: against the hurt of cold winds, & frosts, wall-trees may be covered, for a certaine time while they are knitting (being exceeding tender) and great standard trees may be smoked in knitting time, setting on fire some moist straw, (or any thing that will make a smoke) under, and among the Trees.

Also against strong winds, the Orchard must be defended (if it be possible) with some high Trees, on the North, East, and West, sids, or so planted that they may have houses, hils, or something, or other, to break off these winds, from the Fruit-trees.

Soe much concerning Diseases, and Mischeifes, incident to Fruit-trees, and fruits: with their Cures, and Remedies.

The Alimentall and Physicall use of Fruits.

Fruit-trees being Planted, and duly Ordered to fruit-bearing, then comes the joyfull Harvest, the End of all our Labours: And then we make use of all the Fruits for our greatest Profit, and because some have ways to order fruits for advantage, which others know not of, I thinke good to say something concerning the use of fruits, in respect both of their Alimentall, and Physicall Ʋse.

First concerning the use of Apples.* 1.136

When Apples are ready they may be Disposed of Divers wayes, some for Syder, others for Sale, others for daily Dishes to the Ta∣ble.

Syder is usually made of such Apples as are moist sommer fruits, some are fit to make Syder so soone as they are gathered, others may lye a certaine time to mellow, as they use in some places, whereof most excellent Syder is made if the Apples are ta∣ken when they are just ready, and fit to eate, being the crude, or raw spirit is then digested.* 1.137

The Apples being ripe, gather them, & being cleane picked from Stalks and leaves, grind them in the Mill, or pownd them small in Trows of wood, or stone, then straine them, & tunne up the Liquor, immediately, & let it not stand as some do, it looseth spi∣rits: And having filled a Vessell great, or small, take Clay, and lay it round about the Tunne hole, not to stop it up, but make it hollow round about, to containe so much Syder, as that (when it hath done working) the Vessell may yet be full, put in a small quantity of Mustard, to make it worke the better, and when it hath done working then stop it up presently, very close, and it will keep better then if the Vessell were not full.

In drawing of it, give it no more Aire then needs must.

If you hang divers kinds of Spices (bruised) in the middle of the Vessell, in a thin Linnen Bag, they give the Liquor an excellent relish: put it not in, till the Syder have done working.

If you boyle Syder (with spices) newly strayned, such will be cordiall; you may colour it with juyce of Mulberies or Rasberies, or of the Great-bearing-Cherry, and make it like Clarret-wine.

* 1.138Syder may be kept perfect good many yeares if (being setled)

it be drawn out into Bottles, and well stopt with Corks and hard wax melted thereon, and bound down with a Packthred, & then sunk down into a Well or Poole, or buried in the ground, or sand laid in a Cellar.

Before you gather Apples to keep, let them be ripe,* 1.139 which may be known by the colour, and by the seed, cut some of them, and if the seed be turn'd browne, or somewhat blacke, such may be ga∣thered; gather them in a dry day, pull them one by one, and put them into Baskets lined with woollen cloath, that they bruise not. Carry them into a Loft or upper Chamber, and lay them on Mats or Boords, not on Plaister, or Clay Flowers. Lay them thin, not on heapes, as some doe, let the windows, and holes on the South side be all shut up, but open especially upon the North side, in dry daies, that the ayre, and winds may dry up their superflu∣ous moisture. Lay every kind by themselves, and pick out all the Leaves, and such as rot, from time to time. Turne them some∣times, and in Frost cover them with Mats, Straw, or the like.

If Apples offend any through winde, eat with them Ginger, or other Hot spices, or Carroway seeds, Fennell seeds, or the like.* 1.140 So Dodonaeus: Quorum malignitas vel aromatis, vel aliis corrigi potest.

Apples are prepared for the Table, all the yeare long many waies (I shall not need to speak of particulars) and are pleasant and healthfull to the body.

Dulcia poma minus frigida sunt,* 1.141 ac humida alimentum conferunt amplius quam caetera poma. He saies, Pleasant Apples are lesse cold and moist, and afford more nourishment then others.

Concerning their Physicall use.* 1.142

Gallen ascribes heat to some kind of Apples, he speaks of their Physicall propertie in relaxing the belly, & saies the acid & acrid performe this: but with some difference. Haec cum calefactione, Illa autem cum refrigeratione. The Acrid doe it with heat, the o∣ther with cold. Sweet Apples relax the belly more then other kinds. A good Author saies, every sweet thing detergeth & relax∣eth And therefore Peares (which are generally more sweet then Apples) loosen the body more then Apples.

Apples also help Concoction. So Gallen,* 1.143 post cibum statim dare ipsa, &c. taken after meat. Nonnunquā autem cum pane, ad ventri∣culum & stomachum roborandum eaten with bread they strengthē the stomach. So Avicen: confortant debilitatem stomachi.* 1.144

Galen saies pleasant Apples are profitable in hot diseases. Saepe in morbis afferunt praesidium: So Matth: Pomum coctivum non so∣lum sanis competit, sed etiam aegris: He saies they are Cordiall to persons in hot diseases: Calidis cordis affectibus succurrunt. Being rosted,* 1.145 and eaten with Rosewater and Sugar; and that the plea∣santer kinds are helpfull against Melancholy, & are good against the Plurisie, if rosted and eaten Glycyrrhizae succo, & saccharo, mi∣rifice juvant. With juyce of Liquorice, and sugar, morning and evening two houres before meat, they wonderfully help.

Observe one speciall Physicall propertie more of Apples, set down by a Learned and experienced Author. These be his words.

* 1.146The pulp of rosted Apples foure, or five (if Pomewaters) mixed in a wine, Quart of faire water, laboured together, and drunk at night last, within an houre, doth in one night cure those that pisse by drops, with great anguish, and dolour, the strangury, and all other diseases, proceeding of the difficulty of making water, but in twice taking, it never fayleth in any: also the running of the Reines: which I have often proved, and gained thereby both Crownes, and credit. So the Author.

* 1.147Concerning Peares:a 1.148 Galen saies they have like properties with Apples, and what is said of Apples, if we attribute the same to Peares, there needs nothing anew to be said of them, Quae de Malis diximus, si ad Pira transtuleris, nihil erit quod nos de ipsis novum dicere oportet.

Avicen saies:b 1.149 sedant Choleram, they mitigate Choler.c 1.150 Do∣donaeus commends them above Apples, for their nourishing pro∣pertie: Alimenta Pira omnia amplius & copiosius quam Mala conferunt.

So* 1.151 Avicen: Humor eorum plurimus, & laudabilior est, humore pomorum.

Peares make an excellent Wine being well ordered. A late Author saies we might have wine of Peares and other of our Fruits,* 1.152 not inferior to French Wines. And another tells us, that a famous Physitian of his time was not content to equall them with Wine of Grapes, but preferred them before it in every thing.

I need not tell Herefordshire, and Worcestershire men, the good properties of Perry & Syder, they know by experience it is both Alimentall and Physicall, that it is profitable not only for Health, but also for long life, and that Wines made of the best kind of

Apple, and Peares, is a spetiall Cordiall, chearing and reviving the spirits, making the heart glad, as wine of Grapes.

And it has beene observ'd that those who drinke Syder and Perry daily, or frequently, as their common drinke, are gene∣rally healthy persons, and long-lived.

And that it will begger a Physitian to live where Syder, and Perry, are of generall use.

Quinces are speciall fruits, and of manifold use,* 1.153 not only for daily nourishment, but also for Physicall respects, either of themselves, or mixed with other fruits. Matthiolus commends them both for meate, and medicine, boyled with hony.* 1.154 Ex melle tantum & Cotoneorum carne confecta, tam ad cibi quàm medica∣menti commodum.

So Rovilius:* 1.155 And that many dainties for Banquets are pre∣pared of them: Multa ex Cydoniis malis parata ex iis sectis & diutius in aqua elixis donec tabescant &c.

There are divers waies of making Marmalade of Quinces, which is knowne to be a good Cordiall. strengthning the Sto∣mack, and Heart, both of the sick, and sound.

Galen saies being made with Hony it will last seaven yeares,* 1.156 and loose none of it's properties, diu duret, si quis ipsum cum mel∣le coctum asservare velit, post annos septem invenimus nihil in qua∣litate immutatum.

Dodonaeus saies: they bind strongly, of their owne nature;* 1.157 and stay vomiting. Valde astringunt, ventriculum roborant, vo∣mitum sedant.

Quinces may be kept good a yeare or (as some have said) two yeares, thus: put them in a Barrell, cover them with Penny Ale, and once in 10 or 12 daies draw it off, but stirre not the Quinces, then put in fresh Ale againe, from time to time, this is accompted far better then usuall Pickle. Others keep them thus: Boyle the parings and Cores of Qinces with salt and Gin∣ger, and in this pickle they'l keep divers Monthes, A late Au∣thor saies there's no fruit in this Land of so manifold use as Quinces.

Cherries are a healthfull and pleasant fruit,* 1.158 Ruelius saies Ce∣rasa bonum succum creant, they breed good humours in the body; so another: bonum sanguinem generant.

Dodoneus accompts the tart, and sharp Cherries best, Inter Ce∣rasa optima sunt acidula.

There is a pleasant and refreshing wine, made of Cherries, in Countries where they have great store, both of their Lyquor only: and the same mixed with Grapes. Ʋvis maturis admiscen∣tur, & deinde vinum ex his paratur gustatu gratissimum: Doubt∣lesse Cherry wine in sommer is a pleasant and healthfull lyquor, more proper for that season then hot wines.

Cherries boyled in brothes, and drinks, give a pleasant relish, and are good for hot, and feverish bodies. And in Countries where there are great store their custome is to eat their break∣fasts of Bread, butter, and Cherries.

The Schoole or Universitie of Salerne, gives them great commen∣dations, and tells us divers commodities they afford:

Cerasa si comedas tibi confert grandia dona, Expurgant Stomachum, nucleus lapidem tibi tollit, Et de carne suâ sanguis erit{que} bonus.

By eating Cherries great good doth arise, To such as use them, for the learned wise Say, that they purge the Stomack, and beside The broken stones and kernels have beene try'd, To breake the bladder-stone, breed wholsome blood, To fat and feede the body they be good.

Another saies, they increase and comfort the Liver, and that the tart and sharp close the mouth of the stomack, and make the better and speedier digestion.

* 1.159Matthiolus saies: Omnia refrigerant, roborant, & tibi appeten∣tiam excitant, ideoque febricitantibus, ac sitientibus facile conce∣duntur à medicis Germanis.

All Cherries do coole, strengthen and stirre up appetite to meate, and therefore they are readily allowed by the Germane Physitians to such as have feverish, hot, and thirsty diseases; other Authours say the like which for brevities sake I omit.

* 1.160Matthiolus saies, Pruna bilem dejiciunt, proinde ea utiliter, me∣dici ad febres, aliosque biliosos affectus reddant. Plums cast out cholerick humours,* 1.161 and are good in fevers, and other cholerick and hot diseases.

A late Authour saies, out of damsons and other sweete Plums,

may be made a drinke not inferior to some good wines, and a∣bundance of Aquavitae.

Schol. Sal. saies:

Infrigidant, laxant, multum prosunt tibi Pruna:

Plums coole, and loose the belly very kindly:

No way offensive, but to health are friendly.

Many good dishes for the Table, and delicates for Banquets, are made of Plums, with hony, and sugar, to use all the yeare, and profitable both for the sick and healthfull.

Gallen accounts Aprecocks, better then Peaches,* 1.162 Non in ven∣triculo, ut illa corrumpuntur: because they are not so soone cor∣rupted in the stomack. Avicen saies, Infusio siccorum confert foe∣bribus acutis: The infusion of dryed Aprecocks,* 1.163 is profitable in sharpe feavers. Matt. tels us, that the Oyle of the Stones, is very profitable to anoint the heat, and swelling of Ʋlcers, and Sores, and Paines in the Eares. And that the oyle mixed with wine, and drunke, drives stones and gravell out of the bladder and kidneys; and helps the collicke.

They are ordered many wayes and all pleasant to the Body,* 1.164 and healthfull.

Dioscor. sayes, Persica mala stomacho utilia sunt, alvum quoque bonum praestant. Peaches are good for the stomach,* 1.165 and keep the belly soluble: so Avicen: Matura sunt bona stomacho.

Lonicerus saies, Persica mala in ardentibus faebribus sumi pos∣sunt. Peaches may be eaten in burning fevers.* 1.166

Pliny comends Peaches as much as any fruit even for the sick, with wine or Vineger, Poma Persica innocua expeti aegris, utiliora{que} cum vino aut aceto, &c:

Peaches eaten moderately (for so wee are to use all fruits) are no doubt profitable to coole and loosen the belly, especially for hot constitutions, but with all take the advice of scho: Sal: Persica cum musto, vobis datur ordine iusto: take a cup of wine, or strong drinke with them.

Some make a drink or wine of Mulberries as Albert:* 1.167 Magnus tells us: De Moris fit potus, qui Moretum vocetur. A spoonefull or 2: of this will colour a quart of white wine or Syder. Ruel: saies, succus siccato pomo expressus, multum obsoniorum sapori confert, & miram gratiam commendat: the juyce of Mulberries, prest out, and dryed, & put into meats, gives them a very pleasant taste & relish.

The Juyce of Mulberries is known by experience to be a good remedy for a sore mouth, or throat, such as are perfectly ripe re∣lax the belly, but the unripe (especially dry'd) are said to binde exceedingly, and therefore are given to such as have Lasks, and Flixes. Dodonaeus saies they stir up a languishing appetite, espe∣cially in hot bodies, appetentiam calore languentem excitant.

* 1.168So Avicen: appetitum cibi faciunt. They are used by Apothecaries for many other purposes.

* 1.169Figgs are said to nourish much, and to breed store of blood. Dodonaeus preferres them above other Fruits in respect they nou∣rish very much: Alimenti amplius quam caeteri praebent: So Mat. Ficus & uvae inter fructus autumnales principatum obtinent.

We have a sort of Figgs that come to perfect ripenesse in England, which are eaten (being newly gathered) with Pepper, Salt, and Bread, and may be dry'd to last all the yeare. And (doubtlesse) nourish exceedingly.

Lonicerus saies: Naturam confortant. Dioscor: commends them as profitable to those who have lost their colour by long sick∣nesse.

* 1.170Figgs according to Pliny are restorative, and the best thing that they can eat, who are brought low by languishing sicknesse and on the mending hand, they help (as another saies) an old continuall Cough (being boyled with Hysop and drunk) also Obstructions, and other faults of the Lungs. Scho: Salern: com∣mends them for divers things: Scroba, tumor, Glandes,

Ficus cataplasmata cedit. Junge papaver ei, confracta foris tenet ossa.

Kings Evill, Swellings, Kernells, Figgs by a plaister cure: Adde Poppie to 't, Then broken bones it sets them sure.

* 1.171Condiuntur hi cum saccaro, aut melle (as Dodonaeus) quo modo ap∣parati ori, ac palato grati sunt. Ordered with hony, or sugar they are acceptable and pleasant to the tast, they fortifie digestion, and preserve the humours from putrefaction. They stay vomi∣tings and loosnesse of the stomack or belly.* 1.172 Valentius astringunt, proinde ventri fluenti cibus est utilissimus: as Gallen: Another saies: Mespilorum ossicula in pulverem contrita calculos è renibus valen∣ter pellunt. The kernells bruised to dust, and drunk in liquor (es∣pecially

where Parsley roots have been steeped) doe mightily drive out stones, and gravell from the Kidneyes.

A late Author saies Medlers are singular good for women with child, seeing they strengthen the stomach, and stay the loos∣nesse thereof.

Another saies, they are very effectuall for women with child against abortion.

A late Author saies the profit of Wallnuts* 1.173 is infinite: They are usually eaten after meales to close up the stomach, and help di∣gestion. And according to Avicen, recentes sunt meliores stoma∣cho. Bread or Bisket may be made of the meale being dried.* 1.174 The young nuts peeled are preserv'd, and candid for Banquetting stuffe: and being ripe the Kernells may be crusted over with su∣gar, and kept long.

Avicen saies: Juglans ficubus,* 1.175 & Rutâ medicina omnibus vene∣nis: Wallnuts, with Figs, and Rue, is a preservative against all poison.

Schol: Sal: reckons Wallnuts for one of the six things that resist poyson.

Allia, Nux, Ruta, Pyra, Raphanus cum Theriaca: Haec sunt Antidotum contra mortale venenum.

Garlicke, Rue, Peares, Radish, Treacle, and Nuts: Take these, and then no deadly poyson hurts.

Mithridates the great:* 1.176 his preservative was (as is recorded) Two Wallnuts, two Figs, 20 leaves of Rue, and a grain of Salt stam∣ped together: which taken, no poyson that day could hurt him.

Greene Walnuts about Midsommer distilled and drunk with vineger, are accounted a certaine preservative against the Pesti∣lence.

The milk of the Kernells (as Almond milk) doth cool and re∣fresh the appetite of the languishing sick body.

So much for the Alimentall, and Physicall use of Fruits.

Errors Discovered.

HAving shew'd some profitable Instructions in this Art of planting Fruit-trees, I think it convenient likewise to disco∣ver some Errors that I find both in the Theory, and Practise of it, that men may take heed of them.

Let not men think that Ancient and Learned Authors have discovered all Truths: or that all they have said is truth: they are but men and have their Errors: Humanum est errare: quando{que} bonus dormitat Homaerus, as one saies, Non est pro magno habendum quid homines senserint,* 1.177 sed quae sit rei veritas. It's not any great matter what men have thought, but what is the truth of the matter. Quid ad nos qui potius de rebus ipsis judicare debemus? What is it to us what men say, who ought rather to judge of the things that are spoken.* 1.178 Oportet edoctum judicare: as L. Bac. saies. Men that are taught must not resigne up their Reason to their Teachers, but judge of what's said.

Some great and Learned Authors have asserted very weak things, and altogether untrue. L. Bac. saies concerning them, That the writings of speculative men upon active matter, seemes to men of experience, but as dreames and dotage. Indeed they goe a∣bout to build Castles in the Aire (as the Proverb is) for as a buil∣ding cannot be set up without a foundation, so neither can effects be produced without Causes: Nullus effectus datur sine causa. They tell us of many great and desirable things, but when they come to discover the Causes, and meanes whereby they must be effected, these are (many of them) weak and childish: and which (I suppose) proceeded from them upon their first apprehensions without waighing them in the Scale of Reason,* 1.179 or trying of them by the Touchstone of Experience. And as the L. Bac. saies These high and vaporous Imaginations, insteed of a laborious, and sober en∣quiry of truth, doe beget hopes, and beliefes in themselves, of strange and impossible shapes.

* 1.180And elsewhere he saies. The Causes and Axioms of some anci∣ent, and moderne writers, are so full of Imagination, and so infected with old received Theories, as they are meere Inquinations, (or de∣filements) of experience.

And these he ranks amongst the discredits of Learning, he

saies:* 1.181 Many things have been rashly (and with little choice or judge∣ment) received, and registred, as appeares in the writings of divers Authors, which are every where fraught with forged and fabulous reports, and those not only uncertaine, and untried, but notoriously untrue, to the great derogation of Naturall Philosophy, with grave and sober men.

I shall therefore discover some of these Errors (according to my apprehensions) as they concerne this Art of Planting. Fruit-trees, that inexperienced persons may not be deceived by them.

And afterwards shew some Errors in the Practise of this Art, that they may be avoided.

I shall divide the Errors in the Theorie (or contemplative part) of this Art, into three sorts.

[ 1] The first sort are, Instructions hurtfull and dangerous.

[ 2] The second are, Instructions for effecting of some things impossible to be done by the meanes prescribed: and others impossible to be effe∣cted by any meanes.

[ 3] The third sort are: Assigning wrong Causes to Effects.

For the first.

[ 1] A late Author giving Instructions for Grafting, saies: Graft the next Spring after remove.

This I say is a dangerous Instruction, because Stocks removed have so great a wound and repulse by removing only, that they cannot well beare another so soone after, so great as Grafting would be: Therefore let stocks removed grow a yeare, or two before Grafting, Reason, and Experience is cleare enough in this.

[ 2] Secondly Theophrastus giving instructions for Planting, saies: Take away none of the Roots for it is a foolish thing to loose those roots we have, that we may get new.

This is a hurtfull and dangerous Instruction, for except many of the small strings, and roots be cut away, and all the ends of the great ones, they will not put forth new Roots, as they will if cut, and multitude of roots hinder the mould from closing on every side of every Root, as it ought to doe, therefore some must be cut away, and the ends of all that are left; Experience prove this sufficiently.

[ 3] Thirdly: Columella giving instructions for choice of Grafts, this is one,* 1.182 surculi sint bisulci. Let Grafts be double, or forked. So Ruelius.

This is a dangerous and hurtfull instruction, because forked, or double or treble Grafts, most of them dye, and those that live grow poorely, not a fifth, or sixt part (it may be) so much as single and short Grafts.

[ 4] Fourthly: Bapt. Port. giving Instructions for choice of Grafts, saies, we must take surculos pregnantes & turgentes: Grafts full & swelling with sap. This is a bad Instruction: For Grafts should be taken before they swell with sap, for it is a repulse to Nature to cut them after sap stirres in them: neither will such take hold on the stock so soon as those which are indigent, and needy of sap: therefore let Grafts be cut from the Tree, before sap stir in them.

[ 5] Another saies. When Grafts put forth, take away the Clay: for Clay rather keeps moisture then drought, save a little in the hole. This is a hurtfull Instruction: for sap will not cover the head of the stock, nor close up the clefts on both sides so soon without Clay, as with it, Clay is as salve to a wound, which heales it up: & it rather keeps out moisture, then otherwise, if wel closed, and al∣so preserves from dry winds, sunne, & other annoiances, therefore keep on the Clay a yeare or two, till the head of the stock be co∣vered and the cleft healed up.

[ 6] Another saies: When the Grafts have well put forth, underprop them, else wrap them one within another, and tye them with wood a∣mongst, for feare winds break them. This is a very hurtfull and dangerous Instruction, for all these wayes do fret, & gall, the barke and (it may be) breed the Canker, And besides, it hinders the yong grafts that they cannot spread into an handsome form: this course brings a certaine mischeife to prevent an uncertaine: winds hurt but few, except they be very top-heavy, if so; then cut some of the branches till they be grown stronger below, able to bear the Top.

[ 7] Some Authors counsell, us to cast Glew into the place of Grafting, to glew together the two substances, or sprinkle Sugar, Cyna∣mon, or sweet liquor, that the fruits may retain the tast. This is a hurt∣full Instruction because liquors (or any other substance put betwene the stocke, and the Graft, do hinder, (if not spoyle) the joyning of stocke and Graft, but if this might be done without hurt either to stock, or Graft, yet would it be no way effectuall for the End proposed.

[ 8] A late Author saies: Plant not against a wall, because a Tree cannot be so long lived nor grow to the bignesse it else would do.

This is a hurtfull Instruction, because many kinds of fruittrees, As the Aprecock Peach, Nectarine and divers other trees, will beare little, or no fruit, except they be planted against a wall: And though it be granted, that Trees planted against a Wall will not be so large as if planted from the Wall, Yet I suppose its better to have, a few small trees, that beare store of great fruits; then store of great Trees, that beare but a few small fruits.

[ 9] Columella giving Instructions for removing Plants saies. Ma∣la aestiva, Cydonia, sorba, pruna,* 1.183 post mediam hyemem us{que} in Idus Febr: serito: Pyros Autumno, aute brumam serito: Plant the Som∣mer Apple, Quince, Service-tree, and Plum-tree, after winter, in february: but Peare-trees before winter.

This is a hurtfull instruction, as to the first part: for Trees should be planted in Autumne, as has been said, and there is the same Reason why the Sommer Apple-tree, and the rest, should be planted before winter, as is for Pear-trees, see at larg: pag. 60, &c.

[ 10] One adviseth thus: Let the Orchard be seated on some hill top, rather then on plaine grounds, for they have better Aire, and better prospects, and also containe a greatter number of trees then plain grounds.

This is no good Instruction: for Orchards on low and plaine grounds have many advantages of those on high grounds, for the soyle of plaine, and low grounds is commonly more fertill then hill tops. Secondly, low grounds are more safe from Winds then hills, by reason of other trees planted to secure the Orchard, and by hills, houses or other shelters: hill tops can have no defence. As for prospects on hill tops, men do not plant Orchards for prospects, but for Fruits.

And as for good Aire, I suppose there is better Aire (especially at some seasons) in the Orchard on plaine grounds, then on hills, for in Blooming time, winds would deprive us of the sweet aire on hill tops, but on plaine grounds the aire is more calme, And the perfume of the Blossomes stayes within the Walls, as within a perfumed Chamber.

[ 11] Another Author saies: Set the stones of the Peareplum a foot deep in cold ground. This is a hurtfull and dangerous Instruction. For

stones of any Fruits in any ground, put a foote deepe, are rather bu∣ried then set, for a man should nere see more of them. But set stones of any fruits not aboue two inches deepe, rather some thing lesse.

[ 12] One giving Instructions for Inoculating: saies, Take off the bark iust upon some Bud, or knob, and set the other Barke thereon. This is a hurtfull Instruction: for if the Bud to be inoculated be set upon a∣nother Bud of the stocke, then the Inoculated bud cannot possibly close, unlesse the roote of it be out, and if the roote be out its spoyl'd that way: The Author that talks thus had never any ex∣perience in the Art of Inoculating. For Buds must be set upon the smoothest part of the stock, that they may be sure to close.

[ 13] Another saies: Set Apple-trees Twenty foot asunder. This is a ve∣ry hurtfull and dangerous Instruction, and the practise of it hinders men of multitudes of Fruits, Wee see that in most Orchards, Trees are planted too neer togeather, it may be six or seven yards asunder, which is too neer togeather: I conceive 10. or 12 yards or there abouts, little enough for the distance of Apple-trees in ordinary soyle: but in very good ground 16. or 18. yards or more, for we see by experience that upon good ground and well ordered they will go neere to touch one another at 10: or 12: yards, or a greater distance: And that a few Apple-trees ha∣ving roome enough to spread will beare more fruits, then five times so many, being crouded one upon another, where they have not roome to spread. And besides, those fruits they beare cannot come to perfection, neither in bignes, nor ripenesse, for want of the sunne which cannot come about them when the Trees are planted so neer togeather, as the Author speakes of.

[ 14] A late Author saies: If you do remove Cherry-trees, yee ought to remove them in November, and Ianuarie. This is a hurtfull Instru∣ction: For Cherry-trees and other kinds of trees, ought to be removed about the end of September or sooner, very many especi∣ally Cherry-trees may (with most advantage) be removed in Au∣gust: And this is a Generall Rule for removing them, and all other Trees whatsoever so soone as they have done growing in the Branches, they may be removed. And some have done growing at the be∣ginning of August, or sooner, others, a Month, or Five weeks after, others not of two Months after: but the sooner they are removed

after they have done growing in the branches the more advan∣tage they get against the spring, by growing a while after in the Roots before winter.

Thus much for the first sort of Errors: Instructions hurtfull and dangerous.

The second sort are, Instructions for effecting of things impossi∣ble to be done by the meanes prescribed, and others impossible to be done by any meanes.

[ 1] Didymus tels us how we may mix divers kinds of fruits, and thereof make one new kind: Accipienda sunt duo diversi generis sarmenta, ea{que} scindenda per medium, &c. The Instruction is too large to shew it verbatim: this is the summe. Two Grafts of di∣vers kinds must be cut through the midst, and the two halves bound together, which must be set in the earth, & watred till they bud forth.

Another to the like purpose, Binde the Grafts of a Peach-tree, and of a Nut-tree together, and the fruit will be halfe Peaches and halfe Nuts: And againe he saies: Binde the Grafts of a white Fig-tree, and a black together, and plant them, and the Figs thereof will have the flesh on the one side white, the other black.

Rara avis in terris nigro{que} similima Cygno.

If men can but make the Swanne and the Raven breed together, they may have a strange kind of Fowle, a black Swan it may be, which may as soone be done, as to make these fruits mix.

These, and the like Instructions are ridiculous, fit to be passed over with a Jest, but if men require a serious answer, it is given (truly) by Sir Fr. Bacon, in his Nat: Hist: He saies,* 1.184 Such Grafts will put forth their severall Fruits without any commixture in the fruit. No doubt they will, if it be possible for two halfe grafts (so used) to grow, we see by continuall experience a small Bud of a Graft (no bigger then a grain of wheat) will keep it's own nature against a faire large stock, of another kind.

[ 2] Secondly, Another of this kind is laid downe by Albert. Mag: he saies:* 1.185 Laetamen est unum eorum quae praecipue Plantam mutatur à sylvestritate in domesticationem. Manure (or good soyle) is one of those things which changes wild plants, into a mild & pleasant na∣ture. This cannot be done by any meanes. Different kindes of fruits, as they will not mix one with another, by the meanes newly mentioned: so neither will they change into another kinde. Lord Bacon tells us: It is the seed (of

any kind of Creature) and the nature of it, that locketh and boundeth in the Creature that it doth not expatiate, or change from one kind to another. The seed of every fruit retayneth strictly, the nature of the fruit of which it came which will not be changed by any meanes.

[ 3] Another of the second sort of Errors is this:

* 1.186Lonicerus gives an Instruction for procuring fruits with an ex∣cellent Aromati{que} and spicy tast: it is this: Arborem ad medullam us{que} scindito, & ligni parte execta, aromata quae volueris inserito &c he saies: Cut a Tree to the pith, and part of the wood being cut out, put in such sweete spices as You thinke good, then daube the hole with Clay, after lay the branches of the young plant in the Earth, that by its moisture and fatnesse the Branches may unite, then bind toge∣ther the young twigs that spring from them so that there may be made one fruit or branch of divers, and the fruits comming thereof re∣taine the tast of the spices.

Another whose Booke (hee saies) is publisht by authoritie gives this Instruction:

To have coloured Apples, with what colour yee shall thinke good: Yee shall bore a slope with an Auger, in the biggest part of the body of the Tree unto the midst thereof, and then looke what colour yee will have them of, first yee shall take water, and mingle your colour therewith, then stop it up againe, with a Pin: and wax it round about. Ye may mingle with the said colour what spice yee list, to make them tast thereafter: Thus yee may change the Tast, or colour of any Apple.

Another saies: To have Peaches of savor like Muske; In Graft∣ing put into the Cleft a Graine of muske: and to have the Tast like Roses, put into the cleft dryed Leaves of sweete Roses.

Another late Author saies: with a Chysell cut up the barke of a Tree round about, and anoynt the barke within with powder of Cloves, or Nutmegs, then set it on againe, and stop it, close which wax round about, and within thrice bearing it shall bring a faire Muscadell fruit which yee may Graft and they shall be all after, Muscadell fruits:

This Author saies further. To have all stone fruit tast as yee shall thinke good, lay the stones to soake in such liquor as yee would have them tast of.

Divers others speake to the like purpose.

These are strange fancies, meerely imaginary things: neither Reason nor Experience dictate any such. They are not only in∣valid,

or of no power at all, to effect what they propose, but are also Hurtfull and dangerous to the Trees, and Grafts; But if they might be done without danger, yet are they not able to worke any such effects as are promised, For it is not possible such small proportions as they speake of, should communicate and transferre their vertues through all the parts of the huge and vast bodies of trees, and to multitudes of Fruits, much lesse that they should do this for many yeares, and least of all that the Grafts (cut from these Trees) should retaine these ver∣tues, being set on other stockes.

May it reasonably be said, That a Messe of sweete and plea∣sant meat, nay only a Bit of such meate given to a Child of ten∣der yeares, the same will retaine the vertues, and strength of such meate, all his life time, yea will transferre the vertues of it to his children after him; when every one knowes the strength and vertue of the best meate or drinke (though taken in great quantity) is soone over, and spent, and that it is a continued daily supply, that does uphold and maintaine the body in good state and condition.

We have no reason to believe that the virtues and strength of any daintie dish will continue so long with us, as Elia's Morsell of meat did with him, which yet was but fortie daies, and that was a Miracle too: how much lesse reason have we to think it will last many yeares.

Is there not I say as much reason for this as the other. Admit it were possible that a small quantitie of sweet spices should trans∣fuse & communicate its properties to all the parts of a tree, yet it would not continue long in it, but it must be a continued, and daily supply of such sweet things, as must work that effect, if possi∣bly such a thing may be, by any meanes. Creatures retaine those properties that are fixed, and radicated in them by nature, accor∣ding to their innate and intrinsicall forme, but easily, and quickly cast off such as are adventitious and accidentall, as these things are.

Another of the second sort of Errors, is this,* 1.187 Lonicerus gives an Instruction to produce coloured fruits: Ramo Cerasi (sive alterius Arboris) scisso ad medullam, Lazurium aliumve colorem inserito, sic eundem fructus refert. that is, put into the bough of a Cherry-tree (or any other tree) cut to the pith, the Azure stone (which is partly green

and partly blew) or any other colour which are meanes to colour the fruits of such trees.

* 1.188Ruelius saies, Non desunt qui sub Arbores Rosas serant, sic rubra Poma dari promittunt. Some set Roses under fruit-trees, and say by that meanes the trees will bring forth red fruits. So Democritus: Si voles rubrum habere: obtinebis, Rosis purpureis sub arbore consitis.

The same instruction is given by a late English Author.

Another saies, to have coloured Peaches, we should colour the kernells within the stones, and the fruits will be of the same colour.

The same Author saies, to have Red Apples, put the Grafts into Pikes blood.

We see here their prescriptions for rare colour'd fruits, which are as farre off from truth or Reason, as the former concerning fruits of an aromatique or spicy taste, for the things are not only dangerous if tryed, but if it were not so, yet are weake, and inva∣lid towards the working of any such effects. Because colour is an accident, cleaving to some substance and as the substance is dis∣solved, and converted into another body, then it looseth its acci∣dents, which it had before, as colour, shape, &c as a peece of cloath, wood, or the like, being burned, rotten or otherwise dissolved, does loose its colour, or other accidents, that it had before it's change. And coloured Meats, eaten and turned into flesh, blood, & spirits, loose their colours, taste, &c. So the juyce of the earth, if it be white, black browne, or any other colour, yet when it is drawn by Roots, for instance: Carrots, then it is turned into a Yellow, or Reddish colour, or if drawn by Turnups, it is then converted in∣to a white colour, though it were a quite contrary before.

So also of Liquors, (or other things of delicate colours) being converted into the substance of Trees, Fruits, and Leaves, they loose their former colours, though never so glorious, and beauti∣full. And if great quantities of coloured liquors, or other sub∣stances cannot produce coloured fruits, how much more impos∣sible is it that a drop, or two, of any coloured thing should doe it, or only colouring the kernells (as he speaks of:) which could not become trees of many yeeres after. It's cleare, that fruits con∣vert the substances they draw into their own natures, and receive little or no alteration, unlesse by a constant, and continuall sup∣ply from yeare to yeare. Concerning setting Rose-trees under other Trees, to produce coloured fruits, it is one of the most ridicu∣lous

conceits that I have read, what is it that should worke the effect: may it be imagined that the Trees can see the Red-Roses as Jacobs sheep did the Rods in the water,* 1.189 and so bring forth fruits according to the same colour, can any man apprehend so much as a colour, or shadow of a Reason for it?

Another of the second sort of Errors is this:

[ 5] Affricanus gives an Instruction to procure Walnuts without husks: Nuces nudas & sine putaminibus edent Juglandes &c: Wal∣nut tres (he saies) do bring forth bare nuts without husks, if the huske and shell be broken, and the kernell taken out without hurt, and wrapped in wooll, or fresh Vine leaves, that the kernels may be pre∣served from Ants, or other things, and then set in the earth againe. Florentine affirmes the like of Almonds, if ashes be sprinkled in the holes where they are set. So another late Author: not onely of Wal-nuts and Almonds, but of all other shell fruits.

Were it not a wonderfull sight to see Wallnuts and all Nuts, to grow without husks, we know the Nuts of themselves have no stalkes, and how then should they grow upon the Tree with∣out huskes to inclose them. What is it that should worke this strange effect: is it because the kernels are put into the ground without shels, and for that the tree springs from the kernels on∣ly; Doe not all Trees spring from the kernells only, though set with their shells, the husk and shell, contribute nothing at all towards the Tree, they open for the kernell to spring out, and then rot themselves.

Another of this second sort is this:

[ 6] A late Author gives Instructions about early fruits, and late: and chainge of fruits by Grafting he saies: If you graft a late fruit on an early stock, the fruit will be early, and if you Graft an Ear∣ly fruit upon a late stocke, the fruit will be late. As if saith he) you graft Apples, on Mulbery-trees, you shall have fruit all sommer, even till November. And that if you graft a Plum-tree, on the Nut-tree, the husk will be like the Nut-huske, but within it will be a Plume. Or if you graft a Plum (or any other fruit) on the Fig-tree, the fruit will grow without Blossoming.

These things cannot be; for contrary kinds will not grow together, as the Plum tree and Fig-tree, or Plum-tree, and Nut-tree, but if different sorts would agree, and grow together yet these effects would not be, because Grafts doe alwayes rule,

& keep their own natures,* 1.190 or alter very little. L. Bac: in his Nat. hist. saies plainly: these are imaginations & untrue, because (saith he) the Cions overrule the stock quite. So againe pag. 97. which Ex∣perience confirmes.

[ 7] Another of the second sort of Errors is this: Democritus (as one affirmes) gives an Instruction for procuring fruits with Inscrip∣tions, and ingravings upon them, in any figure or shape.

To this purpose: Open the shell of an Almond, and write upon the kernell what you will, and wrap it in paper, and set it in Clay min∣gled with swines dung.

A late Author saies, Steep the stones of Peaches two or three daies and then open them, and with a brasse pen write on the rind of the ker∣nells after put them againe into the stones, and wrap them about with paper, or parchment, and plant them, and the fruit will be written, and engraven. Is not this an odd conceit: that writing upon the ker∣nell, should produce fruits written or engraven. A man (no doubt) with as good successe may ingrave, or write upon the shell or huske of an Almond, or other fruit, as upon the kernell, or if he will upon the paper or parchment, in which it is inwrapt: for the Rind of the Kernell contributes nothing to the tree or fruit, but opens (as the Huske or shell) to let out the inner part of the kernell.

But if a man desires to have fruits with inscriptions and engra∣vings, he must take another course prescribed by a Learned Au∣thor,* 1.191 (upon better grounds) which is, by writing upon the fruits with a needle or bodkin, when the fruits are young, and as they grow bigger, so the Letters will grow more large and graphicall.

Concerning the second sort of Errors thus much, it were easie to mention many more as idle as these, but I shall not trouble my selfe, nor the Reader with them at present: only I say in the ge∣nerall, let men take heed of such things asserted by Authors, as have neither Reason nor Experience to uphold them, least they spend their money, labour and time about them, and instead of profits and pleasures, find discouragements, and trouble.

The third sort of Errors are, Assigning wrong causes to effects.

[ 1] One Error is this, some have conceiv'd, that Grafting is the cause of early bearing of fruits, and doth much better all fruit. Al∣bert:* 1.192 Mag: saies, it's better, propter digestionem Succi in nodo fa∣ctam: because of the digestion of the sap in the knot.

So also Cressentius: and addes:* 1.193 & iste nodus facit diversitatem omnem, quae est in Malis, & Pyris, & caeteris fructibus: The knot, (which is between the Graft and the Stock) makes all the diffe∣rence which is found in Peares, Apples, and other fruits:* 1.194 Bapt. Port. likewise ascribes all to Grafting: He saies, Trees coming of seed, Longa est expectatio ad fructuum productionem: Insitio vero in aliquibus eodem Anno producit. Trees coming of seed, are long ere they beare fruit, but being Grafted, some kinds beare in a yeare or two. So also Columella Lib. de Arbor. pag. 490.* 1.195 Lo. Ba. wanted some experience in this point, who saies, There is no doubt, but that Grafting (for the most part) doth meliorate fruit: and againe, Grafting doth Generally advance, and meliorate fruits above that which they would be, if they were set of kernels, or stones. The Cause (saith he) is manifest, for that the nourishment is better prepared in the stocke then in the crude earth.

I say herein these Authours assigne a wrong Cause to an effect: for simply Grafting contributes nothing at all to the early bea∣ring of Fruit, nor to its goodnesse. But the Cause is In the Nature of the Grafts: if they be Grafts cut from bearing trees, and of good kinds, they beare fruits in a yeare or two, but if they be Grafts from young unbearing trees coming of seed, such Grafts will not beare the sooner for Grafting, it is not simply grafting, I say, nor the knot (as the Authors speake of) that makes trees beare one yeare, one day, the sooner, for if so, then grafts from young unbearing trees, coming of seed, grafted in the same man∣ner, and upon as good stocks, as other grafts from old bearing trees, they would beare fruits the one sort as soon as the other: but it is otherwise: so that the Cause lyes not simply in grafting, but in the Nature of the grafts:

Neither does Grafting make fruits (at all) the better, otherwise then as you chuse grafts of a good kind, for wee know Grafts rule, and keepe their owne Natures. And the Cause is not well assign'd by the Author who saies: it is for that the nourishment is better prepared in the stocke, then in the crude earth: for we know the Branches of an ungrafted tree, receive sap not immediately from the crude Earth, but from a stock or body, as well as the branches of the Grafted tree: the stock of the Grafted tree, is a wild stock, and of the same nature, as is the stock, or body, of the ungrafted tree: they are both alike, and the concoction and nourishment

in both, is alike, & the Cause being alike, why is not the effect alike. Its plaine: this is not the Cause but the Cause is in the Graft not in the stocke,* 1.196 though the nourishment be never so well concocted in the stock: and the fruit is not made better, or worse, simply by grafting: The Author asserts this truth plainely elsewhere: the graft (saith he) overruleth the Stocke: and againe: the Grafts will govern: that is: they keepe the Nature and properties of the trees from with they were gotten:

Another of the third sort of Errors, is this.

[ 2] A late Author saies: the Cause why trees beare not fruit in a few yeares after grafting is, because they were grafted in the old of the Moone: for (saith he) so many daies as the Moone is old when you graft, so many yeares will the Graft be ere it beare fruit.

The Cause is here mistaken: for the Moone hath no such in∣fluence upon fruit-trees, as to withhold their fruits in this man∣ner: men (we see by experience) graft in all seasons of the Moon, and find no such difference in the bearing of the trees: The cheife Causes of unfruitfulnesse of trees, are when they are not fit for the Countrie where they are planted.

Secondly: when the Grafts are chosen from young unbearing Trees: thirdly. Repletion, or overmuch nourishment:

Fourthly: Coldnesse, or overmoistnesse of the ground:

Fifthly: frosts, or cold winds in the Spring.

Thirdly: Another of the third sort of Errors is this.

Many conceive that sap in Trees doth descend from the Branches to the Rootes, which causeth severall effects; as falling of the Leaves, goodnesse of the Rootes of divers Plants for use &c: but the Cause of these Effects is mistaken, for Sap in Trees never descends, but al∣waies ascends, And Leaves of Trees fall in Autumne, not because sap descends from them, but because Sap ascends not to them suffici∣ent to nourish, or feed them any longer.

And if Rootes are best in Autumne, that is not Caused by descent of Sap, but for that the Body, and Branches of a Tree in Autum∣ne, draw but a small quantity of Sap from the Rootes, and the Rootes even then draw sap for the Earth, and increase upon it, and are well stored with sap after the Branches haue done increasing: and there the sap rests cheifely, at that season.

Some who hold descending of sap may (perhaps) confirme their Opinion from small springs of the Rootes of Plants when they

are removed in Autumne. Its true: The Roots of Plants set in the beginning of September (or about that time) doe spring forth a little at the cut ends of the Rootes, before winter, not be∣cause Sap descends from the Branches to them, for though all the Branches are cut off before setting, (as sometimes they are,) yet the Rootes will spring then, because some degree of heate (pro∣portionable to that purpose) is, at that season, in the top of the earth by reason of the immediate fore-going summer, soe that Plants set while this heat lasteth, they will germinate, and spring forth in their Rootes before winter: (the husbandman knowes in this season, it is best to sow his Wheate and Rye:) And also because the Sunne (as yet) hath an influence sufficient to make seeds, and Roots of Plants to spring forth, which towards December it hath not, being then too remote from us, soe that it is not descending of Sap that Causeth these effects.

The learned Lord Bacon did not well consider this poynt, who supposed a descention of sap in Autumne,* 1.197 speaking concerning set∣ting a Bough in the ground prepared by disbarking for that pur∣pose, saies, the Cause why it will soone after be a faire Tree, may be this, the baring of the Bark keepeth the sap from descending towards winter: here's a wrong Cause assigned to an effect, for it is not the supposed keeping up of the Sap (by that meanes he speaks of) that Causeth such a Bough to grow the better, but the cause is for that such a Bough, by disbarking, hath got some small Roots, or strings, (or at least some roughnesse or knobs capable of Rootes,) in the passage up of the sap, whereby (being set) it will become a Tree in certaine yeares.

This Opinion of descention of sap in Trees is an old Error, of many yeares standing, and is radicated in the Minds of most men, many using it as a Similitude to illustrate some spirituall thing, as if it were a reall, and undoubted truth, whereas it is but a weake, and groundlesse conceipt, and contrary to Reason and experience. I will therefore lay it open more plainly and prove, and demonstrate the Truth concerning the motion of sap in Trees.

Sap in trees allwaies moves upwards, and it is contrary to the Law, and course of nature for sap to descend, Natura nil agit frustra, nature does nothing in vaine: Now it were a vaine worke in Nature to cause Sap to ascend, up into the Branches,

to descend againe to the roots, the Roots send sap to the Branches, and not the Branches to the Roots, when it once comes into the Branches, it is converted into Wood, Barke, Leaves, Fruits, &c, Whence is all that great Bulk, and body, which we see a Tree a∣rise to in a few years; if sap should descend one while, as it ascends another, it would follow, that as a Tree increaseth by ascension of sap, so it would decrease by its descension.

This may be more cleare if we consider the Cause why sap in Trees stirres, & ascends, & also why it riseth not after such a time to make any grouth. When the sunne in the spring of the yeare by degrees drawes nearer to us, then sap in Trees begins (by its heat, and influence) to move, to swell, and open the Buds, and to cause the Branches to shoot forth, which increase by it all the summer: and as the sunne (by degrees) drawes nearer, and grows hotter, so the sap (by degrees) increaseth, and riseth more plenti∣fully, and when the sunne is nearest, then Trees are fullest of sap,

Now observe: As by the vicinity, and neernesse of the sunne (which is by degrees) the sap is increased by degrees, so likewise, by the sunnes remotenesse, and absence (which is also by degrees) in his going back againe, the sap is also diminished by degrees, that is; ascending lesse and lesse in quantity, untill the sunne be gone so farre from us, and the heat, and influence of it be so weake, that it works not to cause sap to rise up whereby the bran∣ches may increase any longer, and then the Branches, and Buds of Trees are all at a stand, and grow no more, untill the next spring. And at that time the Leaves loose their beauty, and fall off, because sap riseth not up to them sufficient to feed them any lon∣ger, but only so much as to preserve life in the Tree I would faine know (of those who hold descension of sap) what should cause it descend, for, Nullus effectus datur sine causa: there can be no effect without a cause, they cannot say that as heat causeth it ascend, so cold causeth it descend. Cold never causeth sap to stir, but to stand, or move slowly. Cold is of a condensing nature, and does consti∣pate, and fix, rare and fluid bodies: but if sap of its owne nature would descend, yet there is none in the Branches at that season of the yeare, that they can spare, but all that has ascended in the sommer is converted into the substance of the Tree, its Leaves, and fruits.

And further: To prove this more fully, and clearely, by a

plaine undeniable Argument. If there be a continuall ascension of sap, then there is no descension, but there is a continuall ascension, therefore no descension.

To prove the Minor Proposition: That there is a continuall ascension of sap in Trees.

The Sunne and Ayre continually draw sap, and moisture out out of Trees, and other Vegetables, as the Lord Bacon and others conclude, and as may be made appeare by Reason and Experi∣ence: We know, if Branches and Twigs of Trees, being cut off, and laid aside in the sunne, and ayre but for a few daies, they will be contracted, and wrinkled, the ayre drawes out the sap and moisture, and such having no supply of sap from the Root, they quickly wither. Now know also; that the sunne, and ayre have the same operation upon the living Branches and Twiggs; drawing sap, and moisture out of them likewise, but they are not contra∣cted and wrinkled as the other, because there is a continuall sup∣ply of sap from the Root, aswell in winter, as in sommer: which keeps them in their full dimensions without wrinkling, or con∣tracting.

Further observe: to prove this. If we remove Plants in Sep∣tember, or about that time (the pretended season of descension of sap) and let them lye out of the earth a day or two, we shall finde, that the sunne and ayre will (in that short time) have suckt, and drawne out sap and moisture from the Branches, so that they will be apparently shrunke, and contracted. (I have seene some Branches so much wrinkled, that I questioned whether they were dead, or alive.) But after the Plants have beene set certaine daies, so much sap will be ascended as will againe have fil∣led up the wrinkled, or contracted bark, so that it is evident and apparent hereby, that some small quantity of sap hath ascended into the branches since their setting, and if so, then its cleare there's no descension of sap, can any thing move contrary waies at one time? And if we graft in November and December (the very dead time of winter) the grafts have some small supply of sap even then, else the sunne and ayre would spoyle them, by dayly sucking out their moisture, were there not a supply of sap from the Root, sufficient to keep them alive untill the spring. Its ma∣nifest then from what hath been said, that sap in Trees ascends as well in Autumne, and Winter, as in Sommer, so much as to preserve

life in Trees, by supplying what is extracted by the Sunne and Ayre: so that it may be concluded there is no descension of sap; unlesse men will hold that a thing may move severall waies, up∣wards and downwards, at one and the same time, which is a con∣tradiction, and impossible in nature.

Thus much concerning the three sorts of Errors in the Theory of this Art.

First: Instructions hurtfull, and dangerous.

Secondly: Instructions for effecting some things impossible to be effected by the meanes prescribed, and others impossible to be effected by any meanes.

Thirdly: Assigning wrong Causes to effects.

I will now discover some Errors that I finde in the practise of this Art of Planting Fruit-trees, that they may be avoided.

ONE Error in Practise is this: Many remove their Trees in winter,* 1.198 or neere the spring, whereas they ought to remove them in September, or thereabouts. Many Plants are ready to re∣move in the beginning of August, and before, which if done, such have a great advantage of those removed in winter or neere the spring, for trees removed betimes in the yeare, grow in their Roots before winter, and so make a faire preparation against the spring: And this is a Generall Rule, for Transplanting all trees. To remove so soone as they have done growing in the branches, which may be knowne by the top, or ends of the branches, if the tops be closed and shut up, they may be removed without danger, though it be in August, or before, which is no small advantage to them. See pag. 60.

* 1.199Another Error in Practise, is Planting trees too neere together: This is a great and generall Error, many thinke, the more Trees they have, the more fruit: but a few having roome enough to spread will beare more fruits then many, crouded one upon an∣other as the custome is, and fruits will also be better when the sun may come round about the trees. I account 10 or 12 yards a competent distance for Apple-trees and Peare-trees, upon ordina∣ry soyle, but if the ground be speciall good, then give them the more roome: for Cherry-trees, Plum-trees and such like, 7 or 8 yards is a convenient distance.

* 1.200Another Error is this: Many Plant Fruit-trees unfit for the Countrey where they plant them, Their care is chiefly to chuse Grafts of the best kinds and faire Plants to look upon, not con∣sidering so much, whether such kindes will prosper, and beare fruits well in those Clymates, and places where they plant them. And hence it is often, that many who have faire and goodly fruit trees, have very little fruit from them. It is an excellent Rule to chuse those kindes of fruits, which we (or others) finde by many yeares experience, to be good bearing trees, in those parts neerest to us: although the fruits be not altogether so good as some others.

* 1.201This is another Error: Many men when they procure Fruit-trees to plant an Orchard, they (most commonly) desire the greatest and fairest Plants. Hoping such will be trees the soonest: Whereas great Plants many of them dye, and others live very poorely, but small Plants removed live generally, and thrive more in 2 or 3 yeares, then great ones in 6 or 7: for removing great plants is a very great check to nature, such as many times its not able to recover.

* 1.202Another Error in practise is this: Men generally leave too many branches on the Trees they plant, and will by no meanes have the Branches cut off, unlesse a few it may be, whereas for want of dis∣branching plants, they loose branches, body, roots, and all. If they will plant great plants, they must disbranch them, small ones need not.

* 1.203Another is this: For the most part men neglect to plant their young trees, in as good or better soyle, then that from which they are removed. They fetch them from Nurseries about London (which are generally of very fertill soyle) & plant thē (it may be) in ordinary, or poore soyle, and thence it is that many of them dy, or grow weakly: Whereas they ought to lay speciall soyle (the best they can get) next to the Roots which having taken hold, & being well rooted in the ground, they will by degrees, thrust their roots, and grow well in that which is worse.

* 1.204Another is this: Some in grafting take care to set the Graft and stock even and smooth on the outside, not considering

that the bark of the stocks are (for the most part) thicker then the barke of the grafts. Whereas they ought to take speciall care to set the inner sides of the barks together, (which is the chiefest Rule in Grafting) because there is the chiefe current of the sap.

* 1.205Another Error is this: Grafting long, or forked Grafts: com∣monly the longer Grafts are, the lesse they grow, and the shorter they are cut, the longer they grow in a yeare.

* 1.206 Another is this: Many let their Fruit-trees grow straight up very high, before they spread into boughs, and they are rather like Timber trees for building, then Fruit-trees, for bearing Fruits:

Whereas they ought to cut off the Top while the Plant is young, about an Ell, or a Yard and halfe from the ground, that so the Plant may spread, and enlarge it selfe, and one Tree well or∣dered in this respect for spreading, will have as many small boughs (and consequently will beare as much fruit) as three or foure (it may be) of such Trees as runne spiring up a great height without spreading.

* 1.207Another Error is this: some give too much nourishment to fruit-trees Letting some fat water (it may be) runne to the Roots or lye too neare them, or else by powring, or laying some fertill substance to their roots, when there is (sometimes) more need to deprive them of their too fat feeding, which causeth them to luxuriate, and spend their strength in great and large shoots, and broad leaves, and blossomes, and leave off bearing fruits: Nou∣rishment to Fruit-trees ought to be moderate, as to other Crea∣tures.

* 1.208Most men nurse up Quince-trees of seed, or slips from the roots, and seldome or never Inoculate or Graft them, as they doe other trees, whereby they loose their fruits many yeares, which they might gaine by Grafting or Inoculating of them. And when (after a long time) they doe beare: yet their fruits are not so good (if the trees come of seed) at their first bearing, as grafts would bring being cut from old bearing Trees.

* 1.209Another Error in practise, is this. Many in pruning Aprecot-Trees and other Wall-trees, they prune off most of the fresh young Branches of the last yeares shoot, and preserve the old and big bran∣ches, suffering them to runne up a great part of the wall, with∣out small twigs, or branches. VVhereas they should still from yeare to yeare, preserve the small shoots, nailing them up to the

wall yearely (all or most) from the lowest part of the Tree, to the top, and leave no part of the wall void of branches, and cause the branches to spread along the sides of the wall both waies, and not suffer them to runne upwards too much.

* 1.210 Another Error amongst some is this. They graft young Plants that came of seed, in the place where they were sowed, (before they have beene removed, whereby they would get good Roots) And hence it followes. That such thrust downe a single Root, or two (commonly) into Clay, Gravell, or moist ground, &c. which root or roots, draw bad nourishment, and thereby hurt the Trees and Fruits, and in case any of them be removed afterwards (being grafted) they want good Roots, for that they were never removed (being young) to get good Roots.

* 1.211 See how to order them, pag. 45.

Some also when they transplant young Trees they usually set them with all their Roots, whereas the Roots of all Trees trans∣planted, ought to be pruned: See how: pag. 61.

* 1.212 Another Error is this: Many breake off all the Buds upon the stocks that are engrafted, before the Grafts put forth, which en∣dangers both Stock & Graft. For Buds upon the stocks shouldbe let alone, all, or most, untill the Grafts have put forth & be able to draw up sap, and then break off all the Buds below the Grafts, that they may have all the sap.

Concerning Errors in practise thus much.

And so I have done (at present) with all the particular My∣steries concerning the Ordering of Fruit-trees, and Fruits.

Hereafter I may communicate more, as God (who instructeth the Husbandman to discretion,* 1.213 & teacheth him) shall discover them to me. None shall ever (in this life) know all the secrets of Na∣ture in this Art or any other, but yet (by meanes of time, and di∣ligence) we are still finding out new Experiments.

THE

Notes

• * 1.1

  See the se∣cond Book of his Con∣fessions. Chap 4.
• * 1.2

  August.
• * 1.3

  Reges & Im∣peratores sum∣mos{que} Magi∣stratus non puduit Hor∣tensia colere: propriis mani∣bus.
• * 1.4

  Augustine,
• * 1.5

  See the worthie Acts of Cyrus King of Persia. Ezra 1.1.2.3. &c.
• * 1.6

  Of this, See Sir Rich: Barkley of the felicity of man. pag. 162.
• * 1.7

  De Gen. ad Lit: Li. 8.
• * 1.8

  Example. Diodat. exp. Sir W. Rawley hist. part. 1 Ch 3 Aug. de Civit. Dei l. 13. c. 24
• * 1.9

  Sir W. Rawley 1. Book, 1. part Ch. 9.
• * 1.10

  1. Humane Argument.
• * 1.11

  Pog. Florent.
• * 1.12

  Joan. Bap. Port.
• * 1.13

  2. Humane Argument.
• * 1.14

  3. Humane Argument.
• * 1.15

  1. In the Family.
• * 1.16

  2. For Sale.
• * 1.17

  2. Profitable to the body.
• * 1.18

  1. In respect of Health.
• * 1.19

  Hist. Life and death p. 412. & 269.
• * 1.20

  Hist Life, and Death pag. 207 & 208.
• * 1.21

  Hist. Life, and Death, pag. 183. & 410.
• * 1.22

  Hist. Life, and Death. pag. 236.
• * 1.23

  2. In respect of long life.
• * 1.24

  Prov. 10.27. Prov, 9, 11, Ps, 91, 16.
• * 1.25

  Hist L D. pag. 179. & 180.
• * 1.26

  Hist. L. D. pag. 183. & 414.
• * 1.27

  Hist. L.D. pag. 235.
• * 1.28

  1. Affection Hope. Hist. L.D. pag. 224.
• * 1.29

  2. Affection. Ioy.
• * 1.30

  Hist L. D. pag. 221.
• * 1.31

  Hist. L.D. pag. 228.
• * 1.32

  Pag. 232
• * 1.33

  Pag. 164.
• * 1.34

  3. Affection Admiration. Hist. L. D. pag. 225.
• * 1.35

  Lib. de Cult. & Insitione. Ch. 17
• * 1.36

  L.B. Hist. L.D. pag. 85.
• * 1.37

  3. Profitable to the mind.
• * 1.38

  1. In know∣ledge.
• * 1.39

  2. In affecti∣ons.
• * 1.40

  4. Profitable to the name.
• * 1.41

  L.B Nat. Hist. pag 258.
• * 1.42

  5 Profitable to others.
• * 1.43

  4. Humane Argument.
• * 1.44

  1. Pleasure of the sense of Hearing.
• * 1.45

  2 Pleasure of the sense of Touch.
• * 1.46

  Hist L.D. pag. 241.
• * 1.47

  L.B. Hist. L, D. pag. Ca. 11 Pag. 425.
• * 1.48

  3. Pleasure of the sight.
• * 1.49

  Nat. hist. p. 2 24
• * 1.50

  See L. B. Nat. hist. pag. 199.
• * 1.51

  Nas. hist. p. 224
• * 1.52

  Ovid.
• * 1.53

  4. Pleasure of the smell. Hist. L.D p. 207 p. 208.
• * 1.54

  Nat hist. Cent. 9. pag. 210.
• * 1.55

  Nat. hist. Cent. 6 pag. 136.
• * 1.56

  Nat. hist. Cent. 4 pag 102.
• * 1.57

  Nat. hist Cent. 9 pag. 210. Hist. L.D. pag. 295.
• * 1.58

  5 Pleasure of the Tast.
• * 1.59

  Lib. 6. Ca 569
• * 1.60

  Hist. L.D. pag. 298.
• * 1.61

  Profits.
• * 1.62

  Pleasures.
• * 1.63

  A Caution in the use of Earthly things.
• * 1.64

  The diffe∣rence between using & en∣joying a thing De doctrinâ Christi lib. 1.
• * 1.65

  De doct. Christ. lib. 1.
• * 1.66

  Of the Nur∣sery.
• * 1.67

  How to sow, and set, seeds, stones, kernels &c.
• * 1.68

  Draw Plants of Seeds.
• * 1.69

  Rmove all seed Plants.
• * 1.70

  Small Plants grow surest.
• * 1.71

  The time of Grafting.
• * 1.72

  How to keepe Grafts.
• * 1.73

  Instruments for Grafting.
• * 1.74

  Manner of the worke.
• * 1.75

  The first way of Grafting, cal'd slicsing or Backing on.
• * 1.76

  2. Way of Graf∣ting.
• * 1.77

  Third way of Grafting.
• * 1.78

  A speciall Rule.
• * 1.79

  Choice of Grafts.
• * 1.80

  Observe the best bearing-trees.
• * 1.81

  Ʋnbind Grafts:
• * 1.82

  Prune young Grafts.
• * 1.83

  Inoculating Buds.
• * 1.84

  Observe the kindes.
• * 1.85

  Ʋnbind buds in due time.
• * 1.86

  Cut off stocks above the Buds.
• * 1.87

  How to carry Buds.
• * 1.88

  Marke the Stocks.
• * 1.89

  Directions in the choice of Grafts and Stocks.
• * 1.90

  Of Apples.
• * 1.91

  2 Of Peares.
• * 1.92

  3 Of Cherries.
• * 1.93

  4 Of Plums.
• * 1.94

  5 Of Aprecocks
• * 1.95

  6 Of Peaches.
• * 1.96

  7 Of Figs.
• * 1.97

  8 Of Grapes.
• * 1.98

  9 Of Quinces.
• * 1.99

  10 Of Mulber∣ries.
• * 1.100

  11. Of Medlers.
• * 1.101

  12. Of Walnuts.
• * 1.102

  Graft old Trees, if bad bearers.
• * 1.103

  Make Ar∣bors of fruit-trees.
• * 1.104

  Of Trans∣planting Trees.
• * 1.105

  Early Remo∣ving best.
• * 1.106

  Prune the roots.
• * 1.107

  Prune the Branches.
• * 1.108

  Set not plants too deep.
• * 1.109

  Distance of setting.
• * 1.110

  The 1 Ad∣vantage.
• * 1.111

  The 2 Ad∣vantage.
• * 1.112

  The 3 Ad∣vantage.
• * 1.113

  The 4 Ad∣vantage.
• * 1.114

  Order in set∣ting Trees.
• * 1.115

  A speciall rule in trans∣planting.
• * 1.116

  Wall-trees.
• * 1.117

  Prune Wall-trees.
• * 1.118

  1 in Sommer,
• * 1.119

  2 In Winter.
• * 1.120

  Errour in Pruning.
• * 1.121

  Pruning old standard-trees.
• * 1.122

  Ordering the Roots of old Trees.
• * 1.123

  De cultu & insit. l. c. 35.
• * 1.124

  1 Mossinesse.
• * 1.125

  2 Bark-bound.
• * 1.126

  3 Canker.
• * 1.127

  2 Mischiefes incident to fruits.
• * 1.128

  1 Caterpillers
• * 1.129

  L. Bac nat. hist. pag. 182.
• * 1.130

  2 Ants.
• * 1.131

  3 Erewigs.
• * 1.132

  4 Snailes.
• * 1.133

  5 Wasps.
• * 1.134

  6 Birds.
• * 1.135

  7 Winds.
• * 1.136

  Of Apples.
• * 1.137

  How to make Syder.
• * 1.138

  How to keepe Syder.
• * 1.139

  How to keepe Apples.
• * 1.140

  Hist: stirp. l. 3. pag. 777.
• * 1.141

  Dod on hist. & l. 3. p. ibid.
• * 1.142

  De Aliment. facul. l. 2. p. 20.
• * 1.143

  D Alim. facult. l. 2.
• * 1.144

  L. 2. c. 569
• * 1.145

  In Com. pr. l. Dioscor.
• * 1.146

  Ger. Herb. pag. 1270.
• * 1.147

  Of Peares.
• a 1.148

  Lib. 2. de A liment. fa. p. 20.
• b 1.149

  Lib. 2. ch. 548.
• c 1.150

  Hist. stirp. 3.
• * 1.151

  Li. 2. Ch. 548.
• * 1.152

  Ma. Rust.
• * 1.153

  Of Quinces.
• * 1.154

  Com: in lib. 1 Dioscor: pag. 201.
• * 1.155

  Hist: plant: lib. 3. pag. 290.
• * 1.156

  De Aliment. facul: lib. 2. pag. 20.
• * 1.157

  Hist: stirp: lib. 3. pap. 784.
• * 1.158

  Of Cherries. De Nat. stirp ch. 64. lib. 1.
• * 1.159

  Com: in l. 1. Dioscor. pag. 198.
• * 1.160

  Of Plums.
• * 1.161

  Com: in l. 1. Dios. p. 216.
• * 1.162

  Of Aprecocks De Facult. Ali men. l. 2. p. 20.
• * 1.163

  Can. l: 2. c. 146.
• * 1.164

  Of Peaches: L pag, 80. &:
• * 1.165

  L. 2. •• 571: Nat hist. p. 15.
• * 1.166

  L 15. c. 12. & l: 23. c. 7.
• * 1.167

  Of Mulber∣ries. De veget, & Plant. c. 26. p. 157. De nat. stirp. c. 102. p 265.
• * 1.168

  Can. l. 2 c. 498.
• * 1.169

  Of Figgs. Nat. hist. l. 3. p. 800. Com. in l. pr. Dios. p. 230.
• * 1.170

  Li. 23. c. 7.
• * 1.171

  Of Medlers. Hist. stirp. l. 3. p. 789.
• * 1.172

  De Al. facul. l. 2. p. 21.
• * 1.173

  Of Wallnuts.
• * 1.174

  Can. l. 2. c. 501.
• * 1.175

  Can. l. 2. c. 501.
• * 1.176

  Plin: nat. hist. l. 23. c. 18.
• * 1.177

  Agust. de civ. Dei, l. 19.
• * 1.178

  Adv. of Learn. l. 1. p. 45.
• * 1.179

  Adv. Learn. p. 154.
• * 1.180

  Nat: hist: p. 165.
• * 1.181

  Advanc. Lear. l. 1. p. 32.
• * 1.182

  Columel. lib. de Arboribus cap. 26.
• * 1.183

  L. 1. de Ar: pa: 490.
• * 1.184

  Cent. 5. pag. 119. 100.
• * 1.185

  Lib. sepa. veget cap. 1
• * 1.186

  De Natura & viribus Ar: Fo: 7.
• * 1.187

  Nat hist fol 6.
• * 1.188

  De nat. stirp. c. 96.
• * 1.189

  Gen. 30.37.
• * 1.190

  pag. 100.
• * 1.191

  Lo: Bacon, Nat. Hist. pag. 128.
• * 1.192

  Lib. 5. Cap 8. de veget. & Plant.
• * 1.193

  De Nat: Plant. Lib. 2. pag. 87.
• * 1.194

  Lib de Cult. & Insit.
• * 1.195

  Nat. Hist. pag 97.
• * 1.196

  Nat hist. pag. 109. and p. 115.
• * 1.197

  Nat: hist. p. 111. and 94.
• * 1.198

  1 Removing trees in win∣ter.
• * 1.199

  2 Planting trees too neer together.
• * 1.200

  3 Planting trees unfit for the Coun∣trey.
• * 1.201

  4 Chusing the greatest plants.
• * 1.202

  5 Setting trees without dis∣branching.
• * 1.203

  6 Planting trees in worse mould.
• * 1.204

  7 Setting graft and stock smooth on the outside.
• * 1.205

  8 Grafting long, or for∣ked grafts.
• * 1.206

  9 Suffering fruit-trees to grow like Timber trees
• * 1.207

  10 Giving too much nourish¦ment to fruit-trees.
• * 1.208

  11 Nursing up Quincetrees of seed.
• * 1.209

  12 Pruning off too many shoots from Wall-trees.
• * 1.210

  13 Grafting seed Plants before remo∣ving.
• * 1.211

  14 Not pruning the roots of Plants.
• * 1.212

  15 Breaking off Buds before Grafts grow.
• * 1.213

  Esay 28.24, 25, 26.