The country-mans recreation, or The art of [brace] planting, graffing, and gardening, [brace] in three books. The first declaring divers waies of planting, and graffing, and the best times of the year, with divers commodities and secrets herein, how to set or plant with the root, and without the root; to sow or set pepins or curnels, with the ordering thereof, also to cleanse your grafts and cions, to help barren and sick trees, to kill worms and vermin, and to preserve and keep fruit; how to plant and proin your vines, and to gather and presse your grape; to cleanse and mosse your trees, to make your cider and perry, with many other secret practises which shall appear in the table following. The second treateth of the hop-garden, with necessary instructions for the making and maintenance thereof, ... with some directions for tabaco. Whereunto is added, The expert gardener, containing divers necessary and rare secrets belonging to that art, ... hereunto is likewise added the Art of angling.

Certaine common Instructions how the Stumpe must be chosen whereupon you will graffe or plant.

EVery diligent Housholder who will plant, should use thereto a convenient place, to the end, that the wild beast chaw not, nor paire the plants; or if they be young, wholly eat in pieces; which to avoid, is needfull to be in a towne or closed Orchard, where there is not too much shadow, but a sweet ground well muckt, tilled and turned.

Every Plant will have foure things.

First moistnesse, so that the seeds or stumpe bee moist or green.

Secondly, a convenient place, which hath such earth as will lightly be rubbed to pouder, and that Sun may come to it; for where there is filthy lome, a lean ground, or sandy, dry, burnt, or salt ground, there is nothing good to be planted, to have any continuance; neverthelesse where the ground is lean, there you must give more dung; in a fat ground not so much. Take heed the ground be not too moist

nor too dry; and muck the trees with hogs dung.

Thirdly, a mediate water or nourishing moistness, therefore be those Orchards best which are scituated between two waters; for those that are placed by a water side, remaine still young and fruitfull, and have commonly the bark smoother and thinner than the others. And those trees are more fruitful then others which are planted in a vally, or in the lower part of a deep hill; for from those hils may come to them nourishment and moistness, and the ground which is so scituated is very fruitfull. But he that cannot get for his trees such a ground, must with all diligence seek to bring to his trees a little spring or pond, of which the trees may sometimes find some reviving, and if you may not have any of those, and have a gar∣den who by it selfe is naught, the trees wil grow with thick roots, which hindereth the growing of them, and drieth them at length.

Fourthly, the air is required, which must be agree∣able to them, and of complexion to bear; for there be some trees that doe prosper in all aires, to wit, apple, and peare, cherry and plum-trees. Some will have a cold air, to wit, chesnut-trees; and some a very warm aire, as the palme and pepper trees: therefore they be rare with us. That plant which hath these four things shall prosper: and if they want one or more of these four things, they will decay and their prospe∣ring perish.

At what time trees ought to be planted and set.

ALL kind of trees may be planted, transported, and cut in March, but it is better to turn them in October, for then the frost hurteth them not so

much as at other times; for learned men say, that in dry Towns and warm Countries they plant in Octo∣ber or November, and that in moist Towns and cold vallies, they plant in February or March: in none o∣ther time may you plant or graffe. When you will plant or set againe wild stumps, if there be any thing broken at the root, cut it off. Every plant must be set two foot one from another, or at the least one foot, especially when they should beare strong fruites: likewise when thou wilt set strong seeds, as nuts, al∣monds and peaches. When a man will plant two stumps, so must they be of two yeare old, except the vine.

These things you must understand of those plants or stumps which are planted with roots.

How the stumps and plants must be prepared and dressed, which you will plant.

THe plant or sprout you must cut round about, so that you leave the very end of it, and put it then into a hole, but if the stump be great, cut it clean off, and then put only the undermost part into a hole, long or short as you will; but if you find two stumps grown together, you may cut the lesser away. And above all things, you must take heed that the sprout grow upright, and if it will not, you must con∣straine it, and tie it to a stick.

Here follow certaine instructions how the trees must be kept, and how you must labour them.

SOme trees will have a fat ground, as Figge trees and Mulberrie trees, and some leane ground, but

all trees be in that point equall, that they will have in the top dry ground, and in the bottome moist earth.

2. In Harvest you must uncover the roots of the trees so deep, that they may partly be seen, and lay dung upon them, which dung must be dissolved of raine in the ground, that it may come to the roots, which mucking giveth good increase to the roots.

3. If the ground wherein the trees stand bee too sandy, then mix among it faire and new lome; and if it bee too lomy, then mix amongst it sand in place of mucke, the which you must not only doe hard by the tree, but also four or five foot off from it round about the tree, according as the tree is in bignesse, or that the roots are large and great.

Such diligence, giveth to the trees great help, for their nourishment and strength is thereby renewed. Hereafter you shall understand, whereby to know the fruitfull soile.

4. In the fat ground, the stumps whereupon you wil graff, must be left long, but in lean ground short.

5. The plants of trees from their youth, till three years must not be cut nor shred, but they may bee transported, and if they be too weak you may pricke sticks next unto them.

6. Diligent regard must be taken, that no sprouts spring out of the stump, which might take the nou∣rishment from the tree sprouts, and those boughes which spring from the root of the tree at the first planting.

7. When thou perceivest the young trees to wax weake, then uncover the roots and put other fresh ground to them.

8. If the ground be neither too soft nor too hard, then may you chuse all kind of stumps in February for to plant, when the green juice is dispersed in the bark; but when the ground is too hard, then the swet holes or pores of the root doe remaine closed and stopped, so that they cannot draw to them their nou∣rishment, such hardness of the ground or earth hin∣dereth the aire and moistnesse which commeth from beneath upward, for it cannot be pierced of the soft sprouts, with the small heat which is beneath, there∣fore you must come to help them with a spade, for with a plough you will never come to an end, because of the root.

9. There is great diligence to be taken for pre∣serving of the trees, when they begin to grow great, to scrape from the barke all rudenesse which is done, when you take from them all superfluity and sprouts which come out of the tree. You may cut them in February.

10. It is good for the trees to muck them often, and moderatively to water their roots.

Also to cleave the roots, and lay stones into them, to the end they may revive againe of the dri∣nesse which they have suffered, or of the barrennesse of the ground, or when the young planted trees for the great heat will perish. Also when immoderate heat is, then you must help them with turning of the ground, and with watering, but the water wherewith you should water them, must not be altogether fresh nor cold, or newly drawne out of the spring, but out of a ditch, pond, or well, or any other foule ditch wa∣ter, or with spring water, which hath stood long in the Sunne, or put a little dun•• in the water, and stir

it once or twice well about, and the water will be fat wherwith water your trees. You may also keep them with shadowes and straw from the heat: or else put (in great heat) fat green herbs at the stump, tempred with loame: some anoint the stumpe (toward the South or Mid-day) with chalke, some with oile, or with any other ointment that cooleth.

11. When you would transpose a plant, or have wilde stumps digged out to plant again, then marke the part which standeth towards the South of Mid-day, and put it so againe when you graffe it.

How to keep plants, stumps, or trees, from the wild beasts, that they hurt them not.

WHere the path of the beast is free and reme∣dilesse, there must be put poles, and with thornes the same young trees must be inclosed.

That the Deeres spoile them not.

TAke the pisse of a Deere and anoint the Tree therewith.

That the Hares doe not hurt them.

SPet in thy hand, and anoint the sprouts there∣with, and no Hare will hurt them.

Here follow some instructions of graffing.

[illustration] depiction of a man on a ladder tending to a grafted tree

FIrst, you must know that imping, graffing, and setting, is all one thing.

The imping sprouts must be young and new, with great bodies and many eyes: for where many and great buds be, that is a token, that is of a strong fruit.

2. The imping sprouts must be broken off at the Sun rising, although that those of the other side bro∣ken off grow likewise: yet those of the other side are most naturall and temperate of heat: Some country clownes beleeve, that if you in cutting the sprouts turne them upside downe, that they will never grow right, but be crooked.

3 All graffing and imp••••g is done by putting one

into another by a fast binding, that the little sprout may spread his boughs to the stump or tree, wherein it is graffed, that so it may become one tree.

4. Over-young imps (which are so weak that they will breake before they be put into the earth, or into the stump) are naught, and therefore they may not be imped or set.

5. When you impe upon a house or fruit tree, the fruit will be far better: But if you cut of a Garden tree a branch, and imp it into one of his own sprouts, it will bring forth fruit of another taste, forme, and bignesse; for imping maketh all the diversities in peares, apples, and other fruits.

6 It is far better to impe low in the stump, than in the top in the high branches: yet neverthelesse if you will make of wild apple trees garden trees, you may impe them upon the top.

7. In great trees which have a great bark, it is not so good to impe, for they take not to them so easily the veins of the roots which grow out of the young sprouts, because of their hardnesse, and especially when the imping sprouts are too weak. Wherefore they which graffe trees must seek small and young stumps, wherein they finde much liquor and little hardnesse, and which may endure the binding.

8. It is best imping or graffing when the liquor is in the bark, if you have a great tree upon the which you would impe, and hath many branches, you may cut them all off, and impe into the stumps all kind of boughs, such as you please; but if the tree be over-old, so that her boughes be ranckled, and her moist∣nesse consumed, then cut the tree clean off, and let ••he stump stand a whole ••eare; afterward take the

sprouts which are sprung out of that stumpe, and graffe them, and cast the others away. Such a stump is like to bear, and therfore nourish as many sprouts as you please: but if it be a wild stump, graft garden sprouts upon it.

9. If you graffe a sprout or bough upon a Haw∣thorne tree, that same bough will grow great, and the stump will remaine small, therefore he that will impe upon such a tree, see he cut it off by the root, then will the imped sprout and the stumpe grow all of one thicknesse: but you must have still regard that you impe kinde upon kinde, as apples upon apples, peares upon peares: for he that graffeth strange upon strange, as peares upon apples, and apples on peares, and such like, although it be done often for pleasures sake, yet will it not last; for the naturall nourishment is so, that it will hardly nourish a strange kinde of fruit.

10. The tree which is graffed in February, in his fruits grow no worms nor maggots.

11. When the imping sprouts begin to prosper, and will not grow streight and levell, then you must constrain them perforce, that they may grow order∣ly. Furthermore you must have a care to keep the prospering sprouts well with sticks from the wind, if they stand any thing high, and especially when they have stood a year or two, and where they are pricked in the stump, it is most needfull, as shall af∣ter appeare. And because there be many and divers waies to graffe, and know how wild stumps and trees are to be made garden trees, we thought it good to set some of them here down▪

Divers fashions and waies of graffing there be.

HE that will extraordinarily graffe all manner of trees, he must know, that the more one tree is li∣ker another, the better it will prosper.

The first sort of graffing is, when the sprout is prickt between the bark and the wood of the stump; which must be done in May or Aprill, when the bark may easily be loosed from the tree, and is done after this sort.

First take a stump or tree, and cut him off with a sharp Saw, knife or such like instrument, where he is smoothest and clearest, and full of juice, and polish the place with the bark of the same tree which was cut off. Afterward ty the stump with a piece of bark, and then prick a hole between the barke of the tree with a prick of bone, elderwood or Iron, so that it cleave not, and then put in the place of the prick the sprout, which you must have broken off a plaine and even tree, of a good kind, and one year old, which you shall know by this; every branch hath rinckled knots like the joint of a mans finger, cut it at one side un∣der the knot, so that you touch not the heart of the tree, and at the other side you must softly loose the barke, that the sp••out may joyne very close to the stump, then pull out the prick, and take the sprout, and turn the green bark to the bark of the stumpe, so that it may stand straight.

The sprout may be foure or five fingers, or eight at the most, high above the stump.

Of this sort of imping, you may see two, three, or more, according to the ••••gnesse of the stump, or as

he can beare, provided alwaies that they stand at the least the length of a finger one from another.

Afterward tie it fast (with bark) together, and put over it good muck, and tie over it a cloath, that no raine or aire may come between it and hurt it. This sort of imping is commonly used in stumps, which are great and old trees, whose barke is thicke and strong, as apple trees, pear trees, cherry trees, and willow trees, on which are imped oftentimes apples, also on figge trees, and chestnut trees.

Such grafting is also done in high stumps, and branches, which be great, but they must be well kept from the wind, that it doe not break them.

After this sort you may graft many sorts and kinds of pears upon one tree, but if you bring peares upon apples, or apples upon pears stumps, it will not last long, as afore is said.

The first way of grafting prospereth best, and hath a good continuance, there be many other sorts of grasting, as followeth.

Another way of grafting is, when the stumps are clo∣ven, and the sprouts afterwards are put in, the which doe as followeth.

TAke a young tree which is scant of the bigness of a finger, and cut it smoothe and even, and cleave it in the midst, then take the sprout which you will impe, and cut it three square, and at the one side leave the barke uncut, and then turne the same bark outward at the stump, and tie it fast as I have taught, that the winde nor raine hurt him not.

Otherwise.

When the stump is unco••ered and clean burnisht

at the soft place, then tie him fast, that he cleave no further than to the length of your sprout, which you must graffe upon him, and then leave the prick in it, then make your sprout pointed like a prick, so that the middle be not touched, then put it into the cleft, having cleansed the hole first with the point of a knife, so that one bark may touch the other, and out∣ward one wood another, to the end, the moisture may have the more easier his course, then pull out the pricke, and that which remaines open and bare be∣tween the cleft and the sprout, that bind well every where with the bark of the tree, or with hard pres∣sing with a little sand, or with dung of an Oxe, or with waxe, or with a linnen cloth washed in waxe, that no raine, winde or worms may hurt it. This helpeth much to keep the moistnesse in, which com∣meth from the root, that it cannot breake out, but nourisheth the better the new plant; but when the stumps are great, they be cleaved after two waies. The first is, that you cut or cleave the tree with a knife at one side only, even to the heart, and that you graft into it but one sprout. The other is, that you cleave it all over, and that you prick or graft on every side one sprout, or one alone, and leave the o∣ther side without.

When the stump is but a little bigger, then the sprout must necessarily be cloven in two, and you must graft but one sprout into it, as is said in the be∣ginning.

This cleaving may be done in February, March, and Aprill, then it is good to cut them before they be greene, for to keepe them the better under the ground, in cold or moist places.

The third way of grafting.

THis sort of grafting is very subtill, witty, and ready; and is done as followeth.

Go to a smooth apple or peare tree, in April, when the trees get liquor, and seeke a branch which hath green eyes, and see that the same be lesse than your little finger, and teare it from the tree, and where you see that the green sprouts will come off, there cut them off wholly, and cleanse the middle there of, that the little red at the wood may turne about, and draw it not off, untill you come unto another good peare or apple tree, and seek there another branch of the same bignesse that the other was, and cut it off, and take from it likewise the red, as far as you will put them again, and look where the branches join, that they may well sit together upon the top, and tie the same place gently and well with a little barke, be∣hinde and before, that the water may not hurt them: in the first year it bringeth forth leaves and branches, in the second floures, which you may breake off, for the sprout is yet too tender, so that it may bear no fruit, and in the third yeare it bringeth floures and fruit, and by this meanes you may graft divers kinds of peares and apples upon one tree. I have likewise set such sprouts upon wild stumps, and they have prospered.

The fourth way of grafting is,

HOw buds are transported and bound upon ano∣ther tree, like as a plaister is tied to a mans body: this sort of grafting, is called in Latine Emplastrum. We read of such a sort of grafting which is called in Latine Abducellum, and it is much like unto this sort, wherefore we will only speake of it, being done after this sort.

When you see upon a great fruitfull bough, a bud which will prosper without doubt, and wouldst faine plant it upon another tree, take a sharp knife, and lift the bark up two fingers breadth, that the bud be not hurt, then goe to another tree, upon the which you will graft, and put into a convenient place, a like hole into the bark, and put the same bud with the bark in∣to it, and tie it with dung (or with a clout that hath lien in a dunghill) over the cut, that it may be kept from the outward damage of weather, and for an e∣speciall nourishment and keeping of the inner juice: then cut off the branches round about it, that the mo∣ther may the better nourish the new sonne; within twenty days after take away the band, so that you see that the strange bud hath prospered, and joyned him∣selfe with the tree. This may be done in March, when the bark cometh easily from the tree. Also in April, May, and Iune, and yet shee prospereth both before and after a time, when you may conveniently finde such buds.

This sort of planting prospereth best in a willow tree or such like, which is pierced through, and is done after this sort.

The fifth way.

When you pierce a willow stick with a sharp pler∣cer, see that between every hole, be left the space of one foot, and prick therein branches a little scra∣ped, and put the stick into a ditch, so that the bran∣ches stand upright, one part of the stick remaining o∣ver the earth; and within a year after take it out of the ditch, and cut the stick asunder, so find you the bran∣ches full of roots, and put every one into a hole in the ground, and 'tis fit the holes were stopped with lome, or with wax.

Some do take in March a fresh Beech tree, which is of a mans thicknesse, and pierce him overthwart with maine and great holes and small holes, till unto the lowermost barke, or quite through: then take sprouts or boughes, which be as big and small, that they may fit into the holes; and when you will put them into the Beech stump, you must scrape the up∣permost barke off, untill the green, and no further: then the bough must remain into the Beech, the sprouts must stand a foot, or somwhat lesse asunder, then keep your Beech stumps with the sprouts in a fresh ground, and skant a soot deep, you must first maime the sprouts, that they may not flourish; then the next March ensuing, dig it out with the sprouts, and cut it a sunder with a saw, and every block which is cut off with its branch, you must set in a fresh ground, and so they will bring forth the fruit the same yeare.

The sixth Way.

This way teaches how to graffe, that they may bring forth fruit the first yeare, which do as follows.

Pare an old stumpe of what kinde soever it be, the uppermost bark, till to the lower green barke, a span long or somewhat lesse, which do in Harvest in the wane of the Moone, and anoint it with Oxe dung and earth, and tye it with bark, and after in March when trees are transposed from one place to another then cut the same branch from the tree, and put it into the ground, and it wil bring fruit the same yeer. I have seen that one hath prickt sticks on Alhallow eve, in the earth, and hath pulled them out again up∣on Christmas eve, and put boughes in the holes, and they have prospered and come out.

The seventh.

Pierce the top of a stump, which is not over small, and draw a bark through it, and maime it with a knife, as far as it standeth on the top, & in eight days after, poure water upon it, that the top of the stump may close. This must be done in harvest, and in the March following cut it off from the tree, and bruise the top, and put it with the same earth in other ground.

The eighth Way.

Will you graffe a tree that the fruit be without stones. Take a sprout and graff it into a great stump, with the thicker and lower part of the sprout, then take the upper or thinner end of the sprout, and cut it also fit to be graffed, and turne it downeward, and graffe it into the said stump; and when the sprout of both sides prospereth, cut it in the midst afunder, so that which is grown right upward with the tree, the fruit of it hath stones, but that which was the top of the sprout that groweth contrary, brings forh fruit without stones. And if so be the turned sprout pros∣per, you must break off the other, to the end, that the turned sprout doe not perish, which you may try af∣ter this sort; for oftentimes it commeth and prospe∣reth, and many times it is perished and spoiled.

How Cherries are to be graffed, that they may come without stones.

WIll you make that Cherries grow without stones? pare a little Cherry tree at one year old at the stump, and cleave it asunder from the top to the root, which do in May, and make an Iron fit to draw the heart or marow from both sides of the tree;

then tye it fast together, and anoint it with Ox dung or lome, and within a yeare after, when it is growne and healed, goe to another little tree which is of the same kind, and which hath not yet brought fruit, and graffe that same on the little tree, so shall that same tree bring his fruit without stones.

How a Vine is to be planted upon a Cherry tree.

PLant a Vine tree next unto a Cherry tree, and when it groweth high, then pierce a hole into the Cherry tree right above it, that the hole be no big∣ger than the Vine is thick, and pare the upper bark of the Vine branch till unto the green, so farre as it must go through the tree, and look well to it that the branch of the Vine be not bruised, and wel anointed. You must not suffer any sprouts to come out of the Vine from the ground up, but unto the tree only, that which commeth out of the other side, let that same grow and bring fruit. Then the next March following if the Vine prosper and grow fast into the tree, then cut the Vine from the tree off, and anoint the place with diligence, and it will bring fruit.

How a grape of a Vine may be brought into a glasse.

WIll you make that a grape grow into a nar∣row glasse? take the glasse before the grape cast her bloud, or while she is little, and put her into the glasse, and shee will ripen in the glasse.

To graffe Medlers on a Peare tree.

IF you graffe the branch of a Medler upon a Peare tree, the Medlers will be sweet and durable, so that you may keep them longer ••h••n otherwise.

How apples or other fruit may be made red.

IF you will graft upon a wild stump, put the sprouts in Pikes bloud, and then graft them, and the fruit will be red.

Otherwise.

Take an apple branch, and graft it upon an alder stump, and the apples will be red. Likewise if you graft them upon cherry trees.

Of the Quince tree.

THe Quince tree commeth not of any grafting, but you must plucke him out by the roots, and plant him againe into a good ground or earth.

Otherwise.

The Quince tree requireth a dry and sweet ground, and he prospereth therein.

How to make that Quinces become great.

TAke a branch of a Quince tree when it hath cast his bloud where a Quince groweth at, and put it into a pot, and set it into the ground, and let the Quince grow in it, and it will be very great.

And if you will shew some cunning therewith, cause to be made a pot which hath a mans face in the bottome of it, or any other picture whatsoever, and when the quinces have blossomed, then bow the branch, and put the Quince into the pot, and she will grow very big, in the shape of a man, which may also be done in Pompons, Mellons, Cucumbers, and other earthly fruites.

The conclusion of graffing.

OVT of all the forewritten causes (gentle reader) is evidently shewne, that although every plan∣ting or grafting be better from like to like, and from

kinde to kinde, yet neverthelesse it agreeth also with contrary kinds, as now is said; wherefore he that will exercise and use the same, and try divers kindes, he may see and make many wonders.

What joy and fruit commeth of trees.

The first fruit.

THe first is, that you plant divers & many kinds: for every housholder who hath care to his nourishment, with all diligence causeth oftentimes, such trees to be brought from forrein Countries.

The second.

The second is, when the trees be planted and set orderly and pleasantly, they give no small pleasure to a man, therefore every one should cut his trees or∣derly, and he that cannot, should procure other men to doe it, which know how to doe it.

The third is of well smelling and spiced fruit.

Cleave a tree asunder, or a branch of a fruitfull tree, to the heart or pith, and cut a piece out of it, and put therein poudred spices, or what spice seever you will, or what colour you will desire, and tye a barke hard about it, and anoint it with lome and Ox dung, and the fruit will gett both the savour and co∣lour according to the spice you have put in it.

How sowre fruits be made sweet.

WHich tree beareth sowre fruites, in the same pierce a hole a foot or somewhat lesse above the root, and fill that with honey, and stop the hole with a haw-thorne branch, and the fruit will bee sweet.

How trees ought to be kept when they wax old.

WHen trees lose their strength and vertue for age, and the branches break off for the weight of the fruit, or when they wax barren for lack of moisture, that they beare not fruit every year, but scant every other or third yeare, you must cut some of his heavy branches, which he can little nourish, which is done to the end he might keep some moist∣nesse to himselfe for his nourishment, or else the moistnesse would goe all into his branches.

Whereby you may mark whether you must give them, or take away from them branches, according to their nourishment, and as the earth where shee standeth can abide, that is, you must leave them so much as will nourish them, and no more, which if you doe not, the trees will bring so little fruit, that your labour will not be recompensed.

Which cutting of trees may be done from the be∣ginning of November till to the end of March, in warme countries. But it is more naturall to be done from the time that the leaves fall, till the time that they begin to grow green againe, except where the frost is very great and sharp.

How trees must be kept from divers sicknesses, and first how to keep them from the Canker.

WHen the Canker commeth in any tree, he becommeth barren and dry, for it mounteth from the stumps into the top, and when it taketh a peare or apple tree, the bark will be black and barren thereabouts, which must be cut off with a knife, to the fresh wood, and then the place must be anointed with Oxe dung, and tied with barke, so that neither wind nor rain may hurt it.

Against worms which must be driven out of the tree.

IT happeneth oftentimes, that the superfluities of moistnesse in the trees breaketh out like as some∣times to a man or beast between the flesh and skin: and when that beginneth to rot, wormes grow out of it, which takes his strength away: wherefore mark,

When the barke of a tree at any time swels, cut it presently open that the poison may runne out, and if you find already wormes in it, draw them out with a little Iron hook.

How the wormes are to be killed, if they be al∣ready grown into the tree.

IF you will kill the worms which grow in the tree, take Pepper, Lawrell, and Incense, and mingle all well together with good wine, and pierce a hole into the tree downeward, to the pith or heart of the tree, and poure this mixture into it, and stop it with a hawthorne, and the worms will dye.

Otherwise.

Take ashes or dust and mingle it with sallet oyle, anoint the trees therewith, and the worms will dye.

Otherwise.

Take powdered Incense when you graffe, and bring it between the barke of the stump, which you will graffe, and no wormes will eat the fruit.

When a tree in many places becommeth change∣able because of wormes, or superfluous humours, Cleave the tree at some end from the top of the stump to the earth, that all the foule liquors may come out and dry. Also when a tree becomes sick because of evill humours or fault of ground, so that he becommeth worme-eaten, or brings no fruit, take

the earth away from the root, and put other sweeter in the place, and pierce a great hole in the stump, and put therein a pin of Oake, and it helpeth.

A remedy against Caterpillers.

ALL kind of Caterpillers which eat the green, and blossomes of the tree, doe hurt them very much, so that thereafter may come no fruit.

Therefore their eggs which lye hidden, as it were in a cobwebbe, must diligently be searched, and bur∣ned from the boughes, before they bring forth other Caterpillars, which doe in December, Ianuary, and February.

Some were wont to break them off, and tread them with their feet, but therewith they be not wholly kil∣led. The fire consumeth all things, and therefore it is best to burne them.

Against the Pismires or Ants, when they will hurt the young trees.

CVT the leaves off which are eaten or poisoned of the Ants or Pismers, and where there is any thinge made uncleane in the top of the tree, of those little worms, that rub inpieces with your hands, that it may not stain the other leaves, and that the young sprouts may grow up without any hinderance.

How to keep the Pismires from the trees.

FIrst make a juice of an herbe, called Portabaca, and mix it with vineger, and sprinkle the stump ther∣with, or anoint the stumpe with wine dregs. Some take a little weak pitch, but very thin; that it may not hurt the tree.

Another Instruction.

Take a little bundle of cotton, wooll, flax, or towe, and lay it about the stump, and tie likewise a bundle above, about the stump, and draw it out a little, and the Pismires can do no hurt: or put about the stump bird-lime.

In what time of the harvest the fruit must be gathered.

THe Fruits are not altogether at one time gathe∣red, for they are not ripe all at once, as some pears which shew the ripenesse by the colour, those should be gathered in Summer, and if you let them stand too long, they will not last.

Peares which are ripe in harvest, those may be ga∣thered in October, when the weather is cleare and dry: in harvest in the increase of the Moon, Fruits may be gathered.

A short Instruction very profitable and necessary for all those that delight in Gardening, to know the times and seasons when it is good to sow and replant all manner of seeds.

CAbbages must be sowne in February, March, or April, at the waning of the Moon, and replan∣ted also in the decrease thereof.

Cabbage, Lettuce, in February, March, or Iuly, in an old Moon.

Onyons and Leeks must be sowne in February or March, at the waning of the Moon.

Beets must be sown in February, or March, in a full moone.

Coleworts white and green in February, or March, in an old moone, it is good to replant them.

Parsneps must be sown in February, April or Iune, also in an old moone.

Radish must be sown in February, March, or June, in a new moon.

Pompions must be sown in February, March, or Iune, also in a new moone.

Cucumbers and Mellons must be sown in Febru∣ary, March or June, in an old moone.

Spinage must be sown in February or March, in an old moone.

Parsley must be sowne in February or March, in a full moone.

Fennell and Annisseed must be sowne in February or March, in a full moone.

White Cycory must be sown in February, March, July or August, in a full moon.

Carduus Benedictus must be sowne in February, March or May, when the moone is old.

Basill must be sowne in March, when the moon is old.

Purslane must be sown in February or March, in a new moone.

Margeram, Violets and Time, must be sowne in February, March or Aprill, in a new moone.

Floure-gentle, Rosemary and Lavender, must be sowne in February or Aprill, in a new moone.

Rocket and Garden cresses, must be sowne in Fe∣••ruary in a new moon.

Savell must be sowne in February or March, in a new moone.

Saffron must be sown in March, when the moon is old.

Coriander and Borage must be sown in February or March, in a new moon.

Hartshorne and Samphire must be sowne in Fe∣bruary, March or Aprill, when the moon is old.

Gilly-flowers, Harts-ease, and Wall-flowers must be sown in March or Aprill, when the moon is old.

Cardons and Artochokes must be sown in Aprill or March when the moon is old.

Chickweed must be sown in February or March, in the full of the moone.

Burnet must be sown in February or March, when the moone is old.

Double Marigolds must be sowne in February or March, in a new moone.

Isop and Savorie must be sowne in March, when the moone is old.

White Poppy must bee sowne in February or March, in a new moone.

Palma Christi must be sowne in February, in a new moone.

Sparages and Sperage is to be sowne in February, when the moone is old.

Larks foot must be sowne in February, when the moone is old.

Note that at all times and seasons, Lettuce, Radish, Spinage and Paseneps may be sowne.

Note also, from cold are to be kept Coleworts, Cabbage, Lettuce, Basill, Cardons, Artochokes, and Colefloures.

Worthy remedies and socrets availing against the stroying of Snailes, Cankerwormes, the long bodied Moths, Garden-fleas, Earth∣wormes, and Moles.

AFricanus, singular among the Greek writers of husbandry, reporteth, that Garden-plants and roots may well be purged and rid of the harmefull wormes, if their dennes or deep holes be smoaked, the winde aiding, with the dung of the Cow or Oxe burned.

That worthy Pliny in his first booke of Histories writeth, that if the Owner or Gardener sprinckleth the pure mother of the oyle Olive, without any salt in it, doth also drive the wormes away, and defend the Plants and Herbs from being gnawne of them. And if they shall cleave to the roots of the plants, through malice or breeding of the dung, yet this weedeth them clean away. The plants or herbs will not after be gnawne or harmed by Garden-fleas, if with the naturall remedy, as with the herbe Rocket, the Gardener shall bestow his beds in many places.

The Coleworts and all pot-herbs are greatly de∣fended from the gnawing of the Garden-fleas, by Radish growing among them. The eager or sharp vineger doth also prevaile, tempered with the juice of Henbane, and sprinkled on the garden fleas. To these, the water in which the herbe Nigella Romana shall be steeped for a night, and sprinkled on the plants, as the Greek Pamphilus reporteth, doth alike prevaile against the garden-fleas.

Paladius Rutilius reporteth, that the noisome ver∣mine or creeping things will not breed of the Pot∣herbes,

if the Gardener shall before the committing to the earth, dry all the seeds in the skin of the Tor∣toise, or sow the herbe Mint in many places of the Garden, especially among the Coleworts. The bitter Fitch and Rocket (as I before uttered) bestowed a∣mong the pot-herbs, so that the seeds be sowne in the first quarter of the Moon, doe greatly availe us. Also the Canker and Palmer wormes, which in many pla∣ces work great injury both to the Gardens and vines, may the owner or Gardener drive away with the fig-tree ashes sprinckled on them and the herbs.

There be some which sprinckle the plants and herbes made with the lee of the fig-tree ashes, but it destroyes the wormes, to strew (as experience repor∣teth) the ashes alone on them.

There be others which rather will to plant or sow that big on you, named in Latine Scilla or Squilla here and there in beds, or hang them in sundry places of the Garden.

Others also will to fixe River Cresses with nailes in many places of the garden, which if they shall yet withstand or contend with all these remedies, then may the Gardener apply to exercise this devise, in taking the Ox or Cow urine, and the mother of oyle Olive, which after the well mixing together, and heating over the fire, the same be stirred about untill it be hot, and when through cold, this mixture shall be sprinckled on the pot-herbs and trees, doth mar∣vellously prevaile, as the skilfull Anatolius of experi∣ence reporteth.

The worthy Paladias Rutilius reporteth, that if the owner or Gardener burne great bundles of the Gar∣licke blades (without heads) dried, through all the

allies of the Garden, and unto these the dung of Backes added, that the savour of the smoke (by the helpe of the wind) may be driven to many places, es∣pecially to those where they most abound and swarm, and the Gardener shall see so speedy a de∣struction, as is to be wondred at.

The worthy Pliny of great knowledge, reporteth that these may be driven from the pot-herbes, if the bitter Fitch seeds be mixed and sown together with them, or the branches of the trees, Crevises hanged up by the hornes in many places, doth like prevaile. These also are letted from increasing; yea, they in heaps presently gathered are destroied, as the Greeks report of observation, if the Gardener by taking cer∣taine Palmer or Canker-wormes out of the Garden next joyning, shall seeth them in water with Dill, and the same being through cold, shall sprinckle on the herbes and trees, that the mixture may wet and soke through the nests, even unto the young ones, cleaving together, that they may taste thereof, will speedily dispatch them. But in this doing, the Gar∣dener must be very wary, and have an attentive eye, that none of the mixture fall on his face or hands.

Besides these, the owner or Gardener may use this remedy certain, and easily prepared, if about the big armes of trees, or stumps of the herbs, he kindle and burn the stronger lime and brimstone together. Or if the owner make a smoake with the Mushromes, growing under the Nut tree, or burne the hoofs of Goats, or the gum Galbanum, or else make a smoak with the Harts horne, the winde aiding, by blowing towards them.

The husbandmen and gardeners in our turne have

found out this easie practise, being now common e∣very where: which is on this wise, that when these af∣ter-showres of rain are cropen into the warm sun, or into places standing against the Sunne, early in the morning shake either their fruits and leaves of the pot-herbes, or the boughes of the trees, for these be∣ing yet stiffe, through the cold of the night, are pro∣cured of the same, the lighter and sooner to fall, nor able after to recover up againe, so that the Palmer worms thus lying on the ground, are then in a rea∣dinesse to be killed of the Gardener.

If the owner mind to destroy any other creeping things noyous to herbes and trees, (which Paladius and Rutilius name, both herb and Leek-wasters) then let him hearken to this invention and devise of the Greek Dyophanes, who willeth to purchase the maw of a Wether sheep new killed, and the same as yet full of his excrementall filth, which lightly cover with the earth in the same place, where these most haunt in the Garden, and after two dayes shall the Gardiner find there, that the mothes with long bo∣dies, and other creeping things will be gathered in divers companies to the place right over it, which the owner shall either remove and carry further, or dig and bury very deep in the same place, that they may not after arise and come forth, which when the Gardener shall have exercised the same but twice or thrice, he shall utterly extinguish, and quite destroy all the kindes of creeping things that anoy and spoil the Garden plants.

The husbandmen in Flanders arme the stockes, and compasse the bigger armes of their trees, with wisps of straw handsomely made and fastened or

bound about, by which the Palmer wormes are con∣strained to creep up to the tops of the trees, and there staid, so that, (as it were by snares and engines laid) these in the end are driven away, or thus in their way begun, are speedily or soone after procured to turne backe againe; As unto the remedies of the Snailes particularly belongs. These may the Gardener like∣wise chase from the kitchin herbs, if he either sprin∣ckle the new mother of the oyle olive, or soot of the chimney on the herbs, as if he bestowed the bitter sitch in beds among them, which also availes against other noisome worms, and creeping things, as I afore uttered, that if the Gardener would possesse a greene and delectable Garden, let him then sprinckle dili∣gently all the quarters, beds, and borders of the Gar∣den, with the mixture of water and powder of Fenni∣greeke tempered together, or set upright in the mid∣dle of the Garden, the whole bare head without the flesh of the unchaste Asse, as I afore wrote.

Excellent inventions and helps against the Garden. Moles.

THe skilfull Paxanus hath left in writing, that if the Gardener should make hollow a big nut, or bore a hollow hole into some sound piece of wood being narrow, in filling the one or the other with Rosin, Pitch, Chaffe and Brimstone, of each so much as shall suffice to the filling of the Nut, or hollow hole in the wood, which thus prepared in a readi∣nesse, stop every where with diligence, all the goings Forth, and breathing holes of the Mole, that by those the fuming smoke in no manner may issue out, yet

so handle the matter, that one mouth and hole bee only left open, and the same so large, that well the nut or vessell kindled within, may be laid within the mouth of it, whereby it may take the wind of the one side, which may so send in the savour both of the ro∣sin and brimstone into the hollow tombe, or resting place of the Mole; by the same practise so worke∣manly handled, by filling the holes with the smoak, shall the owner or Gardener either drive quite away all the Moles in the ground, or finde them in a short time dead.

There be some that take the white Neesewort, or the rinde of Cynocrambes beaten and farced, and with Barley meale and egs finely tempered together, they make both Cakes and Pasties wrought with wine and milk, and those they lay within the Moles den or hole.

Albertus of worthy memory reporteth, that if the owner or Gardener closeth or diligently stoppeth the mouths of the Moleholes, with the garlicke, ony∣on, or leek, it shall either drive the Moles away, or kil them through the strong savour stinking or brea∣thing into them.

Many there be, that to drive away these harmfull Moles, doe bring up young Cats in their Garden ground, and make tame Weasels, to the end, that ei∣ther of these through the hunting of them, may so drive away this pestiferous anoyance, being taught to watch at their strait passages, and mouths of the holes comming forth.

Others there be also, which diligently fill and stop up their holes with the red Okare or Ruddell, and juice of the wild Cucumber, or sow the seeds of

Palma Christi, being a kind of Satyrion, in beds, through which they will not after cast up, nor tarry thereabout.

But some exercise this easie practise, in taking a live Mole, and burning the pouder of brimstone a∣bout him, being in a deep earthen pot, through which he is procured to cry, all others in the meane time as they report, are moved to resort thither.

There are some besides, which lay silke snares at the mouth of their holes.

To the simple Husbandmen may this easie pra∣ctise of no cost suffice, in setting downe into the earth, a stiffe rod or green branch of the Elder tree.

FINIS.