The bathes of Bathes ayde: wonderfull and most excellent, agaynst very many sicknesses, approued by authoritie, confirmed by reason, and dayly tryed by experience: vvith the antiquitie, commoditie, propertie, knovvledge, vse, aphorismes, diet, medicine, and other thinges therto be considered and obserued. / Compendiously compiled by Iohn Iones phisition. Anno salutis. 1572. At Asple Hall besydes Nottingham.

¶ The second Booke of Bathes ayde. (Book 2)

FOR asmuch as in euery kynd of profession, the vse, benefyte, and knowledge of the cause is so necessarie, that without it knowen, it is in a maner impossible, that any Scyence may con∣sist, sure, and certayne. If so bée that science it∣self is nothing else but an intelligence habite, knowinge things, by their causes and effectes. I thought it conueni∣ent to speake in a worde or twoo, of the efficient, immediat, mediate, and materiall causes, of the heate of Bathes: that so the ende, which is the vse or profit of the thing, for which wée labour, may more manifestly appeare, and the abuse which is the improper ende of things, may bée auoyded: an argument, as I suppose, not impertinent to this our present purpose. In describing the which, diuers Philosophers haue bin of diuers mindes, as hereafter shall more playnely ap∣peare, and certainely this disagréeing of so wyse men, may present, argumentes of most waighty questions, to you ve∣ry doubtefull, vntill they be discussed. Therfore, that I may not séeme ouer tediouse, nor yet ouer briefe, I will alleage the chiefest, aswell of the most auncient, and of the midle sorte as of the later, in our tyme.

Mileus the Philosopher, hath spoken in this case, and hée said y^e cause through which the waters of Bathes be heated, is none other, then a winde, heatinge in the depth of the earth, and in the hollownesses which be in the bowels of the same. Wherefore, that heat reboundeth vpon the water, & so it commeth forth hot.

Rentiphilus and Thesmophilus in this point bée contrary to Mileus, and the world folowed them: who sayd, the earth in those places is very thinne, and not of coniuncte partes, so that the heate of the sunne entring, heateth the water, in

the hollownesse of the earth, and in the caues, and trenches, which be in the depth, by means wherof it cometh forth hot.

Democritus contrariwise, sayd that the cause of the heate, of hot Bathes is, for that in the holownesses of the earth, there be mountaines of Chalke, and heapes of ashes, which when the water doeth runne vpon, it is heated, and so the water passeth out hot, vpon the face of the earth, and of this mynd, haue béen many that I haue consulted with, concer∣ning the hot welles at Buckstone, which opinion is altoge∣ther vayne as hereafter shall appéere, left vnhandled, in our woorke dedicated thervnto, wishing therfore, all those that will knowe, the reason at large, why, and how, waters be∣come hot, to reade this our woorke, where I doubt not, they shall finde wherwith to content them.

Seneca, and Albertus magnus, affyrme, that the imediate or efficient cause, of the hot Bathes, is for that they runne vpon a Myne of Brimstone, and thorow it are heated. And this opinion, they, and also Sauonarola, wyth many other would father vpon Aristotle. Howbéeit, so great a Philoso∣pher, could not so much as thinke it, the reason is, bycause they had read, in a certayne booke ascrybed to Aristotle, de proprietatibus Elementorum, that the waters of the Baths, flow hot, bycause they passe through a Mine of Brimstone, which booke to haue béen none of his, it may appéere by o∣ther places, in his woorkes, wherein hée fréely protesteth a contrary iudgment, as in secundo meteore et in problematū 24, sectione 17, probl.

The last, and truest, is the opinion of Aristotle, who sup∣posed, that the waters of Bathes, were made hot, of a most strong, and seruent cause, which hée supposed, to bée none o∣ther, then fyer included in places vnder the earth: and that fyer is vnder the earth, it may easely appéere at Eclam, in the Isle of Iseland, and at Varigazzo and Florence in Italy, and also in Sicilie, and betwéen the great seas, also in Dar∣byshire,

with infinite other places beside.

Now, that the truth, & falshode, of the aforesayd opinions, may more cléerely appéere, the diuine godhed, first called vp∣on, we wil lay this foundation, that all simple water, essen∣tially challengeth, vnto it selfe especiall cold, for it is of cold elements the chéefest, as the prince of Philosophers decla∣reth, and as hereafter it shalbe made manifest, in the table of the things naturall, in the third booke.

Moreouer let this be a principle, that all water heated, must be supposed to be by vertu, & essence, cold, for al such so demisse of nature, returneth to cold, as by experience we do proue, for if it be takē in a vessell out of the spring, it waxeth cold, whereby it is inferred that the waters of Bathes, by some other meanes become hot, must be by proper essence and nature, virtualiter cold, accidentaliter hot.

Furthermore séeing water is so cold, as in the last degrée the qualitie especially disproporcionated, with so great a de¦grée of heat, as is the degrée of feruent heat, cannot be indu∣ced, but by an especial heat. So that, likewise it is inferred, that it is not so heated by a wind heating it, as it pleased Mi¦lene, nor by the heat of the Sun, as it pleased Reutiphilus & Thesmophilus, nor yit bicause it runneth vpon a moūtayn of Chalk or ashes, as Democritus supposed: séeing these can bring nothing to passe, beyonde their owne proper degrée, while they work according to nature, except it work vpon some subiect, which is like to the worker, & so by affinity re∣ceue the impression, as the light by the brightnes & cléernes of Diamonds, Saphirs, & Cristal, or such like, strengthning the same, but in these, of thē afore aledged, ther is no such apt¦nes of heating, cooling, moystning or drying, or by any other meanes furthering the same, as you may perceue by your own outward senses. Beside these heat preserued, becometh more mighty, being ioyned to drynes, then to moysture, sée∣ing drines doth whet & sharpen heat, contrariwise moisture doth dul it, as you may also easely gather.

Lastly, actuall fyre, working vpon the water it self, can not put into it a greater degrée of heat, the water it self re∣mayning, then the degrée of feruent heate: Experience doth verifye the supposition whereby it may be inferred, that the waters of Bathes can not be brought to so great a degrée of heate, by whot vapoures vnder the earth, nor yit by their dashing from hyghe places, and craggie, for then the wa∣ters, descendinge out of the cragged rockes, in the hyghe hilles, in Kayer Naruayne shyre, there called VVithua, and out of the rauen cragge in Cumbreland, shuld through their longe course and violent tossinges become hote. But ex∣perience proueth the contrarie, therefore dashinge togy∣ther, and passage of the waters, through stony places, is not the immediate cause of the heate, of the waters of Bathes: Séeing that effecte, lastly is fyre, neyther be such vapours, or dashinges, matchable to fyre in heate, so that from them, such an heate can not procéede. Wherefore it shalbe shewed that if it be heated, their heat shal bée by none other means, but of fyre. And séeing fire doth so heate, it ensueth, that in the bowels, of the earth, fire may be found. Which, as wée haue sayde, shalbe farther approued, both by experience, and reason.

Auicen and Auerhois do permit, that Elements are for∣mally in things mixed, which thing we leaue worthy to bee graunted by their authoritie: so that then thus wise we wil argue: It is an harder thing for nature to be able to bringe forth in the bowels of the earth, a thinge mingled perfyte, then a thing simple perfecte, when as a thing mingled thus wyse, can not be produced without the simple, séeinge it is presupposed: but nature can do the first, séeing it bringeth forth Golde, Siluer, Brimstone, Salt peter, Alume, Iron, and all other myneralles, Ergo, it can do the seconde: ergo it can bring foorth fyre also. And the cause of the beginninge of this fyre, is none other then that which is assigned of A∣risto.

in secundo meteo capite de terraemotu. And it is an ex∣halacion, hot and drye, included in the concauities of the earth, where it séeking a passage out, and not fynding, it is laboured, being so laboured, it is rarified, and beinge rari∣fyed, is kindled, bycause great rarefaction standeth with great heate. If therefore it happen that where such vapour is included, and after the maner as is sayde, inflamed, if I say it happen, that there be metal of Bitumen, or Sulphur, it is also kindled, and the fyre is so longe preserued, as the matter féeding it, shal not fayle, which matter féeding, must now be searched out, bycause it is not yit euident, what it is, and also many of those which doo followe the opinion of Aristo. concerning the cause, preseruing the fyre vnder the earth, do disagrée, although all do confesse, that this fyre vn∣der the earth, hath some subiect preseruing it, and that thys fyre, is the cause of the heate of the waters of Bathes, here∣after shall appeare more euidently.

Iohannes de Dondis, an excellent learned man, and a pure Peripatetique, hath made a very goodly treatice of the hot welles, in the fielde of Padua, and there amongst other que∣stions, hée moueth this: Whence it is, that the waters of Bathes doo springe hote? hée aunswereth at the length with Arist. and sayth, that the cause is fyre vnder the earth, and that such waters doo flowe perpetually hote, bycause the fyre is perpetually preserued, in those places vnder the earth: after hée demaundeth what is the cause preseruing, and aunswered (wherevnto very ignorauntly Sanonarola cleaueth) that it is heate, excitated of the Starres, in the face of the earth, which heate hée affirmeth to bée, not onely the cause preseruing, but also the efficient, as it were: and the materiall and subiect of the fyre, hée supposeth to bée an exhalation hote and drie, that is wynde. And bycause the wynde is still ministred, therfore that especially fyre, is per∣petually preserued, and perpetually heateth the waters.

Afterward he demaundeth, of the place, of that fyre vnder the earthe, & sayth, that it is not nye the centre of the earth, bicause then, it would easily bée corrupted, for the earth, is ther most pure and therfore, the vertue doth more florish, so that it is most colde, neither is the place of the fyre, vnder the brimme of the Earth, for if it were ther conteyned, it would burne vp the plantes, and whatsoeuer is in the face of the same, and therfore he concludeth, that it is in the mid∣dle hollownesses, betwene these two extremes, that is, bée∣twene the centre, and the face of the earthe, & he addeth, that this place, where the fyre lyeth, is distant from the face of the earth .xxx. Myles, whereby it appeareth, that he woulde haue the Sunne, to perse the earth, by the space of .xxx. My∣les. But this opinion is false, bicause, if the beames of the Sunne, should kéepe fyre vnder the earth: it must fyrst passe, thorough the face of the earth, & then passe, part after part, vntill it come, to that especiall heate, and so afore it come to that fyre, it would burne, whatsoeuer is found on the super∣ficies of the earth. But admit that this heauenly heate, pas∣sing thorough the superficies, of the earth, do not burne all that it encountreth, yet it wyll not preserue that fyre, by∣cause, seing it is .xxx. myles distant from the superficies of the earth, as he sayth, toward the centre before the heate ex∣citated of the Sunne beames, come thether, it will bée so flacke that it wyll not bée warme, therefore, the opinion of Ioannes is false. Againe, if fyre vnder the earth, that is this flame, and especiall heate, were perpetually preserued, of the heauenly heate, it would ensue, that in colde Regions, waters of Bathes wold not be hot, but in hot Regions, they would be most feruent hot, bicause in colde regions, ther is but small reflexion of the beames of the Sunne, for which cause they be cold. Therfore the heate of the Sunne, in them can not bée so hot, that it should minister too the fyre, vnder the earth so strong an heate, but in the hot Zone, ther shold

not only be so great an heate, that those waters should bée most hot, but also, all things should bée burned. But dayly ex¦perience, proueth y^e contrary, & also the authoritie of Matten Curtesse, in his booke of Nauigacion, to Charles the fith Mo∣narche.

If therefore, the heauenly heate, were the cause of heate, vnder the earth, in cold climates, hot waters wold not flow, but alwaies cold, & in hot regions, they wold burst out most hot, yit the consequēt is false, bicause ther are found hot Ba∣thes, in the cold countreyes, as is shewed afore. Also, in the féeld of Lukes, ther be most hot bathes, although that place, all the yeare, for the most is couered with snow, as testifieth Fallopius, what néede we séeke examples so far of? our coun∣trey is colder then Italy and yit at Bathe, S. Vincents, and Buckestones, alwaies they flow hot. But if y^e heauēly heat, wer ther so reflected, snow would fyrst be melted. But that is not so, for y^e snow, sometime continueth longer, sometime shorter. Let it bée, that the Sunne beames, may be hot in the face of y^e earth, by Antyparistasis, yit ther can not be so great Antyparistasis, that so great heat should be excitated, for that ther is not such Antiparistasis, made in the sommer. Agayne, if y^e opinion of Ioannes should be true, y^e discōmodities which are aforesayd, should ensue of the opinions, of thē which did say, that the waters of Bathes were hot, thorough the heate of the sunne, and wynd. Moreouer the opinion of Dondis ap∣peareth false, by that that he supposeth, one thing very false, that the heate of y^e sunne, heateth vnder the earth xxx. miles, which thing is most false. For at our being in Wookie hole, besydes Wels, and in Poole hole, besyde Buckstones, in the chéefe of sommer, those places were ryght colde, yet not half a myle, from the Sodde, or turphe of the earth. Also Theo∣phrast in his history of plantes, affyrmeth that the rootes of trées, or plants, do stretch so far into the ground, as y^e heate of the Sunne, doth perse, where also hée sheweth, that some

sayde, that the rootes of trées, did counteruayle the length of one foote and an halfe, which opinion there also hée confu∣teth worthely, for it is more then manifest, that many trées, do take deaper root, as the oke trées, pyne trées, larnix trées, fir trées, ash trées, & plane trées, with infinit others, howbeit of y^e lēgth of y^e roots of y^e plane trées, he reciteth for a miracle, bicause it stretcheth, direct dounward, vnder y^e earth. 33 foot, which in other trées do not, although they bee perhaps lon∣ger. Therefore, séeing the rootes of trées, do descende, no dée∣per then 33. foote, and that also to be miraculouse, it plainly proueth, that the beames of the sunne, can not perse déeper, séeing the heat of the sunne, vnder the earth, hée would make the cause of their length, and of the heat of the waters of Bathes, which are proued, to flowe out of déeper places.

Therefore, the opinion of Iohannes de Dondis, is altogi∣ther false. Other some there bée, followinge the Peripate∣tiques that would the cause of the fire to be a subiecte, fée∣ding such fyre perpetually, which alwayes preserueth itself, but afterward, what that féeding should bée, their is a dis∣cord betwéene them. Some of them saye, it is Allume, and the reason with which they are moued, is, bicause the fyre is perpetuall, and necessarely ther is required, some sound nourishement, which should last longe, and that they saye, is Allume, bicause it is hard, and compacte of substance: It can not easely be consumed, Vitruuius was the Authour of this opinion, in his eight booke. But this opinion is false, for there is onely a double substance, which may bée the nou∣rishement of this fyre, one truly oylie, and fattie: and the other thin ••orye, replenished with much ayer, but the one easly catcheth fyre, & long kepeth it: & y^e other although it be easly kindled, yet it keepeth not y^e fyre long, as it appeareth in styxes, strawe, & chaffe kindled, and like matter. Let vs now sée whether Allume (as some would haue it) may bée reduced to the one or the other, or noe; truely I can not see,

how it may be reduced to the firste, séeinge it hath no oylie thing in it, nor fattie, nor to the second, because allume is of a stonie substance, although it bée drie, yit that dryenesse is earthy, not ayery. And if it should be in the fyre xx. yeares, it would neuer be inflamed, as you may proue if you will not beleue mée. Wherfore the opinion of Vitruuius is false. Georgius Agricola in his booke which hée hath written, De subterraneis, which is truly, a very fayre, and most learned booke, as be all the other, which that learned man hath di∣uulgated, sayeth, that the subiect preseruing fyre vnder the earth, is Bitumen, for to this, he sayeth, some thing muste be subiect, and the féeding of this fyre, is required to be fattie, that it may easely be taken with fyre, and this is not desired in bitumen, as it appeareth of Naphta, wherof commeth our petrae oleum, which is a kinde of bitumen, and if it shall bée new, it catcheth the flame from farre, so that in the fields of Mutina, sayeth Fallopius, where it is gathered, plentifully, it is necessary for them which gather it, to leaue their candle farre from the place, wher they do gather it, and they gather it in certayne places vnder the earth, vnto which they goe downe by many steps, and they be most darke places, so that they are constrayned to carrie with them a light. Therfore séeinge bitumen may easely be kindled, and is plentifully found in places vnder the earth, as plenty of Naphta gathe∣red in the aforesayd place doth shewe: it is very like that it is the subiect, féeding such fyre.

Secondly, Agricola addeth, and this marke yée, sayeth Fallopius, that when the heate, of waters of Bathes, is so great, and sometyme, they burst out most plentifuly sayeth Agricola, we can not saye, that the fire which heateth them, should be vnder the conduytes, of those waters, (for they would not so waxe hote) but it is necessary to saye, that the fire is in the conduytes, where the bitumen it selfe is. Of which thing it is an argument, that no matter can be found

which may be kindled, & burne in water, sauing bitumen, which also if you powre on water, burneth neuer the lesse: you may also trye this with Camphyre, which according to some, is a kind of bitumen. For if you kindle it, and caste it kindled into the water, you shall sée, that it will burne no worse, then if it were without water, wherefore when Bi∣tumen doth burne in water, it séemeth to be sayde, that fyre heating the waters, is in the conduyts, and not vnder them. Likewise this opinion may bée confirmed, of the propertie of bitumen, bycause it doth not onely burne in the water, but is also nourished of the water, for it draweth a certayn humiditie of the water, which it turneth into the nature of it selfe, and it is the cause, that it doth endure longe, prooue you this, I pray you, taking a droppe of it, and you shall sée the Naphta kindled, and dure so longe, that it may be mar∣uaylouse, which could not be, except the féeding of that flame were encreased by the humiditie of the water, which Nap∣tha draweth, and chaunging to his own nature, ministreth féeding to the flame long. And that you may proue of Cam∣phyre, and such other things, whence it is no maruayle, if waters of Bathes bée alwayes hot, séeing the fire, thorowe which they ware hote, hath for a féedinge and propre subiect plentie of bitumen, conteyned in the places vnder the earth, and longe preseruing the flame. This opinion of A∣gricola, although it bee very like to bée true, yit it hath a dif∣ficultie agaynst it, bicause both experience, and also the au∣thoritie of the most learned men, is agaynst it. For Vitru∣uius, which was a great searcher out of thinges vnder the earth, willeth that the fyre is vnder the conduyts, and yit Agricola sayeth, it is not necessarie. It is also agaynst the experience of the olde Romaynes, who as they were moste wealthie, least nothing vnproued, & amongest other things of those which did séeme vnpossible, they practised to make a well, whose water might continually slow hot, and the mat¦ter

succéeding, according to their desire, for they framed bra∣sen pypes which they rouled into many roūdnesses, so y^t the pypes did resemble the Spyres of a Dragon, and for this cause, they called the pypes dragons: these pypes so framed had in the one part an hole, by which cold water entred in, and by another hole, which they had belowe, the waters of the fountayne did enter in, and afterward vnder the spyres of the pypes, they made fyre, by which the water of the first spyre was skarcely heated, the second more, the thyrde yit more, and so in all, the water was more hote, and so conti∣nually the water of the wel flowed hote, and would alwais haue broken out hote, if they had kepte the fire still, vnder those spyres, which thinge also you may perceyue by stil∣linge: therefore séeing both experience, and also authoritie teacheth, that water can onely ware hote, through fyre vn∣der it, without bitumen, it is false which Agricola hathe sayde, that it is not necessary, that fyre should be vnder the conduytes, which thing also is hence euident, bicause in the Bathe of S. Bartholomewes, in the fielde of Padua, as te∣stifieth Fallopius, their is a certayne well, into which cold water entreth, yit as soone as it is ther, it waxed hote, and this is not done bicause bitumen is there, as sayth Fallopi∣us, but bicause fire is vnder that place. Also in the Valley of the same bath, there are two places, out of the which ther is drawen clay and in the place, wher clay was drawen out there is found Glarea, and most hote marble, and that heat procéedeth not of bitumen, but of fyre vnder that Glarea.

Furthermore, if waters were hote, of fyre nourished of bitumen, béeing in the conduytes, as Agricola sayeth, it would followe, that all waters in theyr passage, shoulde haue in them selues some fattynesse, and also, smell and taste of Bitumen, yet this is false, bycause there bée ma∣ny in which there are none of these, as the waters of the Bathes of Buckstone.

And those waters which haue Bitumen in déed, as ther are some found, which haue in them fattines, and smell, and taste of bitumen, and all things, as is the clay of S. Bartho which in déed tasteth of bitumen iudaicum, as affirmeth Fal∣lopius, bicause that in that Bathe, Bitumen burneth, and therefore representeth smell, and taste, and all things of bi∣tumen. But some man will saye, note you, that fattines is not in all waters, bycause perchaunce, the bitumen which they conteyne, is sound, so that it can not bée melted. This I graunt, yet both the smell, and also the taste, ought to bée perceyued, if it were true, besydes that in such waters, ther ought to bée vapoures of bitumen. Therefore the matter of bitumen, is not necessary in all waters, that by reason of it, they should be hote. Therefore, let vs omit the opinion of Agricola, and come vnto another which is true, and it is the opinion of Aristot. and of them which doo followe Arist. which is, that the matter preseruinge fyre, is Brimstone, and that this was his opinion, it is euident of him selfe, in the 24. section of his Problemes, and the last Probleme: for there hée demaundeth the cause why hote Bathes were cal∣led holly, and aunswereth, bycause they wer made of things most holly. And things most holly, hée calleth Brimstone, & lightening: and hée called Brimstone moste holly, after the maner of the auncient persons, which vsed it to clense their sacrifices, wherevpon, in Gréeke it is called theion, as it were diuine: of this place therefore it is clearely gathered, that the mind, and opinion of Aristo. is, that the matter pre∣seruing fyre, heating water, is sulphur, which séeinge it is not méete to be burned out, in the conduytes of the earth, it is necessary, that it be burned out elswhere: Hée sayeth besyde, that lighteninge, is the cause engendring such fyre, and by the worde fulmen, you maye not vnderstande Bitu∣men (as amisse Ioannes de Dondis did) that he might cleaue to the common opinion, but Aristo. hath accustomed in hys

Problemes: first to assigne the cause naturall, then some common, and the common opinion was, that lightening dyd heate waters.

But let vs omit this, and let vs come to the naturall, and it is that the matter féeding fyre vnder the earth, is Sul∣phur, as experience it selfe teacheth. For at Bath, sensibly it may be proued, that brimstone, boyleth in the water, yet I not deny, that Bitumen also, is not the continuall féeding of fyre, but I affirme, that fire in some places, is fedde by brimstone, and in some places by Bitumen. So that I will conclude, howe that necessarily, the waters which doo waxe hot through Sulphur, haue smell and tast of Sulphur, as the bathes of Bath hath, of which folow∣ing more largely shalbe entreated, and those of Bitumen, haue smell and tast of Bitumen. But when as al bathes, haue not immediatly thone of these, hence it is, that some waters be found, which doo represent neyther Sulphure, nor Bitumen, as at Buckstone. And when they passe through stonie places, they doo lose straight way, if they haue Sulphure or Bitumen, bicause some waters do not boyle in Sulphur, do waxe hot in the iorney. Therfore such waters tast not of Sulphur, the same I say of Bitu∣men, séeing there be some waters, which doo waxe hote through it, that they passe through places, in which Bitu∣men burneth, and those which doo waxe hote, thus wise, doo not of brimstone nor bitumen. Howbée it these waters if not immediatly, yet mediatly they wax hote, by reason either of brimstone or Bitumen, preseruing the heat, as in my benefite of Buckstones bathes may appeere. But here ariseth a doubt, why these fiers goe not forth, séeing fier consumeth all things, this is true, if it be not still fed, but Sulphur or Bitumen, be quickly regenerated again, therfore it is no dout, that fier hauing matter to burn on, is preserued alwayes. That it quickly ingendreth again,

Strabo testifieth, so that the digging of it, béeinge intermit∣ted, for the space of fower yeares, they shal finde agayne, as great plenty as afore, whereby it is sufficient to feede fyre continually, when as continually it is engendred, and by the same reason, for euer preserueth the bathes. Lastely, if it be obiected, that if so great fyre be preserued vnder the earth, that it may cause the waters to come forth so hote, it should followe, that where such hote bathes were, there should bée vomica and a chimney, out of whiche that flame shuld bée expelled: I say, it is not néed to ymagine, that this flame, is equall in all places, but in some places is great, in some small, and therefore where it is greatest, there it bur∣steth out, and where it is small, the smoke passeth out, to∣gyther with the water, as at bathe, which smoke smelleth there of the nature of sulphur, howbeit in other places, it may bée of bitumen, and that smoke is made bothe bicause the sulphur and bitumen haue in them, a porcion of earth melted, and hence it is, that this fyre may be longe preser∣ued bicause it is a sound matter, I call it sounde, bycause both brimstone and bitumē, be it neuer so pure, and myn∣gled, haue alwayes earth mingled withall, wherevpon, al∣though in some places, the fire bée not great, bycause it is in a sounde subiect, which with his soundnes, doth long en∣dure, the flame also endureth longe. Therefore, the matter by which fyre is fed, in places vnder the earth is sulphur, eyther pure, or else commixed with his owne earth, or else bitumen, or some kinde thereof, as Fallopius moste reaso∣nably affyrmeth, where you that bee learned, if this suffise you not, may reade further to content you. That the me∣talles of bitumen or Sulphur, doo take the beginninge of their heate, of wynde inflamed in the places vnder the earth, it is shewed. But howe the waters do waxe hote, thorowe that heate, receyued in the Metalles, and where

that flame is conteyned, wée muste nowe séeke, séeing it is not euydent enough. Therefore, there bée in this thinge two opinions, one of Agricola that the waters waxe hote, bicause there is in the same conduite, with the waters, both fyre and coles, by which they do waxe hot: and the opinion is most lyke to be true, and partly true, bicause we sée, with the water passing forth, that some of the metal passeth forth, and remaineth on the froth, in which the water boyleth at Bath, and this could not be, except the fyre and water, wer contayned in one and the same conduite. The other is the opinion of Empedocles, propounded vnto vs of Seneca, that the waters be hot, not bicause they passe thorough the bur∣ning metall, as Agricola supposed, but bicause, they passe thorough places, vnder which there is fyre kyndled, togi∣ther with the metalles: Which opiniō séemeth good enough. For we haue in the springes of Buckston, certaine well springes, into which water entreth cold bicause they come not of one conduite, but when it is ther commixed, it wax∣eth hot, which thinge, wée can not saye too bée done, through brimstone or bitumen, there kindled, and burning, séeinge there appeareth neyther any metal, nor fyre, but wée must suppose, that this is only done, bycause the metall burneth vnder those conduites the water there is altogyther puta∣ble, and yet do breake out hote, as you haue heard, which thing should not be, if they waxed hote through their pas∣sage, through metalles fyred, but they would necessarily, haue the smell and taste, and some substance, of that metall which as I haue saide they altogyther lacke, therfore wée must say that they be not only in vse too bée dronke, and to make meats, of, but also they wash their finest linnen whit, and be more whyter than with the Ryuer water harde by, and yet they breake out whote: bycause they gette heate of the Stones, by which they passe, vnder which Stones,

ther is fyre kindled in any of the mettalles aforesayd. This opinion of Empedocles, Vitruuius a man of greate expery∣ence confyrmeth, what then must we suppose in this thing? I lay that the meane, by which waters do wax hote, is two foulde, both already propounded, one verily propounded of the mynde of Agricola, and the other of Empedocles, for some are heated, bicause they passe thorough stonie places vnder which ther is fyre kindled, and burning in the me∣tall, of brimstone, or bitumen, neyther are these stones ther¦fore, turned into chalke, that one myght iudge, or into ashes bicause they can not be disgested, or bicause the heat is slack and lytle, and so greate onely, as may heale the stones, and waters, or bicause if it be much it is farre distāt, from those stones. And other doe waxe hot bicause they passe thorough the mettall it selfe fyred and burning, as Agricola suppo∣sed: you may gather of these two wayes, by which waters, doe waxe hot, the cause why, some of the waters of bathes, break out most hote, as y^e hote bath at Bath, other meanly hot as the crosse bath, other betwen both, as the kings bath, other warme, as Buckstones, other cold, as at Halliwel in Flint shyre, called in brittish, Fannon Onen, Freny, which yit be bath waters, and haue a medicinable force, & facultie. Therfore the causes of these differences, are two: that is, smalnesse, and distance of the fyre, for if heate being in the conduytes, be much and strong, and that water, maketh his iourney, not very long, before it breake out of the earth, it wyll flow most hote, but if the fyre be lytle, and the iourney long, it wyll be warme. If the fyre be much, & the iourney meanely long, it wyll be meanely hot, as contrarily, if the fyre be lytle, and the iourney most short, bicause the water should keape the whole heate, which it hath receaued. And the contrary happeneth, if it take a long iourney, bicause in the passage, some heate euaporateth continually. After the same maner you may saye of water, which doth not waxe

hote, thorow fyre béeing in the conduytes, but by reason of hote stones, vnder which, there is fyre kindled, in the me∣talles, and that may be little or much, and neare or farre of those stones, and so the heate of the waters shalbe varied, by reason of the next situation, or the flame farre of, as also, by reason of the smalnesse or muchnesse, of the same, to which you must adde the long or short iorney, which the water it selfe maketh, before it breake out of the earth: for it may be, that fyre to be much and neare the water flowing ouer, and yit the water wil passe forth warme, or lue warme, or cold, bicause the water hath lost all that heat in the long iourney, as in Buckstones bathes benefyte you may reade. Hither∣to we haue shewed, that Bathes be hote alwayes, bicause the fire is continuall, and that the fyre is continuall, bicause new féeding may be ministred, and that the féeding is al∣wayes ministred, bicause in places vnder the earth, there is matter, of which it may be engendred. Moreouer, it hath appeared, how that fyre hath bin kindled, what it is, & wher the heate, heating the waters is contayned: wée haue like∣wyse shewed the cause why some waters do breake oute hote, some colde more or lesse, and wée haue confuted the o∣pinions of diuers Philosophers, and haue shewed how they resulte, &c. Nowe it followeth that we shewe of what na∣tures such waters be, and after what sorte they be cōmixed. I finde thrée maners of mixtions, in waters of bathes, for there be some which haue so farre commixed with thē, those things which they containe, that those things are made one body with the substāce of the water, & one forme hath resul∣ted out of thē, & such things, whether they be metallique or other, cā not be seperated frō y^e substance of y^e water, but in a very long tyme, & a most strong cōcoction or mutacion com¦ming out, such maner of mingling is y^t which doth giue gret integritie, & maketh thē durable: this therfore is y^e first ma∣ner of mixtiō, which may be cōsidered in y^e waters of bathes.

Another is, that there are some waters, which haue recei∣ued metalles, in the concauities of the earth, as they flow, yet those metalles are not wel commixed, as we presuppose at Buckstons, so that of the metalles, and the water, there resulteth one body, by one forme, as we haue said in the first maner of mixtion, but they bée rather confounded with the waters. The thirde is meane betwéene both, for there are some waters which are partly mixed in déede with the wa∣ters, which they do containe, partly not commixed, as S. Vincents, but confounded, as we haue sayd aboue. But we haue not decréed to speake at large of the commixtions of al bathes, but onely in a word or two, of our baths of Bathe, and what the mineralles be supposed there, commixed or in∣funded in the course of those waters, by the qualities wher∣of, procéedeth their effectes medicinable, which in my iudge∣ment can in no way, more certainly bée approued, then by the properties, and that the collour, smell, and taste, best ap∣proueth. The colloure of the waters of the bathes of bathe, is swartie, greene, or marble yellowe, the yellownes of the brimstone, mingled with the water, making a sussible cou∣loure. Albeit, coulour maketh little or rather nothing to the knowledge of the facultie, as Montan. hath most excellently shewed, libro de componendorum facultatibus. For many things of coulour whyte, be found mere contrarie in opera∣tion, as for example, Snow is very cold, and chalke is very hot, yet eyther of them is most whyte.

The smell of the bathes of Bathe, and S. Vincents is of brimstone, as the artificiall bathes, that bée made thereof, howbeit neyther smell also, maketh much, to the knowledge of the propertie, for it litle forceth, whether they smel swet∣ly, or otherwise, for of swéete smellinge and ill sauouringe things, ye shall fynd many of diuers natures altogither, ne∣uerthelesse, of these some coniecture may be made, yet that is vncertayne, and not perpetual: of tast therefore shall wée entreat.

Theion, chibur, sulphur, is sharpe, and stinging of taste, especially if you (as the Chimistes do, destill it into oyle or water) of qualitie whit & drie in the fourth degrée, as partly by his quicke burning may appeare, and of thynne essence. And vnto this taste (sayeth Montane) we must onely trust, for thorow it may be perceyued not only the temperaturs, of simple medicines, in heate, colde, moysture, and dryenes, hauing strength from the first faculties, as Galen sheweth, but also all other vertues, as of wiping, deuiding, opening, cutting, expelling and such lyke, the fittest instrument, the truest touchestone, of all properties, trying both toucheable and tasteable qualities. Taste, I saye, therefore aboue all other senses, as all the learned Phisicions affyrmeth, is too bée trusted, of which so great occasion being gyuen, wée can not but speake somwhat with that worthy scholler Melan∣cton, lib. de Anima. First defyning what taste, organ and obiect is.

Taste truely, is a sense of féeling, which in the tongue or ruffe of the mouth tryeth sauours.

Sauour or smacke is a perfect straining of the drie part of the humoure wrought by heate.

Instrument or organ is a skinne pellicle, or philme, stret∣ched in the ouer part of the tongue, vnder the roufe, and hallowe fleshe, full of holes like a sponge.

Obiect of taste is a qualitie in iuyce, in which moysture ouercōmeth dryenes, earthy heat, digesting them both. Of tastes ther be seuē simple, iii. hote, & iii. cold, the eight which the gréekes cal apoios, tasteles, without qualitie, is rather a priuacion, then that it might séeme to be taken any kinde of taste, as for the wine & fattie tastes, they are applyed to the swéetest, althogh Plinie in hist. plant. addeth vnto these suauē & acutum, albeit in my iudgement, dulcis, contayneth sua∣uem and acris acutum, of this iudgement is Theophrastus, Montan. Mont. & vi. C. other, & truly they be in nūber these:

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,	Dulcis,	calid.	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,	acidus,	frigid.	1.
〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,	Salsus,	1.	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,	austerus,		2.
〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,	Amarus,	2.	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.	acerbus,		3.
〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,	Acris,	3.				gradu.
		4.

Swéet,	hote	1.	de∣grée.	Sooner cold	1.	de∣grée.
Salt,	in	2.	in the	2.
Bitter,	the	3.	Rouge.	3.
Sharpe,		4.	Harshe.	4.

The swéete taste is, sayeth Montane in comen. de simpli. medicament. qualit. that which is lightly gathered, deligh∣ting and pleasing the sense of the instrument, arguinge an earthy dryenes, temperatly excocted, and not parched, some∣time with an ayrie moysture, & sometime with a watery, therfore moderately warming, not much moysteninge, or drying, nay it shall easely be turned to nourishement, and alwayes, such kinde of strength, or vertu shall procéed from the swéete taste, if it be simple: but if it bée ioyned with o∣ther tastes, as to the bitter or sharpe, it shall bringe foorth mingled vertues, the scope of our purpose, for the quali∣ties of the Bathes.

The Salte taste is that, which perseth and byteth the tonge, bringing a certayne kinde of féeling of heate, by rea∣son of earthy dryenes, in a watery moysture, thorow much heate deminished, and by such a qualitie, you may haue the force of heating, drying, and persynge to the depth, bicause of much watery moysture, mingled therewith.

The bitter taste is that, which séemeth to shunne away from the tongue, something arguing, a farre greater demi∣nishing of earthy substāce, thorow heate, thā in the salt tast, & therfore it shall haue a greater force of heating & drying.

The sharpe taste, is that which not onely doth byte the tongue, but also dryeth, setteth on fire, & as it were, burneth arguing an earthy drynes, perfectly diminished by heat, and

almost turned into the nature of fyre, therefore it heateth, thinneth, and dryeth exquisitely, also burneth & consumeth. Now for example of the swéete taste, Sugar, honie clarifi∣ed, or destilled, honie suckles. &c.

Of the salt tast, Salt, salt péeter, Sal gemme, salt water Bryne, the salt sea. &c.

Of the bitter, Aloes, Wormewood, Gaule. &c.

Of the sharpe, Pellitorie of Spayne, Brimstone, Arse∣mart otherwyse called water pepper. &c.

The sower taste, doth manyfest an earthy substance, not wholly ouer boyled, by heate, yet somewhat deminished, which substance, is mingled with very much earthy moy∣sture, therfore such a medicyne, doth coole and drye.

The rough taste, shall temperatly set on edge, and stoppe, declaring, that in earthie substance, cold and drye hath soue∣reignitie, in this simple qualitie, yet somewhat lesse thē the harrish taste.

The harrish taste, shall expresse great vneauenes, in so much, y^t it may seme to cōsume the moysture of the tongue, arguing a manifest force, of earthie substance, in that sim∣ple, very litle ouerboyled by heat, worthily therfore termed cold and drye.

Now for example of the harrish taste, we must trye it, in vnrype hedge peares, vnrype medlers, sloes, &c.

Of the rough taste, in Mirtilles, in vnrype Gaules, in the rindes of pomegranates.

Of the sowre taste, in vnrype Grapes, in Sorrell, in Vergis, Syder made with wyld aples. &c. But héere I would wyshe, that you should not thinke I meane so abso∣lutelie, of the simple tastes, but y^t they may be ioyned, with any one of the other tastes, one, two, or thrée, more tastes, as in the waters of the bathes. Neuerthelesse, we giue the name, to the tast most sensiblie felt, which compound tasts, as briefly as is possible, we will expresse.

If the harrish taste, be adioyned to the sharp, that medi∣cine at the fyrst dash, shall séeme a litle to heate, bicause that power of heate, is buryed, or hidde, in much earthie and grosse substance, but when thorough inward heate, it shall be perfectly brought to acte, then moste strongly it heateth, so that it consumeth, and corrupteth, the flesh and partes, which chaunceth bicause heate, ioyned too a grosse and ear∣thy substance, is most stubburne, and seruent, as in red hot, Iron. But if this harsh taste, bée mingled with the swéete taste, then it shalbe meane betwen heating and cooling, and shall so much enclyne to the one or the other, as it shal haue the more, of eyther of the tailes. And this strength it shall haue, of the harsh tast, that it may stoppe, and make strong: of the swéete taste, it shall haue the power, that it may lin∣now, smooth, and fynely lewse and so it shalbe compounded, of sundry contrary qualities, yealdinge therfore, sundrye effects.

But if the harrish taste, be adioyned to the bitter, it can not excede, in the extreemest excesse. And by reason of harrish∣nes, it shall haue power of strengthening, and binding, by reason of swéetnes, power to clense and open, &c.

But if the rough taste, be ioyned with sharp, bicause thone is found in a grosse, and earthy dry, the other in ayery and fyry earth, it shall haue the power, of vehement heatinge, dryeng, persing, and burning &c. All the which operations, wher they be apposyte, we ought alwayes to vnderstande that the one or the other is done more or lesse according, as the one or the other, haue preheminence, which rule, in eue∣ry taste ought to be kept, aswell in euery simple, as in any compound, which Montane most excellentlie (as he doth all things) hath expressed. Commentario primo de simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus. But now, bicause those our bathes of Bathe, receaue theyr chéefe vertues from Brim∣stone, whose taste is sharpe, a woorde or two of the sharpe

taste, and so to the other myneralles therein. Sharpe taste as saith Cardanus de rerum varietate, lewseth the hould of the tongue, thorow the distemperance of heate, by reason wher¦of, of al tastes it most molesteth, not as taste, but of the qua¦litie therein, but so doth not the swéete, salte, nor the bitter. For simple swéete, is but meanly hote, or rather temperate, in the fyrst degrée. Simple Salte in the second degrée. Sim∣ple bitter in the thyrd degrée. Simple sharpe in the fourth degree. And there be no more degrées, nor no more tastes, y^e argue heate. The fyrst degrée (as sayth Montanus commen¦tario primo de simpl. med facult.) sensiblie changeth. The second, a féeling payne, payne bringeth. The thyrd effectual∣lie changeth, with manifest signe of greefe. The fourth, both sence and temperature fynisheth? These things this ex∣pressed, verye easilie, and most sensiblie aproueth, the pro∣preties of these bathes, which thorow theyr operacion, draw corrupt humours, from the deapthe of the sound membres, expelling them forth in vapours, heating, concocting, and dissoluing spéedilie as Hippocrates lib. de internis affectibus, and Dioscorides, and Galen do testifie. But hauing therwith Copper, Iron, and Marquesite a litle. (Whose qualities and substances we haue séene, seuered, and tried, aswell by the Chimistes and Fyners in London, Cornewall, Cum∣breland, and Ireland, in the company of our Q. Maiesties Secretarie of Irelande, Iustice of the Admyraltie, & War∣den of hir highnes Mynes, Iohn Challoner, a gentleman, not onely excellent in all the Mathematicall Sciences, but also in Chimistie Phisike and euery part of Phylosophie, as also by our owne industrie,) as is on the hilles, betwene Marshféelde, and Bathe, and other hilles about Dunkerton (a lordship of the ryght worshipfull M. Bamféeld of Palte∣more, in Deuonshire certainly a worthy housekeper whose prayses, all the countreys sounde, so that it wer but in vain for me to extol thē) from whēce it may be presupposed, run∣neth

vnder the hilles this natural spring, of the Baths. For heare & there, as they haue digged of late for stones in their Quarries, on the hils sydes, they haue found thē so hot, that they were not able to abyde to digge, any deaper, by reason of fyre in the depth, the onely efficient cause of y^e hot bathes of Bathe, the which most sensiblie, confyrmeth the opinion of Arist. Sauonarola and Fallopius and ours concerning the fyre in the earth, and not to be thorow Magique, as y^e long receaued errours, of certayne wryters, hath sought to per∣suade, that by magical coniuracion, those Bathes wer made hot, a persuasiō most detestable & vaine, as by that you haue hard may be perceaued, & altogither y^e illusiō of the infernal, & wicked spirits, to the end to peruert vs frō god, & to giue the glory, from our merciful redeamer, to thē moste wicked sins, continuing in theyr damnable destructiō, of theyr fyrst offēce, frō whom the holy Trinitie defend vs, to whom beal laude, power, dominion, & Empyre for euer & euer. Amen.

These mineralles, séeme yet to requyre some thing, to bée spoken of theyr qualities, tastes, and effects. Fyrst of Cop∣per, which of taste is bitterysh rough, arguing therefore a fretting and drying force, and therwith clensing, in the bée∣ginning of the second degrée. Secondly Iron, roughish harsh doth bynd and dry, as it appeareth not only, by the electuary dayly in vse, named Scoria ferri, but also by the Smithes water, that they quench theyr Iron in, which is good to bée 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of thē, that haue an issue of bloud. By the which you may gather that we meane not, for that wer absurd, y^e those mineralles, be melted & commixed, with the water. But we affyrme, that theyr qualities are through boyling of y^e fyre in••unded, discussid, cōmixed, & dispersed by y^e waters rūning forth, as may be wel approued, y^e which also D. Turner te∣stifieth, what néede many wordes. The water tastles of his own nature, absolutly cold, & moderatly moist (as it is said, & shal be better in y^e Table of the things natural) is in these Baths per accidens made hot, sharp, bitter, harsh, rough. &c.

Therefore,

• 1 Heating. Warming the colde.
• 2 Concocting, Concocting the crude.
• 3 Persinge, Opening the stopped.
• 4 Dissoluing, Dissoluing the harde.
• 5 Attracting, Attracting the cloyde.
• 6 Clensing, Clensing the foule.
• 7 Binding, Binding the seuered.
• 8 Drying, Drying the moyst.
• 9 Stopping, Stopping the flowings.
• 10 Consolidating, Consolidating the broken.

Comforting the weake members, euen as if therin na∣ture had bestowed artificially, hir highest cunning, why say I not the God of Nature? for truly passing great be∣nefites, are to bée looked for, of passing great bountie. By meanes whereof, it helpeth not onely, all the manifeste gréefes afore specified in the fyrst booke, but also many other hidden and vnknowen sicknesses, which be least vnnamed: for if hidden sicknesses any where doo procéed, it is necessary sayth Fernelius lib. de abditis rerum causis, contrarie to them hidden remedies too consiste, as it dooth appéere, as well by authoritie and reason, as by experience, if you con∣sider with aduisement and councell, which is (as Plato sayeth, the very keye of wysedome,) the diuersities of qua∣lities, temperatures, properties, and naturs of y^e Bathes. The which yet, in them selues are varied, aswell in heate as in nature: For the Kinges bathe is hote betwene both the other, and in curing most of the aforenamed sicknesses best. But the hote for many colde sycknesses, iointaches, pockes, rotten vlceres, more auaylable then the fyrste.

But the crosse bathe is least hote, and therefore for chol∣lerique persons, & such as are easely disposed to feuers, more

〈1 page duplicate〉〈1 page duplicate〉

〈1 page duplicate〉〈1 page duplicate〉

〈1 page duplicate〉〈1 page duplicate〉

〈1 page duplicate〉〈1 page duplicate〉

commodiouse. All the which differences, may bée gathe∣red, by that which is already declared, leauinge too speake any further of them, to the learned and expert there, acknowledging with Aristot. that it is not possible for one man to know all things, although euery man ought to know as much as hée might: For Omnis homo nascitur, vt sapiens fiat.

The ende of the second Booke.