Historical antiquities, in two books the first treating in general of Great-Brettain and Ireland : the second containing particular remarks concerning Cheshire / faithfully collected out of authentick histories, old deeds, records, and evidences, by Sir Peter Leycester, Baronet ; whereunto is annexed a transcript of Doomsday-book, so far as it concerneth Cheshire, taken out of the original record.

The Acts of Earl Ethelred, and of Elflede his Countess.

Ethelred and his Countess restored Caerleon, that is, Legecestria, now called Chester,* 1.1 after it was destroyed by the Danes, and enclosed it with new Walls, and made it nigh such two as it was before; so that the Castle that was sometime by the Water with∣out the Walls, is now in the Town within the Walls. So Trevisa in his Translation of Polychronicon, lib. 6. cap. 4. whereunto agreeth Florentius and Matthew of Westminster. But Hoveden placeth it in Anno 905. Which Town of Chester remained in possession of the Britons or Welshmen, till it was taken by Egbert, the Saxon Monarch of England, about the Year 824. Trevisa, lib. 5. cap. 28.

* 1.2Also he and his Countess translated the Bones of St. Oswald, King and Martyr, from Bardeny to Glocester, where they built an Abbey in honour of St. Peter. Polychronicon.

[ 911] The Danes breaking their Truce with King Edward and this Ethelred, wasted Mercia, and were beaten by the English at Totenhale in Staffordshire; and afterwards at Wodenes∣field, within a Mile of Wolverhampton in Staffordshire, was a great Battel Fought on the fifth day of August in the same Year, wherein the Danes were routed, and three of their Kings slain, Healfdene, Eywysle, and Igwar. Stow. Ethelwerd in Chronico suo, lib. 4. cap. 4. and Trevisa, fol. 287.

[ 912] Ethelred Eximiae vir Probitatis, Dux & Patricius, Dominus & Subregulus Merciorum, decessit, Anno 912. So Florentius; whose Death is placed by Hoveden sub Anno 908. He had onely one Daughter, called Elfwine or Algiva; at whose Birth Elflede her Mother was so much astonished with the pain, that ever after she refrained the Em∣braces of her Husband for almost 40 Years, saith Matth. Westminst. pag 359. protesting often, That it was not fit for a King's Daughter to be given to a Pleasure that brought so much pain along with it; and thereupon grew an heroick Virago, like the ancient Amazons, as if she had changed her Sex as well as her Mind. Ingulphus, pag. 871. Malmesbury, pag. 46.

[ 913] This Lady Elflede is variously written by our ancient Historians, as Edelfled, Ethel∣fled, Egelfled, and Elflede; and from the time of her Husbands Death she Governed all Mercia excellently, except London and Oxford, which King Edward her Brother retained to himself.

She built a Fort at Sceargete, and another at Bridge upon Severn, which I conceive is now called Bridgenorth.

[ 914] She repaired Tamworth nigh Lichfield, and built a Fort at Stafford.

[ 915] She built the Town of Eadsbury in the Forrest of Cheshire, whereof now nothing re∣mains, but that we now call The Chamber of the Forrest. And the same Year she built Warwick.

[ 916] She built also Ciricbyrig, now called Monkes-Kirkby in Warwickshire, saith Dugdale in his Warwickshire, pag. 50. a. and another called Weadbirig; and a third called Run∣covan, but now called Runcorne, in Cheshire. This was long since demolished. Poly∣chronicon. Florentius.

[ 917] She took Brecannemere, or Brecknock, and carried away the Queen of Wales, and 33 of her Men, Prisoners into Mercia.

[ 918] She took the Town of Darby from the Danes, and the whole Province thereof. In Storming of which Town she lost four of her chiefest Officers, antè Calendas Augusti.

[ 919] Elfled died at Tamworth the twelfth day of June, Anno 919. and was buried in St. Peter's Church at Glocester. Florentius, Westminster, Polychronicon, and Huntington. But Hoveden placeth her Death sub Anno 915. And so Ethelwerd, lib. 4. cap. 4. So much do Writers vary for the time.

In the same Year wherein she died, King Edward built a Fort or Town at Thelwall in Cheshire, and Garrison'd it; and also made another Garrison at Manchester, which was then in the outmost Border of the Kingdom of Northumberland this way; and took Mercia from his Neece Elfwin into his own Hands. Florentius. Polychronicon.

I cannot here pass by Henry Huntington's, contradiction of himself, Lib. quinto Histor. pag. 353. where he tells us, That Edred Dux Merciae died Anno 8 Edwardi Regis Angliae, which falls Anno Christi 908. And in the same Page a little after he says, That Ethe∣red Dux Merciae, Father of Edelfled, died in the eighteenth Year of King Edward's Reign; which must needs be a mistake, unless there were two Ethereds Governors of Mercia successively, and two Elfledes, Mother and Daughter; of which I find no mention in other Authors.

The Countess Elflede was a prudent Woman, and of a manly Spirit. She much assisted King Edward her Brother, as well by Councel as by her Actions. She was be∣loved of her Friends, and feared by her Enemies. Of whom Huntington hath these Verses, lib. 5. Hist. pag. 354.

O Elfleda Potens, O terror Virgo Virorum, Victrix Naturae, nomine digna Viri! Tu quo Splendidior fieres, Natura Puellam, Te probitas fecit nomen habere viri: Te mutare decet sed solùm nomina Sexûs: Tu Regina Potens, Réxque Trophaea parans. Jam nèc Caesarei tantum meruêre Triumphi: Caesare Splendidior Virgo, Virago, Vale.

II. Alfere is the next Governor of Mercia: He is also stiled Dux Merciae. He is Witness to a Charter of King Edgar's, made to the Abbey of Croyland, Anno 966. Ingulphus, pag. 882. & 888.

Anno 975. he destroyed many Abbeys, turning out the Abbots with their Monks, and bringing in Clergy-men with their Wives. Hoveden, pag. 427. Florentius, pag. 361.

Anno 983. Alfere Dux Merciorum, and Cosin to King Edgar, died; and Alfric his Son succeeded in that Government. Florentius, pag. 363. And if we may believe Malmesbury, pag. 61. he was eaten to death with Lice.* 1.3

III. Alfric, Son of Alfere, succeeded his Father, and was Dux Merciae by Successi∣on, Anno 983. Huntington calls him Consul Alfricus, Earl Alfric, lib. 5. Hist. pag. 357. For Dux and Consul in these Ages were Synonima.

He was banished England, Anno 986. Florentius. and not long after was received again into favor, contrary to the Rule of State-Policy; for, Quem semel gravitèr lae∣seris, non facilè tibi fidelem credideris: Never think that Man will be faithful to you, whom you have before greatly injured and distasted.

Wherefore, Anno 992. this Alfric being made Chief Governor of the Forces which King Ethelred had collected, and preparing a great Navy against the Danes, gave private Intelligence to the Enemy; and the Night before the Navy was to Engage, he privily conveyed himself to the Danish Fleet, and fled away with the Enemy. But the English Ships pursuing, slew many of the Danes, and took the Ship wherein Alfric was, he himself by flight scarcely escaping. Florentius, pag. 365, 366.

Anno 993. King Ethelred commanded that the Eyes of Algar, Son of Alfric, should be put out; which was effected. Florentius. Howbeit, Huntington saith, pag. 358. that Algar's Eyes were caused to be pluck'd out by one Edwyn; which may stand with the other, as employed by the King to see it done.

Anno 1003. this Traytor Alfric feigned himself sick, when he should have fought with the Danes.

Anno 1016. Alfricus Dux was slain in Battel against the Danes, with many other No∣blemen of England. Florentius, pag. 388.

IV. Edric, sirnamed Streon, a most perfidious Man, [ 1007] was made Duke or Governor of Mercia by King Ethelred, Anno 1007. in which Year the King of England agreed to pay thirty six thousand Pounds Tribute-money to the Danes, so as they would desist from their Rapines. Florentius, pag. 373. with whom also agrees Huntington, Hoveden, and Polychronicon. Onely Westminster saith, he was made Duke of Mercia, Anno 1003.

He was the Son of Egelricus, of low Kindred, and to whom nevertheless his elo∣quent Tongue and crafty Wit procured great Riches and Honor; and for Envy,* 1.4 Fals∣hood, Pride, and Cruelty, exceeded all Men at that time.

He had to his Brothers, Brihtric, Alfric, Goda, Agelwin, Agelward, and Agelmer,* 1.5 Fa∣ther of Wulnoth, Father of Godwin Earl of the West-Saxons.

He married Edgitha, Daughter of King Ethelred. Hoveden, pag. 430.* 1.6 and had Issue Wulfege, and Wegete, two Sons.

His unworthy Acts Historians Record thus.

Anno 1006. he murthered Duke Alfhelme (whom VVestminster calls Ethelstane) by a Wile; for having invited him to a Banquet at Shrewsbury, about the third or fourth

day of his Entertainment, he took him along with him on Hunting, and led him into a Wood, where he had laid in ambush a Butcher of Shrewsbury, called Godwin Port∣hund, whom he had hired to kill Alfhelme. This Godwin, spying his opportunity, when all the rest of the Company were busied in Hunting, fell upon Alfhelme, and murthered him: And shortly after, King Ethelred caused the Eyes of Edric's two Sons, VVulfeage and VVegate, to be put out at Cocham, or Cosham, where the King then lived. Florentius, pag. 372.

Anno 1015. he guilefully got Sigeferth and Morcar, Sons of Earngrime, into his Chamber, where he caused them to be killed secretly; and also endeavored secretly to have slain Edmund Prince of England: And not long after, having gotten forty Ships well Manned with Danish Soldiers, he revolted to Canutus King of the Danes. Florentius, pag. 382. Hoveden, pag. 433.

Sigeferth and Morcar are stiled Earls of Northumberland by VVestminster; whose Lands the King seised, as forfeited by their Treason.

To omit many other of his Treacheries, Anno 1016. Edric most perfidiously caused King Edmund, sirnamed Ironside, to be murthered: for he caused his Son to thrust a sharp Knife into the King's Fundament, as he was at the House of Office exonerating himself: And this was done when the King lodged at Oxford, on the last day of No∣vember. Matt. VVestminster, pag. 401. But Malmesbury, pag. 72. saith, Edric corrupted two of the King's Bed-chamber to thrust an Iron Hook into his Fundament, as he was exonerating himself; so was the common Fame, saith he. Howbeit, Florentius and Hoveden both tell us, That King Edmund died at London, about the Feast of St. Andrew the Apostle.

At last this Edric had a just Reward for all his Villanies; for Anno 1017. Cnut, the Danish King, caused him to be Beheaded, after he had told him what he had done to King Edmund, and set his Head upon the Tower of London; for he said he would make him higher than all the Noblemen of England. Others say, That for fear of Tumult, he was privately strangled, and his Body thrown into Thames: So VVestmin∣ster, pag. 402. Vide Ingulphum, pag. 892.

By Edric's Counsel, Cnut banished Edwine, Brother to Edmund Ironside; and also Edward and Edmund, Sons to King Edmund Ironside.

[ 1018] V. Leofric is the next Governor of Mercia I meet with. He is the first that I find stiled Earl of Chester in express words. Henry Huntington, lib. 6. pag. 366. Leofricus Consul Nobilissimus Cestriae. He is also stiled Earl of Leycester by Ingulphus, pag. 891. Howbeit in truth he was now Earl of all Mercia, whereof those Counties were Mem∣bers or Branches; and was one of the Primest Counsellors among all the Nobles of England, and very gracious with his Prince. He lived in the several Reigns of King Cnut, Harald sirnamed Harefoot, Hardy-Cnut, and Edward sirnamed The Confessor.

But give me leave here, by way of Digression, to explain the Title of Earl, which we give unto them; for hitherto, before this Leofric, they have most usually by anci∣ent Authors been stiled Duces Merciae: But from Leofric downwards, they are usually stiled Comites Merciae.

Wherefore it is to be observed, That under the Saxons, the subordinate Titles of Temporal Honour, were those of Ethelinge, Ealdorman, and Thane, or Theigne. The Thanes were answerable to our Barons: The Ealdormen, usually stiled Aldermanni in the old Latin Translations of the Saxon Laws, were such as had Provinces or Coun∣ties under their Government, and signifies as much as Senior, or Senator, in Latin; ex∣pressed sometimes by Subregulus, Regulus, Patricius, Princeps, Dux; and in Saxon, by Heretoga; sometimes by Comes, and Consul. Selden's Tit. Hon. pag. 605. Ethelinge was a Title attributed to those of the Blood-Royal, Sons and Brothers to the King; and signifies as much as Nobly Born: which, in the times of the Saxons, was in Latin expressed Clyto, from the Greek Word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifies Famous, Noble, or Emi∣nent.

About King Ethelstan's Reign, the Word Earl was received in England, as a Sync∣nima

to Etheling; and so denoted the Sons or Brothers of the King, and not an Earl, as at this day it is used for a Special Dignity. Selden, Tit. Hon. pag. 604. The word Earl coming into England with the Danes, in whose Language Erlig at this day sig∣nifies as much as Noble, or Honourable. And after the Danish Power encreased in England under King Cnut, the Name of Earl was fixed on those who before were by the Saxons called Ealdormen; and the Saxon Title Ethelinge, no more expressed by the word Earl. The Title of Ealdorman continued until about the Year 1020. expressed by these words in Latin, Duces, Principes, Comites, &c. Selden, Tit. Hon. pag. 609. But from the Norman Conquest, Earl and Comes, most usually have translated each other: And therefore because these Governors of Mercia, first stiled Duces, were also after∣wards stiled Comites, and Consules, I give them the Title of Earls.

Howbeit, in truth, the Titles of Dux and Comes, used by the ancient Historians of our Nation, and also frequently found in old Latin Charters under our Saxon Kings about 800 Years after Christ, did then signifie with us no other than Chief Governors of Provinces and Counties under the King, and promiscuously used in that Age for the same Title. So were also Consul, and Subregulus.

But though Dux and Comes were promiscuously used by Florentius, Huntington, Hove∣den, and other old Authors; yet I find in Latin Chartes of those Ages, many stiled Duces, and others Comites, in the same Charters; as we find in Ingulphus: Nay, you may observe in the Subscriptions of those Ages, this Order;—First Bishops, then Ab∣bots, then Duces, then Comites, then Minister, which in those Chartes denotes a Thane or Lord Baron, &c. And this, as it were, by a constant Course and Order: So that by Duces, somewhat more than by Comites seems to be understood. Comes sine dubio de Provinciarum Comitibus dicitur, qui Populum & judiciariâ Potestate gubernabant, & arma∣tâ manu tuebantur, saith Spelman on the word Comes, which properly and commonly was of old time used for A Governor; and such Provinces as were under the Jurisdiction of such Comes, were called Comitatus, or Counties. The Comes had also his Vice-Comes, or Sheriff, sometimes also called Vice-Dominus, which was substituted under the Comes, for the Rule of his County, in those elder Ages.

Quâ autèm differebat munus Ducis & Comitis, quâ Territorium, non habeo quod asseram, saith Spelman in his Glossary, on the word Dux, pag. 233. a. For the opinion (as there he addeth) of those Men who conceive the Title Dux to be given to such as Governed ma∣ny Shires or Counties, and that of Comes to be attributed to such as Governed but one County, is not clearly proved, nor allowed of; neither of those who make Dux to be meant only of such who were Chief Commanders over such Provinces in Military Affairs, and Comes onely of the Chief Magistrate in the Civil and Judiciary Govern∣ment, according to the Laws within his County.

Certain it is, these Titles were Officiary in those Ages, and were sometimes Feu∣dal, and sometimes conferred at the Pleasure of the Prince. Selden, Tit. Hon. pag. 615. But the Title Dux, or Duke, became not a peculiar Title of Place and Dignity with us in England, as it is now used, before 11 Edw. 3. 1337. when the Black Prince was crea∣ted Duke of Cornwal. And now to return to Leofric.

Concerning the Descent of this Earl Leofric, Cambden in his Britannia, at the end of Leycestershire, reckons it up in this Order.—Leofric Earl of Leycester in the time of Ethelbald King of Mercia, Anno Salutis 716. to whom succeeded in a direct Line, Algar the First, Algar the Second, Leofric the Second, Leofstan or Leofwine, Leofric the Third (Earl of Mercia) of whom I now speak: Which Descent Cambden there pro∣fesseth to have received from a great Antiquary, Thomas Talbot, who had collected the same out of the King's Records. See this Descent also in Monasticon, 1 Part, pag. 304. and in Burton's Description of Leycestershire, pag. 167. The same followed by Dug∣dale in his VVarwickshire, pag. 87. So easily doth Error spread, being once broached.

I will now shew where that Descent is defective.

Leucitus, mis-writ for Leuricus, or Leofric, Comes Leycestriae, Anno Domini 716. tempo∣re Ethelbaldi Regis Merciorum. This appears by the Charter of the said Ethelbald made

to the Abbey of Croyland, as you may find it at large in the History of Ingulphus, pag. 852. But for this Leofric's Wife, Issue, or Successor, no History or Record (which I have hitherto met withal) makes up the wide breach of Descents to the time of Al∣gar the First above-mentioned, containing the Revolution of 120 Years, or therea∣bouts: So that this Leofric cannot be the Father of Algar the First there mentioned.

* 1.7Algar the First, stiled Algarus Comes Leycestriae Senior, sub Regno Wiglafi Regis Merci∣orum. Ingulphus, pag. 860. about the Year 836. He was a great Benefactor to the Ab∣bey of Croyland.

Algar the Second, stiled Algarus Comes Leycestriae Junior, Filius Algari Comitis, lived in the time of Beorred King of Mercia, Anno Domini 860. Ingulphus, pag. 863. He was slain by the Danes in Battel at Kesteven in Lincoln-shire, Anno Domini 870. Ingul∣phus, pag. 865, 866. Nor doth Ingulphus call them Earls of Leycester, though I sup∣pose them so; but onely Algarus Comes Senior, and Junior: Of what Family, he men∣tions not.

Here likewise is another great Interruption, from Anno 870. to Anno 1000. when Leofwine lived, containing about 120 Years more, which the Descent above fills up very improbably, onely one Descent of Leofric the Second, to fill up 120 Years.

{fleur-de-lys} The Descents from Algar the Second, to Leofwine here, are much desired to be filled up, and proved by good Authority.

Leofwine Earl of Leycester flourished under King Ethelred, about the Year of Christ 1000. He was Son of _____ _____ and Married _____ _____ and had Issue Leofric Earl of Mercia, and Normannus, one of the Prime Nobles to Edric Streon Ducis Merciae, which Norman became Protector of Croyland Abbey by Covenant during his Life; for which he had the Mannor of Badby given him for 100 Years, Anno 1017. Ingulphus, pag. 891, & 898. Hoveden, pag. 437, & 442. Also Edwine, ano∣ther Son, slain by Griffith King of Wales, Anno Domini 1039. Monasticon, 1 Pars, pag. 134. And Godwin, another Son. Monasticon, 1 Pars, pag. 130.

Leofric, Son of Earl Leofwin, was the fifth Earl or Governor of Mercia: He is some∣times stiled Earl of Leycester, and sometimes Earl of Chester, as I have before shewed. He was Witness to a Charter made by King Cnut to the Abbey of Croyland, Anno Do∣mini 1032. when Cnut also gave to that Abbey a Golden Cup, subscribed in these words,—✚ Ego Leofricus Comes Concessi. ✚ Ego Algarus Filius Leofrici Comitis astiti, [ 1017] &c. Ingulphus, pag. 893. Hoveden tells us, pa. 437. That in Anno Christi 1018. when the Traytor Edric Streon was put to death by King Cnut, then also were put to death with him Dux Normannus Filius Leofwini Ducis, Frater scilicet Leofrici Comitis, & Ethelwaudus Filius Agelmari Ducis,* 1.8 & Brictricus Filius Alfegi Damnoniensis Satrapae: Leofricum pro Normanno Germano suo Rex Constituit Ducem, & cum post modum valde charum habuit. I know not what he means here by Constituit Ducem, unless he means General or Governor over all Mercia, or else, that he now had the Earldom of his Brother Norman added, whom Ingulphus, pag. 912. stiles Vice-Comes Edrice, id est, Sub∣stitute of Mercia.

This Leofric is said to have a Sister called Ermenhild, Mother to Hugh Lupus Earl of Chester: So the Record cited in Monasticon, 1 Pars, pag. 305. b. Sed quaere: For that Re∣cord is most grosly mistaken in many Places of it.

This Leofric married Godiva Sister of Thorold de Bukenhale. Sheriff of Lincolnshire. Ingulphus, pag. 913, 914. Possibly he was descended from that Thorold whom Ingulphus stiles Vice-Dominus Lincolniensis, sub Anno 851. pag. 861.

He and his Countess Godiva built or enriched these Monasteries, viz. Coventry, Leon, Wenloke, Worcester, Evesham, and two Monasteries of St. John Baptist, and St. Werburge in Chester, and the Church of St. Mary-Stow, which Eadnothus Bishop of Lincoln built. Florentius, pag. 419. Hoveden, pag. 444.

The same Godiva, or, as Florentius writes her, Godgiva, freed the Town of Coventry from all Toll, except the Toll of Horses, by riding naked through the Town, without

any thing to cover her but her Hair; which Condition performed, Earl Leofric granted the Townsmen a Freedom by Charter. Polychronicon, lib. 6. cap. 26. Westminster, pag. 424. which Charter Mr. Dugdale (in his Warwickshire, pag. 86.) conceives rather a Freedom from Servile Tenure, than onely Toll.

This Illustrious Leofric died at his own Town of Bromley, the last day of August, [Obiit 1057] An∣no Domini 1057. So Florentius, and Hoveden, pag. 444. and also Matt. Westminster; and was buried at Coventry, in the Monastery which he had built there, the richest Monaste∣ry then in England.

VI. Algar, Son of Earl Leofric, succeeded his Father in the Earldom of Mercia, Anno Domini 1057. Hoveden, pag. 444. and is stiled Earl of Chester by Huntington, pag. 366. and also Earl of Leycester by Ingulphus, pag. 898.

Anno Domini 1053. the Earldom of the East-Saxons (which before Harold Son of Earl Godwin held) was given to this Algar. And in the Year 1056. he was banished by Edward the Confessor; but by the aid of Griffith King of Wales, after the Slaughter of many, he was reconciled to his Prince, and received his Earldom.

In the Year 1058. being the Year after his Father's death, he was again banished for Treason; but by the help of King Griffith, and the Norwey Navy, he recovered his Earldom by force.

He had to Wife the Sister of William Mallet, as Burton in his Antiquities of Leycestershire affirmeth, pag. 168. and had two Sons, Edwine Earl of Mercia, and Morcar Earl of Nor∣thumberland; and two Daughters, Aldith, first married to Griffith King of Wales, and after to Harold King of England; and Lucio, who had three Husbands, Ivo Talbois Earl of Angeau, the first Husband of Lucy; Roger de Romara, Son of Gerold, the Second Hus∣band of Lucy, by whom she had Issue William de Romara Earl of Lincoln. Randle de Mes∣chines Viscount Baieux in Normandy, Lord of Cumberland in England, and afterwards Earl of Chester, was the third Husband of Lucy, by whom she had also Issue: But she survived all her Husbands. Ingulphus, pag. 898. Hoveden, pag. 443, 444. Ingul. pag. 902, 903. Ordericus vitalis, pag. 511. & 871. Cambden's Britannia in Leycestershire. [Obiit 1059]

Anno Domini 1059. Algar died, and was buried at Coventry. Ingulphus, pag. 898.

VII. Edwine, Son of Algar, succeeded Earl of Mercia, Anno Domini 1059. He and his Brother Morcar stoutly opposed William the Conqueror, Anno 1066. But the Conque∣ror prevailing, he lost his Earldom.

He lived to the fourth Year of the Conqueror's Reign, Anno 1070. [Obiit 1070] When fearing to be imprisoned, he conveyed himself secretly from the Court of William the Conqueror, and rebelled against him; and unable to withstand, he intended to have gone to Mal∣colme then King of Scotland: but being betrayed by his own Men, was slain by the way. Ordericus, pag. 521. Florentius, pag. 437, 438. Some say Morcar was taken by the Conqueror, and died in Prison: Howbeit Ingulphus, pag. 901. saith, Comites Edwinus & Morcarius ambo à suis per insidias trucidati.

I find no mention of any Issue, either of Edwine or Morcar.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Anno Chr. 908.
• * 1.2

  Ann. Chr. 910.
• * 1.3

  Ann. Dom. 983.
• * 1.4

  Florentius, pag. 373.
• * 1.5

  See Hoveden, pag. 450.
• * 1.6

  Stow calls her Edina, pag. 90. b.
• * 1.7

  Vide Ingul∣phum, p. 857.
• * 1.8

  Damnonia, id est, Cornwal and Devon∣shire. Alfegus was Earl of Devonshire & Cornwal.